The First Fleet was a fleet of 11
ships
A ship is a large watercraft that travels the world's oceans and other sufficiently deep waterways, carrying cargo or passengers, or in support of specialized missions, such as defense, research, and fishing. Ships are generally distinguished ...
that brought the first European and African settlers to
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign
''Sovereign'' is a title which can be applied to the highest leader in various categories. The word is borrowed from Old French , which is ultimately derived from the L ...
. It was made up of two
Royal Navy vessels, three store ships and six
convict transports. On 13 May 1787 the fleet under the command of Captain
Arthur Phillip
Admiral Arthur Phillip (11 October 1738 – 31 August 1814) was a British Royal Navy officer who served as the first governor of the Colony of New South Wales.
Phillip was educated at Greenwich Hospital School from June 1751 unti ...
, with over 1400 people (
convicts,
marines,
sailors,
civil officers and free settlers), left from
Portsmouth,
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe ...
and took a journey of over and over 250 days to eventually arrive in
Botany Bay,
New South Wales, where a
penal colony would become the first European settlement in Australia.
History
Lord Sandwich, together with the President of the
Royal Society, Sir
Joseph Banks
Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet, (19 June 1820) was an English naturalist, botanist, and patron of the natural sciences.
Banks made his name on the 1766 natural-history expedition to Newfoundland and Labrador. He took part in Captain James ...
, the eminent scientist who had accompanied Lieutenant
James Cook
James Cook (7 November 1728 Old Style date: 27 October – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy, famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean an ...
on his
1770 voyage, was advocating establishment of a British colony in
Botany Bay,
New South Wales. Banks accepted an offer of assistance from the American
Loyalist
Loyalism, in the United Kingdom, its overseas territories and its former colonies, refers to the allegiance to the British crown or the United Kingdom. In North America, the most common usage of the term refers to loyalty to the British Cro ...
James Matra in July 1783. Under Banks's guidance, he rapidly produced "A Proposal for Establishing a Settlement in New South Wales" (24 August 1783), with a fully developed set of reasons for a colony composed of American Loyalists, Chinese and South Sea Islanders (but not convicts). The decision to establish a colony in Australia was made by
Thomas Townshend, Lord Sydney, Secretary of State for the Home Office.
This was taken for two reasons: the ending of
transportation of criminals to North America following the
American Revolution
The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolu ...
, as well as the need for a base in the
Pacific to counter
French expansion.
In September 1786, Captain
Arthur Phillip
Admiral Arthur Phillip (11 October 1738 – 31 August 1814) was a British Royal Navy officer who served as the first governor of the Colony of New South Wales.
Phillip was educated at Greenwich Hospital School from June 1751 unti ...
was appointed
Commodore of the fleet, which came to be known as the First Fleet, which was to transport the convicts and soldiers to establish a colony at Botany Bay. Upon arrival there, Phillip was to assume the powers of
Captain General and
Governor in Chief of the new
colony. A subsidiary colony was to be founded on
Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island (, ; Norfuk: ''Norf'k Ailen'') is an external territory of Australia located in the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and New Caledonia, directly east of Australia's Evans Head and about from Lord Howe Island. Together with ...
, as recommended by Sir
John Call and Sir
George Young George Young may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* George Young (filmmaker), Australian stage manager and film director in the silent era
* George Young (rock musician) (1946–2017), Australian musician, songwriter, and record producer
* Geor ...
, to take advantage for naval purposes of that island's native flax (
harakeke) and timber.
The cost to Britain of outfitting and dispatching the Fleet was £84,000 (about £9.6 million, or $19.6 million as of 2015).
Ships
Royal Naval escort
On 25 October 1786 the 20 gun , lying in the dock at Deptford, was commissioned, and the command given to Phillip. The armed tender under command of Lieutenant
Henry Lidgbird Ball was also commissioned to join the expedition.
On 15 December, Captain
John Hunter was assigned as second captain to ''Sirius'' to command in the absence of Phillip, whose presence, it was to be supposed, would be requisite at all times wherever the seat of government in that country might be fixed.
[
]
HMS ''Sirius''
''Sirius'' was Phillip’s flagship
A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the lead ship in a fleet of vessels, typically the fi ...
for the fleet. She had been converted from the merchantman ''Berwick'', built in 1780 for Baltic trade. She was a 520 ton, sixth-rate vessel, originally armed with ten guns, four six-pounders and six carronades, Phillip had ten more guns placed aboard.
HMS ''Supply''
''Supply'' was designed in 1759 by shipwright Thomas Slade, as a yard craft for the ferrying of naval supplies. Measuring 170 tons, she had two masts, and was fitted with four small 3-pounder cannons and six -pounder swivel guns. Her armament was substantially increased in 1786 with the addition of four 12-pounder carronades.
Convict transports
Food and supply transports
Ropes, crockery, agricultural equipment and a miscellany of other stores were needed. Items transported included tools, agricultural implements, seeds, spirits, medical supplies, bandages, surgical instruments, handcuffs, leg iron
Legcuffs are physical restraints used on the ankles of a person to allow walking only with a restricted stride and to prevent running and effective physical resistance. Frequently used alternative terms are leg cuffs, (leg/ankle) shackles, foot ...
s and a prefabricated wooden frame for the colony's first Government House. The party had to rely on its own provisions to survive until it could make use of local materials, assuming suitable supplies existed, and grow its own food and raise livestock.
