Film School Generation

The New Hollywood, also known as American New Wave or Hollywood Renaissance, was a movement in American film history from the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, when a new generation of young filmmakers came to prominence.
They influenced the types of film produced, their production and marketing, and the way major studios approached filmmaking. In New Hollywood films, the film director, rather than the studio, took on a key authorial role. The definition of "New Hollywood" varies, depending on the author, with some defining it as a movement and others as a period. The span of the period is also a subject of debate, as well as its integrity, as some authors, such as Thomas Schatz, argue that the New Hollywood consists of several different movements. The films made in this movement are stylistically characterized in that their narrative often deviated from classical norms. After the demise of the studio system and the rise of television, the commercial success of films was diminished.

Successful films of the early New Hollywood era include '' Bonnie and Clyde'', ''The Graduate'', '' Rosemary's Baby'', ''Night of the Living Dead'', ''The Wild Bunch'', and ''Easy Rider'' while films that failed at the box office such as '' New York, New York'', '' Sorcerer'', '' Heaven's Gate'', ''They All Laughed'' and ''One from the Heart'' marked the end of the era.

History

Background

Following the Paramount Case (which ended block booking and ownership of theater chains by film studios) and the advent of television (where Rod Serling, John Frankenheimer, Paddy Chayefsky and Sidney Lumet worked in their earlier years), both of which severely weakened the traditional studio system, Hollywood studios initially used spectacle to retain profitability. Technicolor developed a far more widespread use, while widescreen processes and technical improvements, such as CinemaScope, stereo sound, and others, such as 3-D, were invented in order to retain the dwindling audience and compete with television. However, these were generally unsuccessful in increasing profits. By 1957, ''Life'' magazine called the 1950s "the horrible decade" for Hollywood.

In the 1950s and early 1960s, Hollywood was dominated by musicals, historical epics, and other films that benefited from the larger screens, wider framing, and improved sound. Hence, as early as 1957, the era was dubbed a "New Hollywood". However, audience shares continued to dwindle, and had reached alarmingly low levels by the mid-1960s. Several costly flops, including ''Tora! Tora! Tora!'' and '' Hello, Dolly!'', and failed attempts to replicate the success of ''The Sound of Music'', put great strain on the studios.

By the time the Baby Boomer generation started to come of age in the 1960s, "Old Hollywood" was rapidly losing money; the studios were unsure how to react to the much-changed audience demographics. The change in the market during the period went from a middle-aged high school-educated audience in the mid-1960s to a younger, more affluent, college-educated demographic: by the mid-1970s, 76% of all movie-goers were under 30, 64% of whom had gone to college. European films, both arthouse and commercial (especially the Commedia all'italiana, the French New Wave, the Spaghetti Western), and Japanese cinema were making a splash in the United States — the huge market of disaffected youth seemed to find relevance and artistic meaning in movies like Michelangelo Antonioni's ''Blowup'', with its oblique narrative structure and full-frontal female nudity.

The desperation felt by studios during this period of economic downturn, and after the losses from expensive movie flops, led to innovation and risk-taking, allowing greater control by younger directors and producers. Therefore, in an attempt to capture that audience that found a connection to the "art films" of Europe, the studios hired a host of young filmmakers and allowed them to make their films with relatively little studio control. Some of whom, like actor Jack Nicholson and director Peter Bogdanovich, were mentored by "King of the Bs" Roger Corman while others like celebrated cinematographer Vilmos Zsigmond worked for lesser-known B movie directors like Ray Dennis Steckler, known for the 1962 Arch Hall Jr. vehicle '' Wild Guitar'' and the 1963 horror musical flick ''The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies''. This, together with the breakdown of the Motion Picture Production Code in 1966 and the new ratings system in 1968 (reflecting growing market segmentation) set the scene for the New Hollywood.

''Bonnie and Clyde''

A defining film of the New Hollywood generation was '' Bonnie and Clyde'' (1967). Produced by and starring Warren Beatty and directed by Arthur Penn, its combination of graphic violence and humor, as well as its theme of glamorous disaffected youth, was a hit with audiences. The film won Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actress ( Estelle Parsons) and Best Cinematography.

When Jack L. Warner, then-CEO of Warner Bros., first saw a rough cut of '' Bonnie and Clyde'' in the summer of 1967, he hated it. Distribution executives at Warner Brothers agreed, giving the film a low-key premiere and limited release. Their strategy appeared justified when Bosley Crowther, middlebrow film critic at ''The New York Times'', gave the movie a scathing review. "It is a cheap piece of bald-faced slapstick comedy," he wrote, "that treats the hideous depredations of that sleazy, moronic pair as though they were as full of fun and frolic as the jazz-age cut-ups in ''Thoroughly Modern Millie''..." Other notices, including those from ''Time'' and ''Newsweek'' magazines, were equally dismissive.

