The Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) was a political lobby group formed in 1954. At FEDSAW's inaugural conference, a Women's Charter was adopted. Its founding was spear-headed by

Lillian Ngoyi Lilian Masediba Matabane Ngoyi, "Mma Ngoyi", (25 September 1911 – 13 March 1980) was a South African anti-apartheid activist. She was the first woman elected to the executive committee of the African National Congress, and helped launch ...

Introduction

The Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) was a multi-racial women's organization and lobby group which organized and protested against the institutional Apartheid Regime that was present throughout South Africa. Whilst South Africa had many forms of societal segregation prior to Apartheid, its institutionalization through governmental policy led its founders to organize against several issues, such as rising costs and the pass law system. As a result, FEDSAW became part of the

Congress Alliance The Congress Alliance was an anti-apartheid political coalition formed in South Africa in the 1950s. Led by the African National Congress, the CA was multi-racial in makeup and committed to the principle of majority rule. Congress of the People ...

, an anti-apartheid coalition led by the

African National Congress The African National Congress (ANC) is a Social democracy, social-democratic political party in Republic of South Africa, South Africa. A liberation movement known for its opposition to apartheid, it has governed the country since 1994, when ...

(ANC). The organization is also most notable for organizing the Women's March 1956, one of the largest protests of the

pass laws In South Africa, pass laws were a form of internal passport system designed to segregate the population, manage urbanization and allocate migrant labor. Also known as the natives' law, pass laws severely limited the movements of not only black ...

to take place in the 1950s. FEDSAW is notable because of its achievement in creating one of the first broad-based women's organizations in the country's history.

History

Formation

Rachel Simons Ray Alexander Simons (née Alexandrowich; (31 December 1913 – 12 September 2004) was a South African communist, anti-apartheid activist, campaigner and trade unionist who helped draft the Women's Charter. She moved to Cape Town in 1929 to es ...

, trade unionist and member of the South African Communist Party,

Frances Baard Frances Goitsemang Baard (1 October 1909 – 1997) was a South African (ethnic Tswana) trade unionist, organiser for the African National Congress Women's League and a Patron of the United Democratic Front, who was commemorated in the renaming ...

, of the African Food and Canning Workers Union, and

Florence Matomela Florence Matomela (1910–1969) was a South African people, South African anti-pass laws, pass law activist, communist, civil rights campaigner, African National Congress, ANC veteran, teacher and mother who dedicated her life to fighting against A ...

, president of the

ANC Women's League The African National Congress Women's League (ANCWL) is an auxiliary women's political organization of the African National Congress, African National Congress (ANC) of South Africa. This organization has its precedent in the Bantu Women's League ...

(ANCWL) in the Eastern Cape, organized an informal gathering of women at the Port Elizabeth Annual Trades and Labour council conference. During this informal meeting, a clear concern for issues regarding women and the welfare of their families were expressed -

, which segregated and strictly regulated the movement of black and coloured people. Other issues expressed were rising food and transportation costs. Furthermore, a rise in the price of bread in mid-1953 had mobilized women in Cape Town to organize politically, further stimulating an interest in the establishment of a women's interest lobby. FEDSAW was thus created as the first attempt at a broad-based and multi-racial women's organization to help meet women's basic needs and those of their family.

FEDSAW Conference of 1954

The first FEDSAW conference took place on April 17th, 1954. Approximately 150 delegates attended the conference,Walker 1978, pp. 183 including representatives of the ANCWL, Transvaal All Women's Union,

Congress of Democrats The Congress of Democrats (CoD) is a Namibian opposition party without representation in the National Assembly and led by Ben Ulenga. It was established in 1999, prior to that year's general elections, and started off with a number of notabl ...

, the

Indian Congress The Indian Congress occurred from August 4 to October 31, 1898 in Omaha, Nebraska, in conjunction with the Trans-Mississippi International Exposition. Occurring within a decade of the end of the Indian Wars, the Indian Congress was the largest ...

and trade unionists. At the conference, the aims and philosophy of the organization were established and recorded through the Women's Charter. A National Executive Committee was also selected.

Protests of the Union Building in Pretoria, 1955

One of the first protests that FEDSAW coordinated took place on October 27th, 1955 outside the Pretoria Union Buildings, which form the official seat of the South African government as well as the offices of the President of South Africa.Walker 1978, pp. 223 This was in response to discriminative policies such as the

Bantu Education Act The Bantu Education Act 1953 (Act No. 47 of 1953; later renamed the Black Education Act, 1953) was a South African segregation law that legislated for several aspects of the apartheid system. Its major provision enforced racially-separated educati ...

, which legitimized many parts of the Apartheid act, with its major provision being the racial separation of schools, as well as new requirements for African women to carry passes, and amendments to the Population Registration Act, which sought to reclassify '

Coloured Coloureds ( af, Kleurlinge or , ) refers to members of multiracial ethnic communities in Southern Africa who may have ancestry from more than one of the various populations inhabiting the region, including African, European, and Asian. South ...