''Golden Grove''
The reverend Richard Johnson, chaplain for the colony, travelled on the ''Golden Grove'' with his wife and servants.
Legacy
Scale models of all the ships are on display at the Museum of Sydney. The models were built by ship makers Lynne and Laurie Hadley, after researching the original plans, drawings and British archives. The replicas of ''Supply'', ''Charlotte'', ''Scarborough'', ''Friendship'', ''Prince of Wales'', ''Lady Penrhyn'', ''Borrowdale'', ''Alexander'', ''Sirius'', ''Fishburn'' and ''Golden Grove'' are made from Western Red or Syrian Cedar.
Nine Sydney harbour ferries built in the mid-1980s are named after First Fleet vessels. The unused names are ''Lady Penrhyn
''Lady Penrhyn'' was built on the River Thames in 1786 as a slave ship.
''Lady Penrhyn'' was designed as a two-deck ship for use in the Atlantic slave trade, with a capacity of 275 slaves. She was part-owned by William Compton Sever, who ser ...
'' and ''Prince of Wales''.
People
The majority of the people travelling with the fleet were convicts, all having been tried and convicted in Great Britain
Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island and the ninth-largest island in the world. It is ...
, almost all of them in England. Many are known to have come to England from other parts of Great Britain and, especially, from Ireland; at least 14 are known to have come from the British colonies in North America; 12 are identified as black (born in Britain, Africa, the West Indies, North America, India or a European country or its colony). The convicts had committed a variety of crimes, including theft, perjury, fraud, assault, robbery, for which they had variously been sentenced to death, which was then commuted to penal transportation
Penal transportation or transportation was the relocation of convicted criminals, or other persons regarded as undesirable, to a distant place, often a colony, for a specified term; later, specifically established penal colonies became their ...
for 7 years, 14 years, or the term of their natural life.
Four companies of marines volunteered for service in the colony, these marines made up the New South Wales Marine Corps, under the command of Major Robert Ross, a detachment on board every convict transport. The families of marines also made the voyage.
A number of people on the First Fleet kept diaries and journals of their experiences, including the surgeons, sailors, officers, soldiers, and ordinary seamen. There are at least eleven known manuscript Journals of the First Fleet in existence as well as some letters.
The exact number of people directly associated with the First Fleet will likely never be established, as accounts of the event vary slightly. A total of 1,420 people have been identified as embarking on the First Fleet in 1787, and 1,373 are believed to have landed at Sydney Cove in January 1788. In her biographical dictionary of the First Fleet, Mollie Gillen gives the following statistics:
While the names of all crew members of ''Sirius'' and ''Supply'' are known, the six transports and three store ships may have carried as many as 110 more seamen than have been identified – no complete musters have survived for these ships. The total number of persons embarking on the First Fleet would, therefore, be approximately 1,530 with about 1,483 reaching Sydney Cove.
According to the first census of 1788 as reported by Governor Phillip to Lord Sydney, the non-indigenous population of the colony was 1,030 and the colony also consisted of 7 horses, 29 sheep, 74 swine, 6 rabbits, and 7 cattle.
The following statistics were provided by Governor Phillip:
The chief surgeon for the First Fleet, John White, reported a total of 48 deaths and 28 births during the voyage. The deaths during the voyage included one marine, one marine's wife, one marine's child, 36 male convicts, four female convicts, and five children of convicts.
Notable members of First Fleet
Officials
* Captain Arthur Phillip
Admiral Arthur Phillip (11 October 1738 – 31 August 1814) was a British Royal Navy officer who served as the first governor of the Colony of New South Wales.
Phillip was educated at Greenwich Hospital School from June 1751 unti ...
, R.N, Governor of New South Wales
The governor of New South Wales is the viceregal representative of the Australian monarch, King Charles III, in the state of New South Wales. In an analogous way to the governor-general of Australia at the national level, the governors of the ...
* Major Robert Ross, Lieutenant Governor
A lieutenant governor, lieutenant-governor, or vice governor is a high officer of state, whose precise role and rank vary by jurisdiction. Often a lieutenant governor is the deputy, or lieutenant, to or ranked under a governor — a "second-in-comm ...
and commander of the marines
* Captain David Collins David Collins may refer to:
Persons
* David Collins (Hampshire cricketer), 18th-century cricketer
* David Collins (New Zealand cricketer) (1887–1967)
* David Collins (Scottish footballer) (1912–?)
* David Collins (Australian footballer) ( ...
, Judge Advocate
* Augustus Alt, Surveyor
Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art, and science of determining the terrestrial two-dimensional or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them. A land surveying professional is ca ...