Its portrayal of violence and ambiguity in regard to moral values, and its startling ending, divided critics. Following one of the negative reviews, ''Time'' magazine received letters from fans of the movie, and according to journalist Peter Biskind, the impact of critic Pauline Kael in her positive review of the film (October 1967, ''New Yorker'') led other reviewers to follow her lead and re-evaluate the film (notably ''Newsweek'' and ''Time''). Kael drew attention to the innocence of the characters in the film and the artistic merit of the contrast of that with the violence in the film: "In a sense, it is the absence of sadism — it is the violence without sadism — that throws the audience off balance at ''Bonnie and Clyde''. The brutality that comes out of this innocence is far more shocking than the calculated brutalities of mean killers." Kael also noted the reaction of audiences to the violent climax of the movie, and the potential to empathize with the gang of criminals in terms of their naiveté and innocence reflecting a change in expectations of American cinema.

The cover story in ''Time'' magazine in December 1967, celebrated the movie and innovation in American New Wave cinema. This influential article by Stefan Kanfer claimed that ''Bonnie and Clyde'' represented a "New Cinema" through its blurred genre lines, and disregard for honored aspects of plot and motivation, and that "In both conception and execution, ''Bonnie and Clyde'' is a watershed picture, the kind that signals a new style, a new trend." Biskind states that this review and turnaround by some critics allowed the film to be re-released, thus proving its commercial success and reflecting the move toward the New Hollywood. The impact of this film is important in understanding the rest of the American New Wave, as well as the conditions that were necessary for it.

These initial successes paved the way for the studio to relinquish almost complete control to these innovative young filmmakers. In the mid-1970s, idiosyncratic, startling original films such as '' Paper Moon'', ''Dog Day Afternoon'', '' Chinatown'', and ''Taxi Driver'' among others, enjoyed enormous critical and commercial success. These successes by the members of the New Hollywood led each of them in turn to make more and more extravagant demands, both on the studio and eventually on the audience.

Characteristics

This new generation of Hollywood filmmaker was most importantly, from the point of view of the studios, young, therefore able to reach the youth audience they were losing. This group of young filmmakers—actors, writers and directors—dubbed the "New Hollywood" by the press, briefly changed the business from the producer-driven Hollywood system of the past.

Todd Berliner has written about the period's unusual narrative practices. The 1970s, Berliner says, marks Hollywood's most significant formal transformation since the conversion to sound film and is the defining period separating the storytelling modes of the studio era and contemporary Hollywood. New Hollywood films deviate from classical narrative norms more than Hollywood films from any other era or movement. Their narrative and stylistic devices threaten to derail an otherwise straightforward narration. Berliner argues that five principles govern the narrative strategies characteristic of Hollywood films of the 1970s:
* Seventies films show a perverse tendency to integrate, in narrative incidental ways, story information and stylistic devices counterproductive to the films' overt and essential narrative purposes.
* Hollywood filmmakers of the 1970s often situate their film-making practices in between those of classical Hollywood and those of European and Asian art cinema.
* Seventies films prompt spectator responses more uncertain and discomforting than those of more typical Hollywood cinema.
* Seventies narratives place an uncommon emphasis on irresolution, particularly at the moment of climax or in epilogues, when more conventional Hollywood movies busy themselves tying up loose ends.
* Seventies cinema hinders narrative linearity and momentum and scuttles its potential to generate suspense and excitement.
* Seventies cinema also dealt with masculine crises.

Thomas Schatz points to another difference with the Hollywood Golden Age, which deals with the relationship of characters and plot. He argues that plot in classical Hollywood films (and some of the earlier New Hollywood films like ''The Godfather'') "tended to emerge more organically as a function of the drives, desires, motivations, and goals of the central characters". However, beginning with mid-1970s, he points to a trend that "characters became plot functions".

During the height of the studio system, films were made almost exclusively on set in isolated studios. The content of films was limited by the Motion Picture Production Code, and though golden-age film-makers found loopholes in its rules, the discussion of more taboo content through film was effectively prevented. The shift towards a "new realism" was made possible when the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system was introduced and location shooting was becoming more viable. New York City was a favorite spot for this new set of filmmakers due to its gritty atmosphere.

Because of breakthroughs in film technology (e.g. the Panavision Panaflex camera, introduced in 1972), the New Hollywood filmmakers could shoot 35mm camera film in exteriors with relative ease. Since location shooting was cheaper (no sets need to be built) New Hollywood filmmakers rapidly developed the taste for location shooting, resulting in a more naturalistic approach to filmmaking, especially when compared to the mostly stylized approach of classical Hollywood musicals and spectacles made to compete with television during the 1950s and early 1960s. The documentary films of D.A. Pennebaker, the Maysles Brothers and Frederick Wiseman, among others, also influenced filmmakers of this era.