' people. During the protest, a group of 2000 women of all races and some men attended the protest. The scale, and the multi-racial attendance of the protest helped FEDSAW rise to national prominence. National_Women's_Day

Anti-Pass Protests, 1956-1958

Between 1956 and 1958, a number of Anti-Pass protests were organized across South Africa. From January-July 1956, approximately 50,000 members attended 38 demonstrations. In particular, many were upset about the

Native Laws Amendment Act, 1952 The Native Laws Amendment Act, 1952 (Act No. 54 of 1952, subsequently renamed the Bantu Laws Amendment Act, 1952 and the Black Laws Amendment Act, 1952), formed part of the apartheid system of racial segregation in South Africa South Afric ...

and Natives Act, 1956, which enforced Africans to carry paper documentation with them at all time and subjected many to forcible removal without appeal. During this time, FEDSAW coordinated the

Women's March Women's March may refer to: * Women's March on Versailles, a 1789 march in Paris * Women's Sunday, a 1908 suffragette march in London * Woman Suffrage Procession, a 1913 march and rally in Washington, D.C. * Women's March (South Africa), a 1956 mar ...

in August 1956. This has been considered to be the largest mass gathering of women in South African History to date as 20,000 women protested at the Pretoria Union buildings. For supporters of the apartheid system, the attendance of white people at these protests was especially unnerving.Walker 1978, pp. 235 Throughout 1957 and into 1958, the women's anti-pass campaign continued to generate wide scale support and attention from the international media.Walker 1978, pp. 238 However, increasing pressures from the Apartheid state ultimately shut down the protests. Police violence also became increasingly violent. In November 1956, police open fired on a crowd of 1000 people in Lichtenburg. Two Africans were killed and an additional two were injured. In 1960, after a day of demonstrations against the

, a crowd of 7000 marched to the police station in the South African Township of Sharpeville. The South African police opened fire on the crowd, killing 69 and injuring 180; many were shot in the back as they fled, this was known as the

Sharpeville Massacre The Sharpeville massacre occurred on 21 March 1960 at the police station in the township of Sharpeville in the then Transvaal Province of the then Union of South Africa (today part of Gauteng). After demonstrating against pass laws, a crowd of ...

Downfall/End of the Organization

Following the

massacre A massacre is the killing of a large number of people or animals, especially those who are not involved in any fighting or have no way of defending themselves. A massacre is generally considered to be morally unacceptable, especially when per ...

, the apartheid state declared a national emergency and outlawed hundreds of activist groups.Walker 1978, pp. 202 Amongst those banned was the

ANC The African National Congress (ANC) is a social-democratic political party in South Africa. A liberation movement known for its opposition to apartheid, it has governed the country since 1994, when the first post-apartheid election install ...

and the

. Although FEDSAW was allowed to continue operating, they were forced to continue their meetings in secret to avoid police surveillance, intimidation and harassment of its members. Furthermore, the arrest of several key leaders of FEDSAW made it extremely difficult to continue operations. A combination of government pressures and issues funding the organization made it impossible for FEDSAW to continue running. By the mid-1960s, FEDSAW had ceased to exist.

Ideology

FEDSAW's ideology was heavily influenced by the works of Hilda Watts Bernstein and

, who argued that women's struggles for emancipation were necessary as part of a wider struggle for liberation in the struggle for a socialist state. There are also parallels in their Charter and objectives with the Communist Party objectives. FEDSAW oriented itself from the beginning towards the policies of the

Congress alliance The Congress Alliance was an anti-apartheid political coalition formed in South Africa in the 1950s. Led by the African National Congress, the CA was multi-racial in makeup and committed to the principle of majority rule. Congress of the People ...

and participated in the national liberation movement. It was committed to the liberation of the black majority in South Africa from white minority rule, by a process of peaceful change. White South African women generally abstained from participating in FEDSAW activism, with the exception of those in the

Women's Charter

FEDSAW's Charter was drafted at the inaugural conference in 1954. It states the names of the new organization. The Charter asserted that an "intimate relationship" existed between women's inferior status in society and the inferior status assigned to people by "discriminatory laws and colour prejudices". It made clear that the struggle to emancipate women from discriminatory laws and conventions should be an intrinsic part of any general liberatory struggle.