* John White, Principal Surgeon
* William Balmain, assistant Surgeon
* Richard Johnson, chaplain
Soldiers
* Lieutenant George Johnston
* Captain Watkin Tench
* Lieutenant William Dawes
* Lieutenant Ralph Clark
Sailors
* Captain John Hunter, commander of HMS ''Sirius''
* Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball, commander of HMS ''Supply''
* Lieutenant William Bradley, 1st lieutenant of HMS ''Sirius''
* Lieutenant Philip Gidley King, commandant of Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island (, ; Norfuk: ''Norf'k Ailen'') is an external territory of Australia located in the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and New Caledonia, directly east of Australia's Evans Head and about from Lord Howe Island. Together with ...
* Arthur Bowes Smyth, ship’s surgeon on ''Lady Penrhyn''
* Lieutenant John Shortland, Agent for Transports
* John Shortland, son of above, 2nd mate of HMS ''Sirius''
Convicts
* Thomas Barrett, first person executed in colony
* Mary Bryant, with her husband, children and 6 other convicts escaped the colony and eventually returned to England
* John Caesar, bushranger
Bushrangers were originally escaped convicts in the early years of the British settlement of Australia who used the bush as a refuge to hide from the authorities. By the 1820s, the term had evolved to refer to those who took up "robbery under ...
* Henry Kable, businessman
* James Martin, was part of the escape with Mary Bryant, wrote autobiography
* James Ruse
James Ruse (9 August17595 September 1837) was a Cornish farmer who, at age 23, was convicted of burglary and was sentenced to seven years' transportation. He arrived at Sydney Cove, New South Wales, on the First Fleet with 18 months of his ...
, farmer, one of the only ones in the colony at its establishment
* Robert Sidaway, baker, opened the first theatre in Sydney
Sydney ( ) is the capital city of the state of New South Wales, and the most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Sydney Harbour and extends about towards the Blue Mountain ...
* James Squire
James Squire, alternatively known as James Squires, (18 December 1754 – 16 May 1822) was a First Fleet convict transported to Australia.
Squire is credited with the first successful cultivation of hops in Australia around the start of the 19t ...
, brewer
Voyage
Preparing the fleet
In September 1786 Captain Arthur Phillip
Admiral Arthur Phillip (11 October 1738 – 31 August 1814) was a British Royal Navy officer who served as the first governor of the Colony of New South Wales.
Phillip was educated at Greenwich Hospital School from June 1751 unti ...
was chosen to lead the expedition to establish a colony in New South Wales. On 15 December, Captain John Hunter, was appointed Phillip’s second. By now had been nominated as flagship, with Hunter holding command. The armed tender under command of Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball had also joined the fleet.
With Phillip in London awaiting Royal Assent for the bill of management of the colony, the loading and provisioning of the transports was carried out by Lieutenant John Shortland, the agent for transports.
On 16 March 1787, the fleet began to assemble at its appointed rendezvous, the Mother Bank, Isle of Wight. His Majesty's frigate ''Sirius'' and armed tender ''Supply'', three store-ships, '' Golden Grove'', '' Fishburn'' and '' Borrowdale'', for carrying provisions and stores for two years; and lastly, six transports; '' Scarborough'' and ''Lady Penrhyn
''Lady Penrhyn'' was built on the River Thames in 1786 as a slave ship.
''Lady Penrhyn'' was designed as a two-deck ship for use in the Atlantic slave trade, with a capacity of 275 slaves. She was part-owned by William Compton Sever, who ser ...
'', from Portsmouth; '' Friendship'' and '' Charlotte'', from Plymouth
Plymouth () is a port city and unitary authority in South West England. It is located on the south coast of Devon, approximately south-west of Exeter and south-west of London. It is bordered by Cornwall to the west and south-west.
Plymouth ...
; '' Prince of Wales'', and '' Alexander'', from Woolwich. On 9 May Captain Phillip arrived in Portsmouth, the next day coming aboard the ships and give orders to prepare the fleet for departure.
Leaving Portsmouth
Phillip first tried to get the fleet to sail on 10 May, but a dispute by sailors of the ''Fishburn'' about pay, they refused to leave until resolved. The fleet finally left Portsmouth, England on 13 May 1787. The journey began with fine weather, and thus the convicts were allowed on deck.[Frost 2012, pp.165–167] The Fleet was accompanied by the armed frigate until it left English waters.[Parker 2009, pp.77–78] On 20 May 1787, one convict on ''Scarborough'' reported a planned mutiny; those allegedly involved were flogged and two were transferred to ''Prince of Wales''. In general, however, most accounts of the voyage agree that the convicts were well behaved. On 3 June 1787, the fleet anchored at Santa Cruz at Tenerife. Here, fresh water, vegetables and meat were brought on board. Phillip and the chief officers were entertained by the local governor, while one convict tried unsuccessfully to escape. On 10 June they set sail to cross the Atlantic to Rio de Janeiro, taking advantage of favourable trade winds and ocean currents.
The weather became increasingly hot and humid as the Fleet sailed through the tropics. Vermin, such as rats, and parasites such as bedbugs, lice
Louse ( : lice) is the common name for any member of the clade Phthiraptera, which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless parasitic insects. Phthiraptera has variously been recognized as an order, infraorder, or a parvorder, as a result o ...