However, in editing, New Hollywood filmmakers adhered to realism more liberally than most of their classical Hollywood predecessors, often using editing for artistic purposes rather than for continuity alone, a practice inspired by European art films and classical Hollywood directors such as D. W. Griffith and Alfred Hitchcock. Films with unorthodox editing included ''Easy Riders use of jump cuts (influenced by the works of experimental collage filmmaker Bruce Conner) to foreshadow the climax of the movie, as well as subtler uses, such as those to reflect the feeling of frustration in '' Bonnie and Clyde'', the subjectivity of the protagonist in ''The Graduate'' and the passage of time in the famous match cut from '' 2001: A Space Odyssey''. Also influential were the works of experimental filmmakers Arthur Lipsett, Bruce Baillie and Kenneth Anger with their combinations of music and imagery and each were cited by George Lucas and Martin Scorsese as influences.

The end of the production code enabled New Hollywood films to feature anti-establishment political themes, the use of rock music, and sexual freedom deemed "counter-cultural" by the studios. The youth movement of the 1960s turned anti-heroes like ''Bonnie and Clyde'' and '' Cool Hand Luke'' into pop-culture idols, and ''Life'' magazine called the characters in ''Easy Rider'' "part of the fundamental myth central to the counterculture of the late 1960s." ''Easy Rider'' also affected the way studios looked to reach the youth market. The success of ''Midnight Cowboy'', in spite of its "X" rating, was evidence for the interest in controversial themes at the time and also showed the weakness of the rating system and segmentation of the audience.

Interpretations on defining the movement

For Peter Biskind, the new wave was foreshadowed by ''Bonnie and Clyde'' and began in earnest with ''Easy Rider''. Biskind's book ''Easy Riders, Raging Bulls'' argues that the New Hollywood movement marked a significant shift towards independently produced and innovative works by a new wave of directors, but that this shift began to reverse itself when the commercial success of ''Jaws'' and '' Star Wars'' led to the realization by studios of the importance of blockbusters, advertising and control over production (even though the success of ''The Godfather'' was said to be the precursor to the blockbuster phenomenon).

Writing in 1968, critic Pauline Kael argued that the importance of ''The Graduate'' was in its social significance in relation to a new young audience, and the role of mass media, rather than any artistic aspects. Kael argued that college students identifying with ''The Graduate'' were not too different from audiences identifying with characters in dramas of the previous decade.

In 1980, film historian/scholar Robert P. Kolker examined New Hollywood film directors in his book ''A Cinema of Loneliness: Penn, Kubrick, Coppola, Scorsese, Altman'', and how their films influenced American society of the 1960s and 1970s. Kolker observed that "for all the challenge and adventure, their films speak to a continual impotence in the world, an inability to change and to create change."

John Belton points to the changing demographic to even younger, more conservative audiences in the mid 1970s (50% aged 12–20) and the move to less politically subversive themes in mainstream cinema, as did Thomas Schatz, who saw the mid- to late 1970s as the decline of the art cinema movement as a significant industry force with its peak in 1974–75 with '' Nashville'' and ''Chinatown''.

Geoff King sees the period as an interim movement in American cinema where a conjunction of forces led to a measure of freedom in filmmaking, while Todd Berliner says that 70s cinema resists the efficiency and harmony that normally characterize classical Hollywood cinema and tests the limits of Hollywood's classical model.

According to author and film critic Charles Taylor (''Opening Wednesday at a Theater or Drive-In Near You''), he stated that "the 1970s remain the third — and, to date, last — great period in American movies".

Author A.D. Jameson (''I Find Your Lack of Faith Disturbing''), on the other hand, claimed that ''Star Wars'' was New Hollywood's finest achievement that actually embodied the characteristics of the respected "serious, sophisticated adult films".

Criticism

The New Hollywood was not without criticism, as in a ''Los Angeles Times'' article film critic Manohla Dargis described it as the "halcyon age" of the decade's filmmaking, that "was less revolution than business as usual, with rebel hype". She also pointed out in her ''New York Times'' article that New Hollywood enthusiasts insist this was "when American movies grew up (or at least starred underdressed actresses); when directors did what they wanted (or at least were transformed into brands); when creativity ruled (or at least ran gloriously amok, albeit often on the studio's dime)."

This era of American cinema was also criticized for its excessive decadence and on-set mishaps. Even Steven Spielberg, who co-directed/co-produced 1983's '' Twilight Zone: The Movie'' with John Landis, was so disgusted by the latter's handling of the deadly helicopter accident that resulted in the death of character actor Vic Morrow and child actors Myca Dinh Le and Renee Shin-Yi Chen, he ended their friendship and publicly called for the end of this era. When approached by the press about the accident, he stated "No movie is worth dying for. I think people are standing up much more now, than ever before, to producers and directors who ask too much. If something isn't safe, it's the right and responsibility of every actor or crew member to yell, 'Cut!'

