CasaPound building in Rome A far-right social centre is a space inspired by

neo-fascist Neo-fascism is a post-World War II far-right ideology that includes significant elements of fascism. Neo-fascism usually includes ultranationalism, racial supremacy, populism, authoritarianism, nativism, xenophobia, and anti-immigration sent ...

and

Third Position The Third Position is a set of neo-fascist political ideologies that were first described in Western Europe following the Second World War. Developed in the context of the Cold War, it developed its name through the claim that it represented a ...

ideas, typically in the 21st century.

Italy

In Italy, a social centre called Il Bartolo was squatted in Rome, and was burnt down after one year. In 1998, Italian neo-fascists squatted in another building in Rome at Castrense 48 and called it PortAperta. In 2002 neo-fascists squatted in a building and created social centre called CasaMontag. In 2003 Italian neo-fascists squatted in a building in Rome and created the Foro 753 non-conforming centre. In 2017 members of the far-right

Forza Nuova New Force ( it, Forza Nuova, FN) is an Italian neo-fascist political party. It was founded by Roberto Fiore and Massimo Morsello. The party is a member of the Alliance for Peace and Freedom and was a part of the Social Alternative from 2003 to 20 ...

squatted commercial premises in Rome and created a food kitchen only for Italian nationals, in breach of the

Constitution of Italy The Constitution of the Italian Republic ( it, Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana) was enacted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 December 1947, with 453 votes in favour and 62 against. The text, which has since been amended sixteen times, ...

CasaPound

In 2003, Italian neo-fascists squatted in a building on Via Napoleone III on the

Esquiline Hill The Esquiline Hill (; la, Collis Esquilinus; it, Esquilino ) is one of the Seven Hills of Rome. Its southernmost cusp is the ''Oppius'' ( Oppian Hill). Etymology The origin of the name ''Esquiline'' is still under much debate. One view is ...

and founded the CasaPound (the ''

Ezra Pound Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972) was an expatriate American poet and critic, a major figure in the early modernist poetry movement, and a Fascism, fascist collaborator in Italy during World War II. His works ...

's home'') social centre. In June 2008 CasaPound constituted an "association of social promotion" and assumed the name ''CasaPound Italia''. Other CasaPound squats are in Latina (Lazio region) (legalised) and Area 19 at via dei Monti della Farnesina 80 in Rome (evicted 2015).

France

Social Bastion was a French neo-fascist political movement that used

squatting Squatting is the action of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied area of land or a building, usually residential, that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have lawful permission to use. The United Nations estimated in 2003 that there ...

as a tactic before being banned as a far-right organization in 2019 by the French Government. Members of the student association GUD, squatted a building at 18 rue Port-du-Temps in

Lyon Lyon,, ; Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the third-largest city and second-largest metropolitan area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of t ...

, in May 2017. They planned it to help only poor French nationals. The mayor of Lyon

Gérard Collomb Gérard Collomb (; born 20 June 1947) is a French politician who served as Mayor of Lyon from 2001 to 2017 and again from 2018 until 2020. A member of La République En Marche! (LREM) since he left the Socialist Party (PS) in 2017, he was Ministe ...

immediately condemned the occupation and pledged to evict it. It was evicted by 100 police officers after two weeks. In 2018 local identitarians squatted house in

Angers Angers (, , ) is a city in western France, about southwest of Paris. It is the prefecture of the Maine-et-Loire department and was the capital of the province of Anjou until the French Revolution. The inhabitants of both the city and the prov ...

and created social centre ''L’Alvarium''. In 2020 court ordered to evict it.

Germany

In 1990 in the territories of former GDR there were located some far-right social centres. One of them was ''Weilingstraße 122''. The centre played the role as a political HQ, a living community and party space for

young nationalists The Nationalist Party, also known as the National Party, was an Australian political party. It was formed on 17 February 1917 from a merger between the Commonwealth Liberal Party and the National Labor Party, the latter formed by Prime Min ...

. In the 21st century german nationalists, inspired by CasaPound trying again to create their own social centres. In 2019 political party The Third Path owned the building in

Plauen Plauen (; Czech language, Czech: ''Plavno'') is, with around 65,000 inhabitants, the fifth-largest city of Saxony, Germany after Leipzig, Dresden, Chemnitz and Zwickau, the second-largest city of the Vogtland after Gera, as well as the larges ...

and created legal social centre ''P130''.

Spain

In Spain, Hogar Social Madrid, also known as Hogar Social Ramiro Ledesma (the ''

Ramiro Ledesma Ramiro Ledesma Ramos (23 May 1905 – 29 October 1936) was a Spanish philosopher, politician, writer, essayist, and journalist, known as one of the pioneers in the introduction of Fascism in Spain. Early life Born in Alfaraz de Sayago ( provinc ...

Social Home'') was squatted in the Tetuán district in Madrid in August 2014. It was quickly evicted the next month and the group then occupied a building in

Chamberí Chamberí is a district of Madrid, Spain. It is further subdivided into six neighborhoods ( Gaztambide, Arapiles, Trafalgar, Almagro, Ríos Rosas and Vallehermoso). The district junta is headquartered at the . The current urban outline was born ...

. Some members of the group then split off and attacked the second building, which was also evicted.

Ukraine

In 2014, during the

Revolution of Dignity The Revolution of Dignity ( uk, Революція гідності, translit=Revoliutsiia hidnosti) also known as the Maidan Revolution or the Ukrainian Revolution,

Ukrainian nationalists occupied a building in

Kyiv Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the List of European cities by populat ...

city centre and used it as the headquarters of the

Azov Battalion The Special Operations Detachment "Azov" (), also known as the Azov Regiment ( uk, Полк «Азов», translit=Polk "Azov") and formerly the Azov Battalion ( uk, батальйон «Азов», translit=Batalion "Azov"), is a unit of the N ...

and later ''Cossack House'' ( uk, Козацький Дім).

References

Bibliography

* Domenico Di Tullio, ''Centri sociali di destra. Occupazioni e culture non conformi'', Roma, Castelvecchi, 2006. . * Daniele Di Nunzio ed Emanuele Toscano, ''Dentro e fuori Casapound. Capire il fascismo del Terzo Millennio'', Roma, Armando Editore, 2011. * Nicola Rao, ''La Fiamma e la Celtica. Sessant'anni di neofascismo da Salò ai centri sociali di destra'', Roma, Sperling & Kupfer, 2006. * Warnecke, Jakob, ''Failed takeover: The phenomenon of right-wing squatting''. In Grashoff, Udo (eds.
''Comparative Approaches to Informal Housing Around the Globe''
London, UCL.Press, 2020. pp. 223-237.