, cockroaches and fleas, tormented the convicts, officers and marines. Bilges became foul and the smell, especially below the closed hatches, was over-powering.[Parker 2009, pp.87–89] While Phillip gave orders that the bilge-water was to be pumped out daily and the bilges cleaned, these orders were not followed on ''Alexander'' and a number of convicts fell sick and died. Tropical rainstorms meant that the convicts could not exercise on deck as they had no change of clothes and no method of drying wet clothing. Consequently, they were kept below in the foul, cramped holds. On the female transports, promiscuity between the convicts, the crew and marines was rampant, despite punishments for some of the men involved. In the doldrums
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ ), known by sailors as the doldrums or the calms because of its monotonous windless weather, is the area where the northeast and the southeast trade winds converge. It encircles Earth near the thermal e ...
, Phillip was forced to ration the water to three pints a day.
The Fleet reached Rio de Janeiro on 5 August and stayed for a month. The ships were cleaned and water taken on board, repairs were made, and Phillip ordered large quantities of food. The women convicts' clothing had become infested with lice and was burnt. As additional clothing for the female convicts had not arrived before the Fleet left England, the women were issued with new clothes made from rice sacks. While the convicts remained below deck, the officers explored the city and were entertained by its inhabitants. A convict and a marine were punished for passing forged quarter-dollars made from old buckles and pewter spoons.
The Fleet left Rio de Janeiro on 4 September to run before the westerlies to the Table Bay in southern Africa, which it reached on 13 October. This was the last port of call, so the main task was to stock up on plants, seeds and livestock for their arrival in Australia.[Parker 2009, p.100] The livestock taken on board from Cape Town destined for the new colony included two bulls, seven cows, one stallion, three mares, 44 sheep, 32 pigs, four goats and "a very large quantity of poultry of every kind".[Chisholm, Alec H. (ed.), ''The Australian Encyclopaedia'', Vol. 4, p. 72, "First Fleet", Halstead Press, Sydney, 1963] Women convicts on ''Friendship'' were moved to other transports to make room for livestock purchased there. The convicts were provided with fresh beef and mutton, bread and vegetables, to build up their strength for the journey and maintain their health. The Dutch colony of Cape Town was the last outpost of European settlement which the fleet members would see for years, perhaps for the rest of their lives. "Before them stretched the awesome, lonely void of the Indian and Southern Oceans, and beyond that lay nothing they could imagine."
Assisted by the gales in the " Roaring Forties" latitudes below the 40th parallel, the heavily laden transports surged through the violent seas. In the last two months of the voyage, the Fleet faced challenging conditions, spending some days becalmed and on others covering significant distances; ''Friendship'' travelled 166 miles one day, while a seaman was blown from ''Prince of Wales'' at night and drowned.[Parker 2009, pp.106–108] Water was rationed as supplies ran low, and the supply of other goods including wine ran out altogether on some vessels. Van Diemen's Land was sighted from ''Friendship'' on 4 January 1788. A freak storm struck as they began to head north around the island, damaging the sails and masts of some of the ships.
On 25 November, Phillip had transferred to ''Supply''. With ''Alexander'', ''Friendship'' and ''Scarborough'', the fastest ships in the Fleet, which were carrying most of the male convicts, ''Supply'' hastened ahead to prepare for the arrival of the rest. Phillip intended to select a suitable location, find good water, clear the ground, and perhaps even have some huts and other structures built before the others arrived. This was a planned move, discussed by the Home Office and the Admiralty prior to the Fleet's departure. However, this "flying squadron" reached Botany Bay only hours before the rest of the Fleet, so no preparatory work was possible. ''Supply'' reached Botany Bay on 18 January 1788; the three fastest transports in the advance group arrived on 19 January; slower ships, including ''Sirius'', arrived on 20 January.
This was one of the world's greatest sea voyages – eleven vessels carrying about 1,487 people and stores had travelled for 252 days for more than 15,000 miles (24,000 km) without losing a ship. Forty-eight people died on the journey, a death rate of just over three per cent.
Arrival in Australia
It was soon realised that Botany Bay did not live up to the glowing account that the explorer Captain James Cook
James Cook (7 November 1728 Old Style date: 27 October – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy, famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean an ...
had provided. The bay was open and unprotected, the water was too shallow to allow the ships to anchor close to the shore, fresh water was scarce, and the soil was poor. First contact
First contact may refer to:
*First contact (astronomy), the moment in astronomical transit when the apparent positions of the two bodies first touch
*First contact (anthropology), the first meeting of two cultures previously unaware of one another
...
was made with the local indigenous people, the Eora
The Eora (''Yura'') are an Aboriginal Australian people of New South Wales. Eora is the name given by the earliest European settlers to a group of Aboriginal people belonging to the clans along the coastal area of what is now known as the ...
, who seemed curious but suspicious of the newcomers. The area was studded with enormously strong trees. When the convicts tried to cut them down, their tools broke and the tree trunks had to be blasted out of the ground with gunpowder. The primitive huts built for the officers and officials quickly collapsed in rainstorms. The marines had a habit of getting drunk and not guarding the convicts properly, whilst their commander, Major Robert Ross, drove Phillip to despair with his arrogant and lazy attitude. Crucially, Phillip worried that his fledgling colony was exposed to attack from those described as "Aborigines" or from foreign powers. Although his initial instructions were to establish the colony at Botany Bay, he was authorised to establish the colony elsewhere if necessary.