Legacy

The films of Steven Spielberg, Brian De Palma, Martin Scorsese and Francis Ford Coppola influenced both the Poliziotteschi genre films in Italy and a decade later the Cinéma du look movement in France.

American Eccentric Cinema has been framed as influenced by this era. Both traditions have similar themes and narratives of existentialism and the need for human interaction. The New Hollywood focuses on the darker elements of humanity and society within the context of the American Dream in the mid-1960s to the early 1980s, with themes that were reflective of sociocultural issues and were centered around the potential meaninglessness of pursuing the American Dream as generation upon generation was motivated to possess it. In comparison, American Eccentric Cinema does not have a distinct context, its films show characters who are very individual and their concerns are very distinctive to their own personalities.

The behind-the-scenes of some of the films from this era (''Rosemary's Baby'', ''The Exorcist'', ''Twilight Zone: The Movie'' and ''The Omen'') were also the subjects for the docuseries ''Cursed Films''.

List of selected important and notable figures of the movement

Actors

* Woody Allen
* René Auberjonois
* Ned Beatty
* Warren Beatty
* Candice Bergen
* Jacqueline Bisset
* Karen Black
* Timothy Bottoms
* Peter Boyle
* Beau Bridges
* Jeff Bridges
* Mel Brooks
* Geneviève Bujold
* Ellen Burstyn
* James Caan
* Michael Caine
* Dyan Cannon
* Keith Carradine
* John Cassavetes
* John Cazale
* Julie Christie
* Jill Clayburgh
* Sean Connery
* Bud Cort
* Jamie Lee Curtis
* Beverly D'Angelo
* Robert De Niro
* Bruce Dern
* Danny DeVito
* Michael Douglas
* Brad Dourif
* Richard Dreyfuss
* Faye Dunaway
* Robert Duvall
* Shelley Duvall
* Clint Eastwood
* Peter Falk
* Mia Farrow
* Louise Fletcher
* Jane Fonda
* Peter Fonda
* Harrison Ford
* Jodie Foster
* Teri Garr
* Ben Gazzara
* Richard Gere
* Elliott Gould
* Lee Grant
* Pam Grier
* Charles Grodin
* Gene Hackman
* Mark Hamill
* Goldie Hawn
* Dustin Hoffman
* Anthony Hopkins
* Dennis Hopper
* Glenda Jackson
* Madeline Kahn
* Carol Kane
* Diane Keaton
* Harvey Keitel
* Sally Kellerman
* Margot Kidder
* Kris Kristofferson
* Diane Ladd
* Jessica Lange
* Cloris Leachman
* Malcolm McDowell
* Paul Newman
* Olivia Newton-John
* Jack Nicholson
* Warren Oates
* Ryan O'Neal
* Tatum O'Neal
* Peter O'Toole
* Al Pacino
* Sidney Poitier
* Robert Redford
* Vanessa Redgrave
* Burt Reynolds
* Jason Robards
* Gena Rowlands
* Roy Scheider
* George Segal
* Martin Sheen
* Sam Shepard
* Cybill Shepherd
* Tom Skerritt
* Sissy Spacek
* Sylvester Stallone
* Mary Steenburgen
* Meryl Streep
* Barbra Streisand
* Donald Sutherland
* Lily Tomlin
* Rip Torn
* John Travolta
* Jon Voight
* Sigourney Weaver
* Gene Wilder
* Joanne Woodward

Directors

* Woody Allen
* Robert Altman
* Hal Ashby
* John G. Avildsen
* John Badham
* Ralph Bakshi
* Peter Bogdanovich
* James Bridges
* Mel Brooks
* John Boorman
* John Carpenter
* John Cassavetes
* Michael Cimino
* Francis Ford Coppola
* Roger Corman
* Wes Craven
* Michael Crichton
* Joe Dante
* Brian De Palma
* Richard Donner
* Miloš Forman
* Bob Fosse
* William Friedkin
* Monte Hellman
* George Roy Hill
* Walter Hill (director), Walter Hill
* Arthur Hiller
* Tobe Hooper
* Dennis Hopper
* Henry Jaglom
* Norman Jewison
* Stanley Kubrick
* John Landis
* Tom Laughlin
* George Lucas
* Sidney Lumet
* David Lynch
* Terrence Malick
* Elaine May
* Paul Mazursky
* John Milius
* Ralph Nelson
* Mike Nichols
* Alan J. Pakula
* Sam Peckinpah
* Melvin Van Peebles
* Arthur Penn
* Roman Polanski
* Sydney Pollack
* Bob Rafelson
* Michael Ritchie (film director), Michael Ritchie
* George A. Romero
* Stuart Rosenberg
* Alan Rudolph
* Richard C. Sarafian
* Franklin J. Schaffner
* Jerry Schatzberg
* John Schlesinger
* Paul Schrader
* Martin Scorsese
* Ridley Scott
* Don Siegel
* Steven Spielberg
* James Toback
* Peter Yates
* David Zucker, Jim Abrahams and Jerry Zucker

