Fireworm

Amphinomidae, also known as the bristle worms or sea mice, are a family of marine polychaetes, many species of which bear chaetae mineralized with carbonate. The best-known amphinomids are the fireworms, which can cause great pain if their toxin-coated chaetae are touched or trodden on. Their relationship to other polychaete groups is somewhat poorly resolved.

Complanine

Complanine is a quaternary ammonium salt that has been isolated from the marine fireworm ''Eurythoe complanata''. It causes an inflammatory effect upon contact with the skin or mucous membranes.

It was previously known that handling the fireworm caused it to release a chemical that induces inflammation of the skin of marine predators and mammals (including humans). Complanine was the first compound isolated from the fireworm which causes these effects. It is presumed that this compound's function is to deter predators of the fireworm.

Species

Most genera in ''Amphinomidae '' are divided into two subfamilies: Amphinominae, and Archinominae.

* '' Ankitokazoa'' Alessandrello & Bracchi, 2005†
** '' Ankitokazoa bezanozanoi'' Alessandrello & Bracchi, 2005†
* '' Bathynotopygos'' Kucheruk, 1981
** '' Bathynotopygos abyssalis'' Kucheruk, 1981
* '' Pherecardites'' Horst, 1912
** '' Pherecardites parva'' Horst, 1912
** '' Pherecardites quinquemaculata'' Augener, 1927
* '' Sangiria'' Horst, 1911
** '' Sangiria hystrix'' Horst, 1911
* '' Zothea'' Risso, 1826
** '' Zothea meridionalis'' Risso, 1826