On 21 January, Phillip and a party which included John Hunter, departed the Bay in three small boats to explore other bays to the north.[Parker 2009, pp.115–116] Phillip discovered that Port Jackson, about 12 kilometres to the north, was an excellent site for a colony with sheltered anchorages, fresh water and fertile soil. Cook had seen and named the harbour, but had not entered it. Phillip's impressions of the harbour were recorded in a letter he sent to England later: "the finest harbour in the world, in which a thousand sail of the line may ride in the most perfect security ...". The party returned to Botany Bay on 23 January.
On the morning of 24 January, the party was startled when two French ships, the ''Astrolabe'' and the ''Boussole'', were seen just outside Botany Bay. This was a scientific expedition led by Jean-François de La Pérouse. The French had expected to find a thriving colony where they could repair ships and restock supplies, not a newly arrived fleet of convicts considerably more poorly provisioned than themselves. There was some cordial contact between the French and British officers, but Phillip and La Pérouse never met. The French ships remained until 10 March before setting sail on their return voyage. They were not seen again and were later discovered to have been shipwrecked off the coast of Vanikoro in the present-day Solomon Islands.
On 26 January 1788, the Fleet weighed anchor and sailed to Port Jackson. The site selected for the anchorage had deep water close to the shore, was sheltered, and had a small stream flowing into it. Phillip named it Sydney Cove
Sydney Cove (Eora: ) is a bay on the southern shore of Sydney Harbour, one of several harbours in Port Jackson, on the coast of Sydney, New South Wales. Sydney Cove is a focal point for community celebrations, due to its central Sydney locatio ...
, after Lord Sydney
Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney (24 February 1733 – 30 June 1800) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1754 to 1783 when he was raised to the peerage as Baron Sydney. He held several important Cabinet posts in ...
, the British Home Secretary. This date is celebrated as Australia Day, marking the beginning of British settlement. The British flag
The national flag of the United Kingdom is the Union Jack, also known as the Union Flag.
The design of the Union Jack dates back to the Act of Union 1801 which united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland (previously in per ...
was planted and formal possession taken. This was done by Phillip and some officers and marines from ''Supply'', with the remainder of ''Supply''s crew and the convicts observing from on board ship. The remaining ships of the Fleet did not arrive at Sydney Cove until later that day. Writer and art critic Robert Hughes (critic), Robert Hughes popularized the idea in his 1986 book ''The Fatal Shore'' that an orgy occurred upon the unloading of the convicts, though more modern historians regard this as untrue, since the first reference to any such indiscretions is as recent as 1963.
First contact
The First Fleet encountered Indigenous Australians when they landed at Botany Bay. The Cadigal people of the Botany Bay area witnessed the Fleet arrive and six days later the two ships of French explorer Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse, La Pérouse, the ''Astrolabe'' and the ''Boussole'', sailed into the bay. When the Fleet moved to Sydney Cove seeking better conditions for establishing the colony, they encountered the Eora people, including the Bidjigal clan. A number of the First Fleet journals record encounters with Aboriginal people.
Although the official policy of the British Government was to establish friendly relations with Aboriginal people, and Arthur Phillip
Admiral Arthur Phillip (11 October 1738 – 31 August 1814) was a British Royal Navy officer who served as the first governor of the Colony of New South Wales.
Phillip was educated at Greenwich Hospital School from June 1751 unti ...
ordered that the Aboriginal people should be well treated, it was not long before Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars, conflict began. The colonists did not sign treaties with the original inhabitants of the land. Between 1790 and 1810, Pemulwuy of the Bidjigal clan led the local people in a series of attacks against the colonists.
After January 1788
The ships of the First Fleet mostly did not remain in the colony. Some returned to England, while others left for other ports. Some remained at the service of the Governor of the colony for some months: some of these were sent to Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island (, ; Norfuk: ''Norf'k Ailen'') is an external territory of Australia located in the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and New Caledonia, directly east of Australia's Evans Head and about from Lord Howe Island. Together with ...
where a second penal colony was established.
1788
* 15 February – HMS ''Supply'' sails for Norfolk Island carrying a small party to establish a settlement.
* 5/6 May – ''Charlotte'', ''Lady Penrhyn'' and ''Scarborough'' set sail for China.
* 14 July – ''Borrowdale'', ''Alexander'', ''Friendship'' and ''Prince of Wales'' set sail to return to England.
* 2 October – ''Golden Grove'' sets sail for Norfolk Island with a party of convicts, returning to Port Jackson 10 November, while HMS ''Sirius'' sails for Cape of Good Hope for supplies.
* 19 November – ''Fishburn'' and ''Golden Grove'' set sail for England. This means that only HMS ''Supply'' now remains in Sydney cove.
1789
* 23 December – carrying stores for the colony strikes an iceberg and is forced back to the Cape. It never reaches the colony in New South Wales.
1790:
* 19 March – HMS ''Sirius'' is wrecked off Norfolk Island.
* 17 April – HMS ''Supply'' sent to Batavia, Dutch East Indies, for emergency food supplies.