Others

* Dede Allen
* John Alcott
* Nestor Almendros
* John A. Alonzo
* Steven Bach
* Bill Butler (cinematographer), Bill Butler
* William Peter Blatty
* Wendy Carlos
* Michael Chapman (cinematographer), Michael Chapman
* Paddy Chayefsky
* Stewart Copeland
* Pino Donaggio
* Tangerine Dream
* Bob Dylan
* Roger Ebert
* Robert Evans
* William A. Fraker
* Tak Fujimoto
* Jerry Goldsmith
* Conrad L. Hall
* James Wong Howe
* Quincy Jones
* Pauline Kael
* László Kovács (cinematographer), László Kovács
* Giorgio Moroder
* Ennio Morricone
* Harry Nilsson
* Jack Nitzsche
* Mike Oldfield
*Polly Platt
* Owen Roizman
*Andrew Sarris
* Lalo Schifrin
* David Shire
* Bert Schneider
* Thelma Schoonmaker
* Gene Siskel
* Vittorio Storaro
* Robert Towne
* Tom Waits
* Haskell Wexler
* John Williams
* Gordon Willis
* Vangelis
* Vilmos Zsigmond

List of selected important and notable films

The following is a chronological list of notable films that are generally considered to be "New Hollywood" productions.

* ''Dr. Strangelove'' (1964) ≈
* ''Mickey One'' (1965)
* ''The Chase (1966 film), The Chase'' (1966)
* ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (film), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'' (1966) ≈
* ''Seconds (1966 film), Seconds'' (1966) ≈
* ''The Shooting'' (1966)
* ''Ride in the Whirlwind'' (1966)
* ''You're a Big Boy Now'' (1966)
* ''Portrait of Jason'' (1967)Looking Back on Hollywood's Second Golden Age, Hollywood.com
/ref>≈
* ''In the Heat of the Night (film), In the Heat of the Night'' (1967) ≈
* '' Bonnie and Clyde'' (1967)Film History According to Tarantino - ArtReview
/ref> ≈
* ''The Graduate'' (1967) ≈
* ''In Cold Blood (film), In Cold Blood'' (1967) ≈
* ''Reflections in a Golden Eye (film), Reflections in a Golden Eye'' (1967)
* '' Cool Hand Luke'' (1967) ≈
* ''Who's That Knocking at My Door'' (1967)
* ''The Dirty Dozen'' (1967)
* ''Dont Look Back'' (1967)≈
* ''Point Blank (1967 film), Point Blank'' (1967)≈
* ''The Trip (1967 film), The Trip'' (1967)
* ''David Holzman's Diary'' (1967) ≈
*''Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One'' (1968)≈
* ''Faces (1968 film), Faces'' (1968) ≈
* ''The Swimmer (1968 film), The Swimmer'' (1968)
* ''Coogan's Bluff (film), Coogan's Bluff'' (1968)
* ''Greetings (1968 film), Greetings'' (1968)
* ''2001: A Space Odyssey (film), 2001: A Space Odyssey'' (1968) ≈
* ''Planet of the Apes (1968 film), Planet of the Apes'' (1968) ≈
* ''Petulia'' (1968)
* '' Rosemary's Baby'' (1968) ≈
* '' The Thomas Crown Affair (1968 film), The Thomas Crown Affair'' (1968)
* ''Bullitt'' (1968) ≈
* ''Night of the Living Dead'' (1968)≈
* ''Head (film), Head'' (1968)
* ''Downhill Racer'' (1969)
* ''Alice's Restaurant (film), Alice's Restaurant'' (1969)
* ''Easy Rider'' (1969)≈
* ''Medium Cool'' (1969)≈
* ''Midnight Cowboy'' (1969)≈
* ''Putney Swope'' (1969)≈
* ''The Rain People'' (1969)
* ''Goodbye, Columbus (film), Goodbye, Columbus'' (1969)
* ''Take the Money and Run'' (1969)
* ''The Wild Bunch'' (1969)≈
* ''Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice'' (1969)
* ''Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid'' (1969)≈
* ''They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (film), They Shoot Horses, Don't They?'' (1969)
* ''Wanda (film), Wanda'' (1970)≈
* ''Husbands (film), Husbands'' (1970)
* ''The Boys in the Band (1970 film), The Boys in the Band'' (1970)
* ''Alex in Wonderland'' (1970)
* ''Catch-22 (film), Catch-22'' (1970)
* ''MASH (film), MASH'' (1970)≈
* ''Love Story (1970 film), Love Story'' (1970)
* ''Airport (1970 film), Airport'' (1970)
* ''The Strawberry Statement (film), The Strawberry Statement'' (1970)
* ''Loving (1970 film), Loving'' (1970)
* ''The Landlord'' (1970)
* ''Kelly's Heroes'' (1970)
* ''Five Easy Pieces'' (1970)≈
* ''Little Big Man (film), Little Big Man'' (1970)
* ''Brewster McCloud'' (1970)
* ''Joe (1970 film), Joe'' (1970)
* ''Woodstock (film), Woodstock'' (1970)≈
* ''The Ballad of Cable Hogue'' (1970)