Amphinominae Lamarck, 1818

* '' Alleurythoe'' Sun & Li, 2017
** '' Alleurythoe tenuichaeta'' Sun & Li, 2017
* ''Amphinome'' Bruguière, 1789
** ''Amphinome bruguieresi'' Quatrefages, 1866
** ''Amphinome carnea'' Grube, 1856
** '' Amphinome nigrobranchiata'' Horst, 1912
** '' Amphinome praelonga'' Haswell, 1878
** '' Amphinome rostrata'' (Pallas, 1766)
** ''Amphinome savignyi'' Brulle, 1832
** ''Amphinome stylifera'' Grube, 1860
** ''Amphinome umbo'' Grube, 1870
** '' Amphinome vagans'' (Savigny, 1822)
* ''Benthoscolex'' Horst, 1912
** '' Benthoscolex coecus'' Horst, 1912
** ''Benthoscolex cubanus'' Hartman, 1942
**'' Benthoscolex microcarunculata'' (Treadwell, 1901)
** '' Benthoscolex seisuiae'' Jimi, Kimura, Ogawa & Kajihara, 2018
* '' Branchamphinome'' Hartman, 1967
** '' Branchamphinome antarctica'' Hartman, 1967
** '' Branchamphinome islandica'' Detinova, 1986
** '' Branchamphinome tropicalis'' Barroso, Ranauro & Kudenov, 2017
* '' Cryptonome'' Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold & Rouse, 2012
** '' Cryptonome barbada'' Barroso, Kudenov, Halanych, Saeedi, Sumida & Bernardino, 2018
** '' Cryptonome conclava'' Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold & Rouse, 2012
** '' Cryptonome parvecarunculata'' (Horst, 1912)
** '' Cryptonome turcica'' (Çinar, 2008)
* '' Eurythoe'' Kinberg, 1857
** '' Eurythoe brasiliensis'' Hansen, 1882
** ''Eurythoe clavata'' Baird, 1868
** ''Eurythoe complanata'' (Pallas, 1766)
** ''Eurythoe dubia'' Horst, 1912
** '' Eurythoe encopochaeta'' (Schmarda, 1861)
** '' Eurythoe hedenborgi'' Kinberg, 1857
** '' Eurythoe indica'' (Schmarda, 1861)
** '' Eurythoe karachiensis'' Bindra, 1927
** ''Eurythoe laevisetis'' Fauvel, 1914
** '' Eurythoe longicirra'' (Schmarda, 1861)
** '' Eurythoe matthaii'' Bindra, 1927
** ''Eurythoe paupera'' (Grube, 1856)
** '' Eurythoe rullieri'' Fauvel, 1953
** '' Eurythoe syriaca'' Kinberg, 1857
* ''Hermodice'' Kinberg, 1857
** ''Hermodice carunculata'' (Pallas, 1766)
** ''Hermodice sanguinea'' (Schmarda, 1861)
** ''Hermodice savignyi'' (Brulle, 1832)
** ''Hermodice smaragdina'' (Schmarda, 1861)
* ''Hipponoe'' Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1830
** '' Hipponoe gaudichaudi'' Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1830
* '' Linopherus'' Quatrefages, 1866
** '' Linopherus abyssalis'' (Fauchald, 1972)
** '' Linopherus acarunculatus'' (Monro, 1937)
** ''Linopherus ambigua'' (Monro, 1933)
** '' Linopherus annulata'' (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
** '' Linopherus beibuwanensis'' Sun & Li, 2016
** '' Linopherus brevis'' (Grube, 1878)
** ''Linopherus canariensis'' Langerhans, 1881
** '' Linopherus fauchaldi'' San Martín, 1986
** '' Linopherus hemuli'' (Fauchald, 1972)
** '' Linopherus hirsuta'' (Wesenberg-Lund, 1949)
** ''Linopherus incarunculata'' (Peters, 1854)
** ''Linopherus kristiani'' Salazar-Vallejo, 1987
** ''Linopherus microcephala'' (Fauvel, 1932)
** ''Linopherus minuta'' (Knox, 1960)
** ''Linopherus oculata'' (Treadwell, 1941)
** ''Linopherus oculifera'' (Augener, 1913)
** ''Linopherus oligobranchia'' (Wu, Shen & Chen, 1975)
** ''Linopherus paucibranchiata'' (Fauvel, 1932)
** ''Linopherus reducta'' (Kudenov & Blake, 1985)
** ''Linopherus spiralis'' (Wesenberg-Lund, 1949)
** '' Linopherus tripunctata'' (Kudenov, 1975)
* '' Paramphinome'' M. Sars in G. Sars 1872
** '' Paramphinome australis'' Monro, 1930
** '' Paramphinome besnardi'' Temperini in Amaral & Nonato, 1994
** '' Paramphinome grandis'' Gustafson, 1930
** '' Paramphinome indica'' Fauvel, 1932
** '' Paramphinome jeffreysii'' (McIntosh, 1868)
** '' Paramphinome pacifica'' Fauchald & Hancock, 1981
** '' Paramphinome posterobranchiata'' Barroso & Paiva, 2008
** '' Paramphinome splendens'' Gustafson, 1930
** '' Paramphinome trionyx'' Intes & Le Loeuff, 1975
* '' Pareurythoe'' Gustafson, 1930
** '' Pareurythoe americana'' Hartman, 1951
** '' Pareurythoe borealis'' (M. Sars, 1862)
** '' Pareurythoe californica'' (Johnson, 1897)
** '' Pareurythoe chilensis'' (Kinberg, 1857)
** '' Pareurythoe elongata'' (Treadwell, 1931)
** '' Pareurythoe gracilis'' Gustafson, 1930
** '' Pareurythoe japonica'' Gustafson, 1930
** '' Pareurythoe parvecarunculata'' (Horst, 1912)
** '' Pareurythoe pitipanaensis'' De Silva, 1965
** '' Pareurythoe spirocirrata'' (Essenberg, 1917)
* '' Pherecardia'' Horst, 1886
** '' Pherecardia maculata'' Imajima, 2003
** '' Pherecardia parva'' Monro, 1924
** '' Pherecardia polylamellata'' Silva, 1960
** '' Pherecardia striata'' (Kinberg, 1857)