Objectives

In addition to their official Charter, FEDSAW adopted eight specific aims at the 1954 inaugural conference: # "The right to vote and to be elected to all state bodies, without restriction or discrimination (i.e. universal suffrage) # "The right to full opportunities for employment with equal pay and possibilities of promotion in all spheres of work # "Equal rights with men in relation to property, marriage and children, and for the removal of all laws and customs that deny women such equal rights # "For the development of every child through free compulsory education for all; for the protection of mother and child through maternity homes, welfare clinics, creches and nursery schools, in countryside and towns; through proper homes for all, and through the provision of water, light, transport, sanitation and the amenities of modern civilization # "For the removal of all laws that restrict free movement, that prevent or hinder the right of free association, and activity in democratic organizations, and the right to participate in the work of these organizations # "To build and strengthen women's sections in the National Liberation Movements, the organization of women in the trade unions, and through the people's varied organizations # "To cooperate with all other organizations that have similar aims in South Africa and throughout the world # "To strive for permanent peace throughout the world"

Membership

FEDSAW was made up of members from the

, The Congress of Democrats, the

South African Indian Congress The South African Indian Congress (SAIC) was an organisation founded in 1921 in Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal), South Africa. The congress is famous for its strong participation by Mahatma Gandhi and other prominent South African Indian figures during ...

and the Coloured Women's Organization. While individual membership was not permitted, being a member of one of these organizations meant automatic membership in FEDSAW. FEDSAW was composed of over 130 delegates from various local, national, and foreign organizations:Walker 1978, pp. 183

Notables

Ray Alexander

Helen Joseph Helen Beatrice Joseph (''née'' Fennell) (8 April 1905 – 25 December 1992) was a South African anti-apartheid activist. Born in Sussex, England, Helen graduated with a degree in English from the University of London in 1927 and then departe ...

Lilian Ngoyi Lilian Masediba Matabane Ngoyi, "Mma Ngoyi", (25 September 1911 – 13 March 1980) was a South African anti-apartheid activist. She was the first woman elected to the executive committee of the African National Congress, and helped launch ...

Hilda Watts Bernstein

Persecution of Leaders

In 1956, the top leadership of the Congress Alliance were arrested and prosecuted in the mammoth Treason trial. Amongst them were

and

National, Secretary and President of FEDSAW at the time. The two were acquitted and had their charges withdrawn in 1961.Walker 1978, pp. 202

Legacy

Between March and August 1956, FEDSAW planned to host a mass protest at the Union Buildings in Pretoria, South Africa. Held on August 9, 1956, the protest mobilized "between 6,000 to 20,000 women" from all over the country, including places such as "Cape Town, Bloemfontein, and Port Elizabeth." Reported by the Cape Times as the "largest mass gathering of women in outh Africanhistory", the demonstration led to the official annual commemoration of 'Women's Day' in South Africa, as August 9th.Walker 1978, pp. 235 The song "Wathint' Abafazki, Wathint' Imbokotho", or "You Have Tampered With The Women, You Have Struck a Rock" was created and popularized by the 1956 protest. In 2016, a monument was also created to memorialize the Women's March Leaders. In 1989, the United Women's Congress, The Federation of Transvaal, The Natal Organization of Women and the Port Elizabeth Women's organization revived FEDSAW. Although a much smaller organization by this time, they continued to organize conferences and protests regarding women's issues, including sexual violence and homelessness.Nelson & Caudhurī 1994, pp. 649 In addition, they "made a contribution towards training women in leadership".

References

Sources

* "Chapter 41: Women's Charter and Aims - Federation of South African Women." In Feminist Manifestos: A Global Documentary Reader, edited by Penny A. Weiss, 204–8. New York: New York University Press, 2018

* Dayile, Azola (2017-09-07),
English: A younger Lilian Ngoyi smiling awkwardly for the camera during the difficult years of Apartheid
'., retrieved 2020-03-12 * "Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) , South African History Online".
www.sahistory.org.za
'. Retrieved 2020-03-11. * " :File:ANC Womens League logo.svg, File:ANC Womens League logo.svg", Wikipedia, 2017-12-03, retrieved 2020-03-12 * Govender, Pregs (1987). "Re-Launching FEDSAW".
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'. 1: 79–80 –via JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4547919?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents * Hall, Andrew (2017-02-08), '' English: The row of graves of the 69 people killed by police during an anti-pass protest at the Sharpeville Police Station on 21 March 1960''., retrieved 2020-03-12
Image
by Egui_ is licensed under CC BY-NC 2.0 * India, Nagarjun Kandukuru from Bangalore (2013-04-14), '':File:Hindu women in Sarees part of South African federation protesting against Apartheid in 1955.jpg, English: Federation of South African Women: African, Hindu and Christian women gathered near Apartheid era prison to protest against Apartheid in 1955. The Hindu women can be seen in traditional sari.(Violet Weinberg is third from the right)'', retrieved 2020-03-12 * Kendall, K. (2008-08-04), '':File:National Women's Day.jpg, Lesotho women protesting violence against women at a National Women's Day protest at National University of Lesotho''., retrieved 2020-03-12 * Kuumba, M. Bahati (2006). "African Women, Resistance Cultures and Cultural Resistances"
''Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity''.
no. 68: 112–121 – via JSTOR. * Nelson, Barbara J., and Caudhurī Nājamā (1994). ''Women and Politics Worldwide''. Delhi: New Haven: Yale University Press. * "The Women's Charter , South African History Online"
''South African History Online''.
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