* ''Zabriskie Point (film), Zabriskie Point'' (1970)
* ''Gimme Shelter (1970 film), Gimme Shelter'' (1970)
* ''A New Leaf (film), A New Leaf'' (1971)≈
* ''Drive, He Said'' (1971)
* ''Fiddler on the Roof (film), Fiddler on the Roof'' (1971)
* ''The Panic in Needle Park'' (1971)
* ''Play Misty for Me'' (1971)
* ''Klute'' (1971)
* ''The Beguiled (1971 film), The Beguiled'' (1971)
* ''A Safe Place'' (1971)
* ''McCabe & Mrs. Miller'' (1971)≈
* ''Carnal Knowledge (film), Carnal Knowledge'' (1971)
* ''Such Good Friends'' (1971)
* ''Two-Lane Blacktop'' (1971)≈
* ''The Hospital '' (1971)
* ''The Last Movie'' (1971)
* ''The Last Picture Show'' (1971)A Brief History Of New Hollywood, The Rise - Little White Lies on YouTube
/ref>≈
* ''The French Connection (film), The French Connection'' (1971)≈
* ''A Clockwork Orange (film), A Clockwork Orange'' (1971)≈
* ''Dirty Harry'' (1971)≈
* ''Harold and Maude'' (1971)≈
* ''Straw Dogs (1971 film), Straw Dogs'' (1971)
* ''Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song'' (1971)≈
* ''THX 1138'' (1971)
* ''Little Murders'' (1971)
* ''Vanishing Point (1971 film), Vanishing Point'' (1971)
* ''Billy Jack '' (1971)
* ''Duel (1971 film), Duel'' (1971)
* ''The Heartbreak Kid (1972 film), The Heartbreak Kid'' (1972)
* ''Cabaret (1972 film), Cabaret'' (1972)≈
* ''Deliverance'' (1972)≈
* ''Tomorrow (1972 film), Tomorrow'' (1972)
* ''Pocket Money'' (1972)
* ''Bad Company (1972 film), Bad Company'' (1972)
* ''The Last House on the Left'' (1972)
* ''Fat City (film), Fat City'' (1972)
* ''Fritz the Cat (film), Fritz the Cat'' (1972)
* ''Images (film), Images'' (1972)
* ''The Poseidon Adventure (1972 film), The Poseidon Adventure'' (1972)
* ''Slaughterhouse-Five (film), Slaughterhouse-Five'' (1972)
* ''The Godfather'' (1972)≈
* ''Junior Bonner'' (1972)
* ''Boxcar Bertha'' (1972)
* ''The King of Marvin Gardens'' (1972)
* ''What's Up, Doc? (1972 film), What's Up, Doc?'' (1972)
* ''Last Tango in Paris'' (1972)
* ''Payday (1972 film), Payday'' (1972)
* ''Sounder (film), Sounder'' (1972)≈
* ''Heavy Traffic'' (1973)
* ''American Graffiti'' (1973)≈
* ''Badlands (film), Badlands'' (1973)≈
* ''Dillinger (1973 film), Dillinger'' (1973)
* ''The Friends of Eddie Coyle'' (1973)
* ''The Long Goodbye (film), The Long Goodbye'' (1973)≈
* ''The Last Detail'' (1973)
* ''Mean Streets'' (1973)≈
* '' Paper Moon'' (1973)
* ''Charley Varrick'' (1973)
* ''The Last American Hero'' (1973)
* ''Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid'' (1973)
* ''Breezy'' (1973)
* ''Blume in Love'' (1973)
* ''Serpico'' (1973)
* ''Sisters (1973 film), Sisters'' (1973)
* ''Sleeper (1973 film), Sleeper'' (1973)
* ''The Exorcist (film), The Exorcist'' (1973)≈
* ''Scarecrow (1973 film), Scarecrow'' (1973)
* ''The Sting'' (1973)≈
* ''Electra Glide in Blue'' (1973)
* ''Westworld (film), Westworld'' (1973)
* ''Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore'' (1974)
* ''Thieves Like Us (film), Thieves Like Us'' (1974)
* ''Harry and Tonto'' (1974)
* ''Dark Star (film), Dark Star'' (1974)
* ''California Split'' (1974)
* ''Thunderbolt and Lightfoot'' (1974)
* '' Chinatown'' (1974)≈
* ''The Conversation'' (1974)≈
* ''The Godfather Part II'' (1974)≈
* ''The Sugarland Express'' (1974)
* ''The Parallax View'' (1974)
* ''A Woman Under the Influence'' (1974)≈
* ''The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974 film), The Taking of Pelham One Two Three'' (1974)
* ''The Towering Inferno'' (1974)
* ''Blazing Saddles'' (1974)≈
* ''Young Frankenstein'' (1974)≈
* ''Hearts and Minds (film), Hearts and Minds'' (1974)≈
* ''The Texas Chainsaw Massacre'' (1974)
* ''Death Wish (1974 film), Death Wish'' (1974)
* ''Freebie and the Bean'' (1974)
* ''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film), One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' (1975)≈
* ''Dog Day Afternoon'' (1975)≈
* ''Three Days of the Condor'' (1975)
* ''The Eiger Sanction (film), The Eiger Sanction'' (1975)
* ''Rafferty and the Gold Dust Twins'' (1975)
