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Final cover is a multilayered system of various materials which are primarily used to reduce the amount of storm water that will enter a
landfill A landfill site, also known as a tip, dump, rubbish dump, garbage dump, or dumping ground, is a site for the disposal of waste materials. Landfill is the oldest and most common form of waste disposal, although the systematic burial of the waste ...
after closing. Proper final cover systems will also minimize the
surface water Surface water is water located on top of land forming terrestrial (inland) waterbodies, and may also be referred to as ''blue water'', opposed to the seawater and waterbodies like the ocean. The vast majority of surface water is produced by prec ...
on the liner system, resist erosion due to wind or runoff, control the migrations of
landfill gases A landfill site, also known as a tip, dump, rubbish dump, garbage dump, or dumping ground, is a site for the disposal of waste materials. Landfill is the oldest and most common form of waste disposal, although the systematic burial of the waste ...
, and improve aesthetics.Sharma, Hari and Reddy, Krishna. 2004. Geoenvironmental Engineering: Site Remediation, Waste Containment, and Emerging Waste Management Technologies. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. A final cover system can include a top soil layer composed of nutrient rich soil, a protective layer to reduce the effects of freeze/thaw, a drainage layer which moves storm water, a barrier layer, and a grading layer.


Cover integrity

For a final cover system consisting of a geomembrane, an analysis of the mechanical properties of the geomembrane should be conducted to ensure cover integrity is not jeopardized by localized subsidence, bending, and cover slope stability.


Localized subsidence

Localized subsidence induces tensile stresses in geomembranes, which can threaten the final cover integrity. The magnitudes of the tensile stress can be viewed as a function of the dimensions of the subsidence zone and the properties of the cover soil. Allowable tensile stress of a geomembrane is usually known; in order to ensure the stability of final cover, the tensile stress allowable by a geomembrane should exceed the calculated value for tensile stress induced by waste.Koerner, R. M. 1993. Geotechnical practice for waste disposal. Array London: Chapman & Hall.


Geomembrane bending

Geomembrane bending, both from its self-weight and soil cover may also induce tensile stress. Tensile stress from bending should not exceed the allowable tensile stress of the geomembrane.


Cover slope stability

Cover slope stability analysis involves evaluation of the interface strengths under static and seismic conditions. In order to perform an evaluation of the effects of a final cover system placed on a refuse side slope, slope stability analyses are required. A slope stability analysis assumes that the driving forces causing movement are due to the weight of the materials and the forces governing resistance are due to material strength. Most engineers design the permanent slope to have a minimum Factor of Safety of 1.5 at the designed inclination (typically 3H:1V) for static loading. Steepening of a slope past the design inclination increases the driving forces thus decreasing the Factor of Safety. Decreasing the Factor of Safety past 1.0 could possibly push the final cover system components beyond their limits of stability.Daniel, DE, RM Koerner, R Bonaparte, RE Landreth, DA Carson, and HB Scranton. 1998. Slope Stability of Geosynthetic Clay Liner Test Plots. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 124, no. 7: 628-637.


See also

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Daily cover The daily cover on an operational landfill site is the layer of compressed soil or earth which is laid on top of a days deposition of waste. Benefits of using daily cover include: * Reduction of odor and air emissions * Control of disease vector ...
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Landfill A landfill site, also known as a tip, dump, rubbish dump, garbage dump, or dumping ground, is a site for the disposal of waste materials. Landfill is the oldest and most common form of waste disposal, although the systematic burial of the waste ...


References

Landfill {{waste-stub