* 3 June – ''Lady Juliana (1777 ship), Lady Juliana'', the first of six vessels of the Second Fleet (Australia), Second Fleet, arrives in Sydney cove. The remaining five vessels of the Second Fleet arrive in the ensuing weeks.
* 19 September – HMS ''Supply'' returns to Sydney having chartered the Dutch vessel ''Waaksamheyd (ship), Waaksamheyd'' to accompany it carrying stores.
Legacy
Last survivors
On Sat 26 January 1842 The Sydney Gazette, ''Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser'' reported "The Government has ordered a pension of one shilling per diem to be paid to the survivors of those who came by the first vessel into the Colony. The number of these really 'old hands' is now reduced to three, of whom, two are now in the Benevolent Asylum, and the other is a fine hale old fellow, who can do a day's work with more spirit than many of the young fellows lately arrived in the Colony." The names of the three recipients were not given, and is academic as the notice turned out to be false, not having been authorised by the Governor. There were at least 25 persons still living who had arrived with the First Fleet, including several children born on the voyage. A number of these contacted the authorities to arrange their pension and all received a similar reply to the following received by John McCarty on 14 Mar 1842 "I am directed by His Excellency the Governor to inform you, that the paragraph which appeared in the Sydney Gazette relative to an allowance to the persons of the first expedition to New South Wales was not authorised by His Excellency nor has he any knowledge of such an allowance as that alluded to". Edward Deas Thomson, E. Deas Thomson, Chief Secretary of New South Wales, Colonial Secretary.
Following is a list of persons known to be living at the time the pension notice was published, in order of their date of death. At this time New South Wales included the whole Eastern seaboard of present day Australia except for Van Diemen's Land which was declared a separate colony in 1825 and achieved self governing status in 1855-6. This list does not include marines or convicts who returned to England after completing their term in NSW and who may have lived past January 1842.
*Rachel Earley: (or Hirley), convict per ''Friendship'' and ''Prince of Wales'' died 27 April 1842 at Kangaroo Point, VDL (said to be aged 75).
*Roger Twyfield: convict per ''Friendship'' died 30 April 1842 at Windsor, aged 98 (NSW reg as Twifield).
*Thomas Chipp: marine private per ''Friendship'' died 3 July 1842, buried Parramatta, aged 81 (NSW Reg age 93).
*Anthony Rope: convict per ''Alexander'' died 20 April 1843 at Castlereagh NSW, aged 84 (NSW Reg age 89).
*William Hubbard: Hubbard was convicted in the Kingston Assizes in Surrey, England, on 24 March 1784 for theft. He was transported to Australia on ''Scarborough'' in the First Fleet. He married Mary Goulding on 19 December 1790 in Rose Hill. In 1803 he received a land grant of 70 acres at Mulgrave Place. He died on 18 May 1843 at the Sydney Benevolent Asylum. His age was given as 76 when he was buried at Christ Church St. Lawrence, Sydney on 22 May 1843.
*Thomas Jones: convict per ''Alexander'' died October 1843 in NSW, aged 87.
*John Griffiths: marine private per ''Friendship'' who died 5 May 1844 at Hobart, aged 86.
*Benjamin Cusely: marine private per ''Friendship'' died 20 June 1845 at Windsor/Wilberforce, aged 86 (said to be 98).
* Henry Kable: convict per ''Friendship'' died 16 March 1846 at Windsor, aged 84.
*John McCarty: McCarty was a marine private who sailed on Friendship (1784), ''Friendship''. McCarty claimed to have been born in Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland, ''circa'' Christmas 1745. He first served in the colony of New South Wales, then at Norfolk Island where he took up a land grant of 60 acres (Lot 71). He married first fleet convict Ann Beardsley on Norfolk Island in November 1791 after his marine discharge a month earlier. In 1808, at the impending closure of the Norfolk Island settlement, he resettled in Van Diemen's Land later taking a land grant (80 acres at Herdsman's Cove Melville) in lieu of the one forfeited on Norfolk Island. The last few years of his life were spent at the home of Mr. William H. Budd, at the Kinlochewe Inn near Donnybrook, Victoria. McCarty was buried on local land 24 July 1846, six months past his 100 birthday, although this is very likely an exaggerated age.
*John Alexander Herbert: convict per ''Scarborough'' died 19 November 1846 at Westbury Van Diemen's Land, aged 79.
*Robert Nunn: convict per ''Scarborough'' died 20 November 1846 at Richmond, aged 86.
*John Howard: convict per ''Scarborough'' died 1 January 1847 at Sydney Benevolent Asylum, aged 94.
*John Limeburner: The ''South Australian Register'' reported, in an article dated Wednesday 3 November 1847: "John Limeburner, the oldest colonist in Sydney, died in September last, at the advanced age of 104 years. He helped to pitch the first tent in Sydney, and remembered the first display of the British flag there, which was hoisted on a swamp oak-tree, then growing on a spot now occupied as the Water-Police Court. He was the last of those called the 'first-fleeters' (arrivals by the first convict ships) and, notwithstanding his great age, retained his faculties to the last." John Limeburner was a List of convicts on the First Fleet#L, convict on ''Charlotte''. He was convicted on 9 July 1785 at New Sarum, Wiltshire of theft of a waistcoat, a shirt and stockings. He married Elizabeth Ireland in 1790 at Rosehill and together they establish a 50-acre farm at Prospect. He died at Ashfield 4 September 1847 and is buried at St John's, Ashfield#Cemetery, St John's, Ashfield, death reg. as Linburner aged 104.