* ''Jaws'' (1975)≈
* '' Nashville'' (1975)≈
* ''Smile (1975 film), Smile'' (1975)
* ''Night Moves (1975 film), Night Moves'' (1975)
* ''Shampoo (film), Shampoo'' (1975)
* ''The Day of the Locust (film), The Day of the Locust'' (1975)
* ''Barry Lyndon'' (1975)
* ''The Wind and the Lion'' (1975)
* ''At Long Last Love'' (1975)On the Tuneless Cole Porter Musical At Long Last Love, Peter Bogdanovich’s “Great Debacle,” Screening This Weekend - The L Magazine
/ref>
* ''The Killing of a Chinese Bookie'' (1976)
* ''Mikey and Nicky'' (1976)
* ''All the President's Men (film), All the President's Men'' (1976)≈
* ''Next Stop, Greenwich Village'' (1976)
* ''Carrie (1976 film), Carrie'' (1976)
* ''Obsession (1976 film), Obsession'' (1976)
* ''The Omen (1976 film), The Omen'' (1976)
* ''The Outlaw Josey Wales'' (1976)≈
* ''God Told Me To'' (1976)
* ''Assault on Precinct 13 (1976 film), Assault on Precinct 13'' (1976)
* ''Network (1976 film), Network'' (1976)≈
* ''Rocky'' (1976)≈
* ''Taxi Driver'' (1976)≈
* ''Buffalo Bill and the Indians'' (1976)
* ''Futureworld'' (1976)
* ''Annie Hall'' (1977)≈
* ''Close Encounters of the Third Kind'' (1977)≈
* ''Eraserhead'' (1977)≈
* ''The Hills Have Eyes (1977), The Hills Have Eyes'' (1977)
* ''The Gauntlet (film), The Gauntlet'' (1977)
* ''High Anxiety'' (1977)
* '' The Late Show (film), The Late Show'' (1977)
* ''Handle with Care (1977 film), Handle with Care'' (1977)
* ''Looking for Mr. Goodbar (film), Looking for Mr. Goodbar'' (1977)
* ''New York, New York (1977 film), New York, New York'' (1977)A Brief History Of New Hollywood , The Fall - Little White Lies on YouTube
/ref>
* ''Opening Night (1977 film), Opening Night'' (1977)
* ''Saturday Night Fever'' (1977)≈
* '' Sorcerer'' (1977)
* ''Star Wars (film), Star Wars'' (1977)≈
* ''3 Women'' (1977)
* ''An Unmarried Woman'' (1978)
* ''Blue Collar (film), Blue Collar'' (1978)
* ''Coming Home (1978 film), Coming Home'' (1978)
* ''Straight Time'' (1978)
* ''Grease (film), Grease'' (1978)≈
* ''Days of Heaven'' (1978)≈
* ''The Deer Hunter'' (1978)≈
* ''F.I.S.T. (film), F.I.S.T.'' (1978)
* ''Interiors'' (1978)
* ''Big Wednesday'' (1978)
* ''Fingers (1978 film), Fingers'' (1978)
* ''Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978 film), Invasion of the Body Snatchers'' (1978)
* ''National Lampoon's Animal House'' (1978)≈
* ''Coma (1978 film), Coma'' (1978)
* ''Who'll Stop the Rain'' (1978)
* ''Midnight Express (film), Midnight Express'' (1978)
* ''Dawn of the Dead (1978 film), Dawn of the Dead'' (1978)
* ''Halloween (1978 film), Halloween'' (1978)≈
* ''The China Syndrome'' (1979)
* ''Alien (film), Alien'' (1979)≈
* ''All That Jazz (film), All That Jazz'' (1979)≈
* '' ...And Justice for All (film), ...And Justice for All'' (1979)
* ''Hardcore (1979 film), Hardcore'' (1979)
* ''Apocalypse Now'' (1979)≈
* ''Being There'' (1979)≈
* ''Kramer vs. Kramer'' (1979)
* ''Manhattan (1979 film), Manhattan'' (1979)≈
* ''Wise Blood (film), Wise Blood'' (1979)
* ''1941 (film), 1941'' (1979)
* ''Melvin and Howard'' (1980)
* ''The Shining (film), The Shining'' (1980)≈
* ''Popeye (1980 film), Popeye'' (1980)
* ''Bronco Billy'' (1980)
* ''Raging Bull'' (1980)≈
* ''The Empire Strikes Back'' (1980)10 Best Films Of The American New Wave, According To IMDb - Screen Rant
/ref>≈
* ''American Gigolo'' (1980)
* ''Cruising (film), Cruising'' (1980)
* ''Dressed to Kill (1980 film), Dressed to Kill'' (1980)
* ''Airplane!'' (1980)≈
* ''Stardust Memories'' (1980)
* '' Heaven's Gate'' (1980)
* ''History of the World, Part I'' (1981)
* ''Blow Out'' (1981)
* ''Raiders of the Lost Ark'' (1981)≈
* ''Cutter's Way'' (1981)
* ''Reds (film), Reds'' (1981)
* ''They All Laughed'' (1981)
* ''Blade Runner'' (1982)≈
* ''E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial'' (1982)≈
* ''One from the Heart'' (1982)
* ''The King of Comedy (film), The King of Comedy'' (1982)
* ''Return of the Jedi'' (1983)≈
* ''Rumble Fish'' (1983)
* '' Twilight Zone: The Movie'' (1983)