Archinominae Kudenov, 1991

* '' Archinome'' Kudenov, 1991
** '' Archinome jasoni'' Borda, Kudenov, Chevaldonné, Blake, Desbruyères, Fabri, Hourdez, Pleijel, Shank, Wilson, Schulze & Rouse, 2013
** '' Archinome levinae'' Borda, Kudenov, Chevaldonné, Blake, Desbruyères, Fabri, Hourdez, Pleijel, Shank, Wilson, Schulze & Rouse, 2013
** '' Archinome rosacea'' (Blake, 1985)
** '' Archinome storchi'' Fiege & Bock, 2009
** '' Archinome tethyana'' Borda, Kudenov, Chevaldonné, Blake, Desbruyères, Fabri, Hourdez, Pleijel, Shank, Wilson, Schulze & Rouse, 2013
* '' Bathychloeia'' Horst, 1910
** '' Bathychloeia balloniformis'' Böggemann, 2009
** '' Bathychloeia sibogae'' Horst, 1910
* '' Chloeia'' Lamarck, 1818
** ''Chloeia amphora'' Horst, 1910
** '' Chloeia australis'' Kudenov, 1993
** '' Chloeia bengalensis'' Kinberg, 1867
** '' Chloeia bistriata'' Grube, 1868
** ''Chloeia candida'' Kinberg, 1857
** '' Chloeia conspicua'' Horst, 1910
** '' Chloeia egena'' Grube, 1855
** '' Chloeia entypa'' Chamberlin, 1919
** ''Chloeia flava'' (Pallas, 1766)
** ''Chloeia furcigera'' Quatrefages, 1866
** ''Chloeia fusca'' McIntosh, 1885
** ''Chloeia inermis'' Quatrefages, 1866
** ''Chloeia kudenovi'' Barroso & Paiva, 2011
** ''Chloeia macleayi'' Haswell, 1878
** ''Chloeia maculata'' Potts, 1909
** ''Chloeia malaica'' Kinberg, 1867
** ''Chloeia nuda'' Quatrefages, 1866
** ''Chloeia parva'' Baird, 1868
** ''Chloeia pinnata'' Moore, 1911
** '' Chloeia pseudeuglochis'' Augener, 1922
** '' Chloeia quatrefagesii'' Baird, 1868
** '' Chloeia rosea'' Potts, 1909
** '' Chloeia rupestris'' Risso, 1826
** '' Chloeia tumida'' Baird, 1868
** '' Chloeia venusta'' Quatrefages, 1866
** '' Chloeia violacea'' Horst, 1910
** '' Chloeia viridis'' Schmarda, 1861
* '' Chloenopsis'' Fauchald, 1977
** '' Chloenopsis atlantica'' (McIntosh, 1885)
* '' Notopygos'' Grube, 1855
** '' Notopygos albiseta'' Holly, 1939
** '' Notopygos andrewsi'' Monro, 1924
** '' Notopygos caribea'' Yáñez-Rivera & Carrera-Parra, 2012
** '' Notopygos cirratus'' Horst, 1911
** '' Notopygos crinita'' Grube, 1855
** '' Notopygos flavus'' Haswell, 1878
** '' Notopygos gardineri'' Potts, 1909
** '' Notopygos gigas'' Horst, 1911
** '' Notopygos gregoryi'' Holly, 1939
** '' Notopygos hispida'' Potts, 1909
** '' Notopygos horsti'' Monro, 1924
** '' Notopygos kekooa'' Borda, Yanez-Rivera, Ochoa, Kudenov, Sanchez-Ortiz, Schulze & Rouse, 2017
** '' Notopygos labiatus'' McIntosh, 1885
** '' Notopygos megalops'' McIntosh, 1885
** '' Notopygos mitsukurii'' Izuka, 1910
** '' Notopygos ornata'' Grube, 1856
** '' Notopygos parvus'' Haswell, 1878
** '' Notopygos rayneri'' (Baird, 1868)
** '' Notopygos splendens'' (Kinberg, 1857)
** '' Notopygos subpragigas'' Uschakov & Wu, 1962
** '' Notopygos variabilis'' Potts, 1909
* '' Parachloeia'' Horst, 1912
** '' Parachloeia marmorata'' Horst, 1912

Subfamily not assigned

* †'' Rollinschaeta'' Parry, Wilson, Sykes, Edgecombe & Vinther, 2015
** †'' Rollinschaeta myoplena'' Parry, Wilson, Sykes, Edgecombe & Vinther, 2015

Notes

References

External links

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q696598

Polychaetes