Fascicle (botany)

In botany, a fascicle is a bundle of leaves or flowers growing crowded together; alternatively the term might refer to the vascular tissues that supply such an organ with nutrients.Shashtri, Varun. Dictionary of Botany. Publisher: Isha Books 2005. However, vascular tissues may occur in fascicles even when the organs they supply are not fascicled.

Etymology of fascicle and related terms

The term ''fascicle'' and its derived terms such as ''fasciculation'' are from the Latin ''fasciculus'', the diminutive of ''fascis'', a bundle. Accordingly, such words occur in many forms and contexts wherever they are convenient for descriptive purposes. A fascicle may be leaves or flowers on a short shoot where the nodes of a shoot are crowded without clear internodes, such as in species of ''Pinus'' or '' Rhigozum''. However, bundled fibres, nerves or bristles as in tissues or the glochid fascicles of '' Opuntia'' may have little or nothing to do with branch morphology.

In pines

Leaf fascicles are present in all pines, and the number of adult leaves (needles) per fascicle is an important character for identification of pine species and genera. Most species have fascicles of 2 to 5 needles; only occasional species typically have as few as one or as many as six leaves to the fascicle.

Variation is high between species, low within them. For example, ''Pinus flexilis'' (limber pine), has fascicles of 5 needles. This pine is a member of the white pine group, ''Pinus'' subgenus ''Strobus'', section ''Strobus''. In all members of the group the fascicles nearly all have five needles and the sheath at the base of the fascicle is deciduous.

The fascicle sheath is another character that is important for identification. Among North American pines the sheath is persistent in all so-called hard pines and deciduous in all so-called soft pines. Thus, the fascicle sheath and number of needles can be used to identify valuable timber pines in all seasons and many years before they are mature enough to produce cones. These two characters readily distinguish the major groups of pines (see ''Pinus'' classification).

''Pinus durangensis'' ( Durango pine) has fascicles of 6 needles, rarely 7, and is the only species in ''Pinus'' with so many needles per fascicle. At the other extreme, ''Pinus monophylla'' has fascicles of one needle, rarely two. This is the only species of pine with just one needle per fascicle, and this rare and easily observed character is reflected in the specific epithet ''monophylla'' and in the common name single-leaf pinyon. Although it might strike non-botanists as illogical to apply the term "fascicle" to a stem bearing a single leaf, the justification is that the structure of the stem is consistent with other pine fascicles, which justifies generalising the term to embrace single-needle fascicles as well.

In flowering plants

Fascicles do occur in some flowering plants, though not as frequently as in many conifers. Consequently, when fascicles are present the specific epithet often refers to them.

Examples include ''Prunus fasciculata'' and ''Adenostoma fasciculatum''. Species with flowers in fascicles include '' Aechmea biflora'' and ''Melicytus ramiflorus'', several species of ''Malva'', and the entire genus ''Flueggea''. Some species of the family Alseuosmiaceae have flowers in fascicles.

In the Bignoniaceae in the genus Rhigozum flowers are borne in fascicles from cushion-like, dwarf branchlets in the axils of leaves, and several species also bear leaves in fascicles on similar or shared branchlets.Dyer, R. Allen, “The Genera of Southern African Flowering Plants”. , 1975

Both leaf and flower fascicles occur among Angiospermae, often as adaptations facilitating pollination, such as in many Lamiaceae, of which some ''Lavandula'' are typical. Other plant fascicles are adaptations to achieve greater compactness for defensive reasons. For example, in '' Opuntia'' cacti, spines are produced in fascicles bearing a few long spines and many short spiny bristles (or glochids).

In lower plants

''Sphagnum'' species bear branches in fascicles.

See also

* Spur
*Fascicle (disambiguation)

References

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Plant anatomy
Plant morphology