Notes

*≈ indicates a National Film Registry inductee

See also

* Counterculture of the 1960s
* Golden Age of Television (2000s–present) - similar to New Hollywood in content
* ''A Decade Under the Influence (film), A Decade Under the Influence'' - the 2003 documentary about the New Hollywood
* ''Easy Riders, Raging Bulls'' - Peter Biskind's controversial account of this era of filmmaking
* Cinephilia
* Exploitation film - popular during that time
* Vulgar auteurism
* Modernist film
* European art cinema - popular with audiences during this time period
* L.A. Rebellion - alternative African-American cinema in the 1970s-1980s
* Midnight movie - popular during this era
* Postmodernist film postmodern television, and television
* Minimalist film, Minimalist and maximalist film, maximalist cinema
* Hippie exploitation films
* Blaxploitation
* Indiewood

References

Bibliography

*
*Peter Biskind, Biskind, Peter (1990). ''The Godfather Companion: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About All Three Godfather Films'' (HarperPerennial)
*
*
*Cook, David A. "Auteur Cinema and the film generation in 70s Hollywood", in ''The New American Cinema''. Ed. by Jon Lewis. NY: Duke University Press, 1998, pp. 1–37
*
*Harris, Mark. ''Scenes from a Revolution: The Birth of the New Hollywood''. Canongate Books, 2009.
*James, David E. ''Allegories of Cinema: American Film in the Sixties''. NY: Princeton University Press, 1989, pp. 1–42
*Pauline Kael, Kael, Pauline. "Bonnie and Clyde", in ''For Keeps''. Ed. by Pauline Kael. NY: Plume, 1994, pp. 141–57.
*Pauline Kael, Kael, Pauline. "Trash, Art, and the Movies", in ''Going Steady: Film Writings 1968–69''. NY: Marion Boyers, 1994, pp. 87–129
*Kanfer, Stefan, "The Shock of Freedom in Films", ''Time Magazine'', Dec 8, 1967, Accessed 25 April 2009

*
*Kirshner, Jonathan. ''Hollywood's Last Golden Age: Politics, Society, and the Seventies Film in America''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2012.
*
*
''Road Trip to Nowhere: Hollywood Encounters the Counterculture''
Jon Lewis, 2022
*
*
*
''New Wave, New Hollywood: Reassessment, Recovery and Legacy''
Nathan Abram and Gregory Frame, 2021

External links

The First Five Years of the 70s episode of Siskel and Ebert

The American Revolution-DGA

The Film School Generation episode of American Cinema at Annenberg Learner

{{Film genres

New Wave in cinema, American
1960s in film
1970s in film
1980s in film
Cinema of the United States
History of film
History of Hollywood, Los Angeles
Movements in cinema
1960s in American cinema
1970s in American cinema
1980s in American cinema
Film genres particular to the United States
1964 establishments in the United States
1983 disestablishments in the United States
1970s in animation
Modern art
Postmodern art