*John Jones: Jones was a marine private on the First Fleet and sailed on Alexander (1783 ship), ''Alexander''. He is listed in the N.S.W. 1828 Census as aged 82 and living at the Sydney Benevolent Asylum. He is said to have died at the Benevolent Asylum in 1848.
*Jane/Jenny Rose: (nee Jones), child of convict Elizabeth Evans per ''Lady Penrhyn'' died 29 August 1849 at Wollongong, aged 71.
*Samuel King: King was a scribbler (a worker in a carding, scribbling mill) before he became a marine. He was a marine with the First Fleet on board . He shipped to Norfolk Island on ''Golden Grove'' in September 1788, where he lived with Mary Rolt, a convict who arrived with the First Fleet on Prince of Wales (1786 ship), ''Prince of Wales''. He received a grant of 60 acres (Lot No. 13) at Cascade Stream in 1791. Mary Rolt returned to England on ''Britannia'' in October 1796. King was resettled in Van Diemen's Land, boarding ''City of Edinburgh'' on 3 September 1808, and landed in Hobart on 3 October. He married Elizabeth Thackery on 28 January 1810. He died on 21 October 1849 at 86 years of age and was buried in the Wesleyan cemetery at Lawitta Road, Back River.
*Mary Stevens: (nee Phillips), convict per ''Charlotte'' and ''Prince of Wales'' died 22 January 1850 at Longford Van Diemen's Land, aged 81.
*John Small: Convicted 14 March 1785 at the Devon Lent Assizes held at Exeter for Robbery King's Highway. Sentenced to hang, reprieved to 7 years' transportation. Arrived on Charlotte (1784 ship), ''Charlotte'' in First Fleet 1788. Certificate of freedom 1792. Land Grant 1794, 30 acre "Small's Farm" at Eastern Farms (Ryde). Married October 1788 Mary Parker also a First Fleet convict who arrived on Lady Penrhyn (1786 ship), ''Lady Penrhyn''. John Small died on 2 October 1850 at age of 90 years.
*Edward Smith: aka Beckford, convict per ''Scarborough'' died 2 June 1851 at Balmain, aged 92.
*Ann Forbes: (m.Huxley), convict per ''Prince of Wales'' died 29 December 1851, Lower Portland NSW, aged 83.
*Henry Kable Jnr: aka Holmes, b. 1786 in Norwich Castle prison, son of convict Susannah Holmes per ''Friendship'' and ''Charlotte'', died 13 May 1852 at Picton, New South Wales aged 66.
*Lydia Munro: (m.Goodwin) per ''Prince of Wales'' died 29 June 1856 at Hobart, reg as Letitia Goodwin, aged 85.
*Elizabeth Thackery: Elizabeth Thackery, Elizabeth "Betty" King (née Thackery) was tried and convicted of theft on 4 May 1786 at Manchester Quarter Sessions, and sentenced to seven years' transportation. She sailed on Friendship (1784), ''Friendship'', but was transferred to ''Charlotte'' at the Cape of Good Hope. She was shipped to Norfolk Island on in 1790 and lived there with James Dodding. In August 1800 she bought 10 acres of land from Samuel King at Cascade Stream. Elizabeth and James were relocated to Van Diemen's Land in December 1807 but parted company sometime afterwards. On 28 January 1810 Elizabeth married "First Fleeter" Private Samuel King (above) and lived with him until his death in 1849. Betty King died in New Norfolk, Tasmania on 7 August 1856, aged 89 years. She is buried in the churchyard of the Methodist Chapel, Lawitta Road, Back River, next to her husband, and the marked grave bears a First Fleet plaque.
*John Harmsworth: marine's child b.1788 per ''Prince of Wales'' died 21 July 1860 at Clarence Plains Tasmania, aged 73 years.
Smallpox
Historians have disagreed over whether those aboard the First Fleet were responsible for introducing smallpox to Australia's indigenous population, and if so, whether this was the consequence of deliberate action.
In 1914, John Cumpston, J. H. L. Cumpston, director of the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, Australian Quarantine Service put forward the hypothesis that smallpox arrived in Australia with First Fleet.[Cumpston, JHL "The History of Small-Pox in Australia 1788–1908", Government Printer (1914) Melb.] Some researchers have argued that any such release may have been a deliberate attempt to decimate the indigenous population. Hypothetical scenarios for such an action might have included: an act of revenge by an aggrieved individual, a response to attacks by indigenous people,[Bennett, MJ, "Smallpox and Cowpox under the Southern Cross: The Smallpox Epidemic of 1789 ...", ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine'', 83(1), Spring 2009, pg 48.] or part of an orchestrated assault by the New South Wales Marine Corps, intended to clear the path for colonial expansion. Seth Carus, a former Deputy Director of the National Defense University in the United States wrote in 2015 that there was a "strong circumstantial case supporting the theory that someone deliberately introduced smallpox in the Aboriginal population."
