female ninja

is a Japanese cant term for . In popular culture, it is often used for female shinobi or practitioner of ninjutsu (''ninpo''). The term was largely popularized by novelist Yamada Futaro in his novel ''Ninpō Hakkenden'' (忍法八犬伝) in 1964.

Although kunoichi have appeared in numerous creative works, including novels, TV-dramas, movies, and manga, Mie University historians have concluded that there are no historical records of female ninja performing reconnaissance and subversive activities in the same manner as their male counterparts. However, the late 17th century ninja handbook '' Bansenshukai'' describes a technique called ''kunoichi-no-jutsu'' (くノ一の術, "the ninjutsu of a woman") in which a woman is used for infiltration and information-gathering, which Fujita Seiko considers evidence of female ninja activity.

Etymology

The term is thought to derive from the names of characters that resemble the three strokes in the Japanese kanji character for {{nihongo, "woman", 女, onna in the following stroke order:

* " く" is a hiragana character pronounced " ku"
* " ノ" is a katakana character pronounced " no"
* " 一" is a kanji character pronounced "ichi" (and meaning " one").

The word "kunoichi" was not used frequently in the Edo period. This is probably because in this era, the kanji letter "女" was not written in regular script but usually in cursive script, and the cursive script of "女" cannot be decomposed into "く", "ノ", and "一".

History of use

Recent research by Mie University historians Yūji Yamada, Katsuya Yoshimaru, and others indicates that there are no historical records of the existence of female ninja who conducted reconnaissance and subversive activities in the same manner as their male counterparts. According to Yoshimaru, kunoichi came to mean "female ninja" in the creative works largely due to the influence of Futaro Yamada's ''Ninpōchō'' series.

During the Edo period, kunoichi was used as a cant term to refer to a woman and had no meaning for a female ninja. However, the term has very few examples of usage, most likely because the writing style at the time was not composed of the three strokes attributed to kunoichi.

The eighth volume of the ninja handbook '' Bansenshukai'' written in 1676 describes ''Kunoichi-no-jutsu'' (くノ一の術, the ninjutsu of a woman), which can be translated as "a technique to use a female". The ''Bansenshukai'' compiles the knowledge of the ninja clans in the regions of Iga and Kōka. According to this document, the main function of the kunoichi was espionage, finding functions in enemy house services, to gather knowledge, gain trust or listen to conversations.Seiko Fujita, ''From Ninjutsu to Spy Warfare'' (忍術からスパイ戦へ). Higashi Shisha, 1942. pp 83. This "technique to use a female" was employed for infiltration purposes when it was difficult for a man to infiltrate. There is a technique in which a kunoichi uses a double-bottomed wooden chest to infiltrate a person into a building by telling the wife of the house that she is retrieving a wooden chest. Both of these techniques however are described as "techniques through the usage of a woman". Seiko Fujita considers these techniques to be evidence of female ninja, while Yoshimaru and Yamada consider female ninja not to have existed.

A disputed historical example is Mochizuki Chiyome, a 16th-century noble descendant who was commissioned by warlord Takeda Shingen to recruit women to create a secret network of hundreds of spies.

Another early mention of kunoichi exists in the poem compilation ''Enshūsenkuzuke'' by Waki Enshū from 1680, and was used to refer to Sei Shōnagon, a female poet.

Iga FC Kunoichi, a women's football club which is based in the city of Iga, takes its name from the term.

See also

* Onna-musha, female samurai
* Umemura Sawano, 16th–17th century female ninja
* Hatsume no Tsubone, a fictitious female ninja
* Tsunade, a fictional female ninja from the folktale Jiraiya Gōketsu Monogatari

References

Japanese martial arts terminology
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Ninja
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