Other historians have disputed the idea that there was a deliberate release of smallpox virus and/or suggest that it arrived with visitors to Australia other than the First Fleet. It has been suggested that live smallpox virus may have been introduced accidentally when Aboriginal people came into contact with variolation, variolous matter brought by the First Fleet for use in anti-smallpox inoculations.
In 2002, historian Judy Campbell offered a further theory, that smallpox had arrived in Australia through contact with fishermen from Makassar in Indonesia, where smallpox was endemic.[Judy Campbell, '' Invisible Invaders: Smallpox and Other Diseases in Aboriginal Australia 1780–1880'', Melbourne University Press, 2002, Foreword & pp 55, 61, 73–74, 181] In 2011, Macknight stated: "The overwhelming probability must be that it [smallpox] was introduced, like the later epidemics, by [Indonesian] Trepanging, trepangers ... and spread across the continent to arrive in Sydney quite independently of the new settlement there."
There is a fourth theory, that the 1789 epidemic was not smallpox but chickenpox – to which indigenous Australians also had no inherited resistance – that happened to be affecting, or was carried by, members of the First Fleet. This theory has also been disputed.
Commemoration Garden
After Ray Collins, a stonemason, completed years of research into the First Fleet, he sought approval from about nine councils to construct a commemorative garden in recognition of these immigrants. Liverpool Plains Shire, Liverpool Plains Shire Council was ultimately the only council to accept his offer to supply the materials and construct the garden free of charge. The site chosen was a disused caravan park on the banks of Quirindi Creek at Wallabadah, New South Wales. In September 2002 Collins commenced work on the project. Additional support was later provided by Neil McGarry in the form of some signs and the council contributed $28,000 for pathways and fencing. Collins hand-chiselled the names of all those who came to Australia on the eleven ships in 1788 on stone tablets along the garden pathways. The stories of those who arrived on the ships, their life, and first encounters with the Australian country are presented throughout the garden. On 26 January 2005, the First Fleet Garden was opened as the major memorial to the First Fleet immigrants. Previously the only other specific memorial to the First Fleeters was an obelisk at Brighton-Le-Sands, New South Wales. The surrounding area has a barbecue, tables, and amenities.
First Fleet Park
First Fleet Park is situated in The Rocks, New South Wales, The Rocks, near the site of the First Fleet's landing. The area has remained in public ownership continually since 1788, under the control of various agencies. It was previously used for a hospital, Queen's Wharf, shops and houses, the first Commissariat Store and the first post office. Archaeological remains are extant on the site dating back to the earliest days of settlement.
See also
* Australian frontier wars
* Convicts in Australia
* Convict women in Australia
* European maritime exploration of Australia, European exploration of Australia
* History of Australia (1788–1850)
* History of Indigenous Australians
* Journals of the First Fleet
* Penal transportation
* Prehistory of Australia
* Second Fleet (Australia)
* Terra nullius#Australia, Terra nullius
* Third Fleet (Australia)
* Banished (TV series) - a short-lived 2015 dramatisation
References
Citations
Bibliography
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Further reading
*
*
Fiction
*James Talbot, ''The Thief Fleet'', 2012,
*Colleen McCullough, ''Morgan's Run'',
*Timberlake Wertenbaker, ''Our Country's Good'',
*Thomas Keneally, ''The Playmaker'',
*William Stuart Long, ''The Exiles'', (hardcover, 1984) (paperback, 1979) (mass market paperback, 1981)
*William Stuart Long, ''The Settlers'', (hardcover, 1980) (paperback, 1980) (mass market paperback, 1982)
*William Stuart Long, ''The Traitors'', (hardcover, 1984) (mass market paperback, 1981)
*D. Manning Richards, ''Destiny in Sydney: An epic novel of convicts, Aborigines, and Chinese embroiled in the birth of Sydney, Australia'',
*Marcus Clarke, ''For the Term of his Natural Life.'' Melbourne, 1874
External links
Complete list of the convicts of the First Fleet
The First Fleet – State Library of NSW
State Library of NSW – First Fleet Re-enactment Company records, 1978–1990: Presented by Drs Trish and Wally Franklin
State Library of NSW – First Fleet Re-enactment Voyage 1987-1988
The First Fleet (1788) and The Re-enactment Fleet (1988) Some Untold History – Dr Wally Franklin and Dr Trish Franklin: An address to celebrate the 229th Anniversary of the sailing of the First Fleet from Portsmouth on 13th May 1787
*
*
Convict Records
Convict Transportation Registers Database (Online)
University of Queensland. Accessed 9 February 2015.
"St. John's First Fleeters"
in Michaela Ann Cameron (ed.),
The St. John's Cemetery Project
'' (2018): an edited collection of biographies and profiles on the 50+ First Fleeters buried in Australia's oldest surviving European cemetery: St John's Cemetery, Parramatta
{{Authority control
1788 in Australia
History of immigration to Australia
Convictism in Australia
History of New South Wales
Maritime history of Australia
First Fleet,