Fanny Jane Butler (5 October 1850 – 26 October 1889) was a medical missionary from

England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe b ...

who was among the first female doctors to travel to

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

and the first fully trained doctor from

to do so. Prior to her work in

Kashmir Kashmir () is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term "Kashmir" denoted only the Kashmir Valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal Range. Today, the term encompas ...

and other parts of India, Butler was a part of the first class of the

London School of Medicine for Women The London School of Medicine for Women (LSMW) established in 1874 was the first medical school in Britain to train women as doctors. The patrons, vice-presidents, and members of the committee that supported and helped found the London School of Me ...

, becoming a member of the forefront of female doctors. Butler spent seven years in India until her death in 1889 and opened medical dispensaries in

Srinagar Srinagar (English: , ) is the largest city and the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It lies in the Kashmir Valley on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus, and Dal and Anchar lakes. The city is known for its natu ...

and

Bhagalpur Bhagalpur is a city in the Indian state of Bihar, situated on the southern banks of the river Ganges. It is the 2nd largest city of Bihar by population and also the headquarters of Bhagalpur district and Bhagalpur division. Known as the Silk ...

, where no medical facilities had previously existed. Butler also initiated the building of the first hospital in Srinagar in 1888 called the John Bishop Memorial Hospital and provided necessary medical care for Indian women, for whom little care had been available.

Early life

Fanny Butler was born on October 5, 1850 in

Chelsea Chelsea or Chelsey may refer to: Places Australia * Chelsea, Victoria Canada * Chelsea, Nova Scotia * Chelsea, Quebec United Kingdom * Chelsea, London, an area of London, bounded to the south by the River Thames ** Chelsea (UK Parliament consti ...

, London to Thomas Butler and Jane Isabella North. Butler was the eighth of ten children in her family. Only her brothers received a formal education, and they informally taught her before she attended the West London College in 1865 at the age of 15. After one year of school, Butler returned home to help with housework and regularly went to Saint Simon Zelotes Church in Chelsea. Butler was interested in religion and had become a Sunday school teacher earlier when she was 14 years old. In 1872, Butler went to live in

Birmingham Birmingham ( ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of West Midlands in England. It is the second-largest city in the United Kingdom with a population of 1.145 million in the city proper, 2.92 million in the West ...

to nurse her elder sister. In Birmingham, Butler encountered an article by prominent Scottish medical missionary William Elmslie, which solicited female missionaries to aid the women in India. This article sparked Butler's interest in medical missionary work, and two years later in 1874 she was accepted to the India Female Normal School and Instruction Society, a non-denominational missionary group that eventually became the

Church of England Zenana Missionary Society The Church of England Zenana Missionary Society (CEZMS; founded 1880), also known as the Church of England Zenana Mission, was a British Anglican missionary society established to spread Christianity in India. It would later expand its Christian mis ...

in 1880. Later that year, Butler was admitted to the first class of the

, which was the first medical school for women in England. Butler obtained a formal medical education there and graduated with high marks, receiving the prize of pathology in 1879 and the prize of anatomy in 1880.>

Call to India

At the time, the opportunities available in England for female physicians were limited. However, Butler's medical training could be used elsewhere. In parts of India, female doctors were needed because the

purdah Pardah or purdah (from Hindi-Urdu , , meaning "curtain") is a religious and social practice of female seclusion prevalent among some Muslim and Hindu communities. It takes two forms: physical segregation of the sexes and the requirement that wom ...

women who lived there were not comfortable receiving care from male doctors. In response to this need, Butler was sent to India by the Church of Zenana Missionary Society, an Anglican group specifically devoted to Christianizing the women of India through various methods including medical missionary work.

Missionary work

Butler arrived in India in 1880, first staying in

Jabalpur Jabalpur is a city situated on the banks of Narmada River in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. According to the 2011 census, it is the third-largest urban agglomeration in Madhya Pradesh and the country's 38th-largest urban agglomeration. J ...

then traveling to

, where she remained for four and a half years. In Bhagalpur, Butler ran two medical dispensaries and saw several thousand patients, dressing wounds, performing surgery, and administering medication. After going back to England for an eleven-month furlough, Butler returned to India in August 1888 and was appointed to work in Kashmir. She moved to

, a city in Kashmir, but resided four miles outside of the city because foreigners were not allowed to live there, traveling into the city daily by pony or boat. Butler continued to see patients in Srinagar, using a translator to communicate, and also delivered religious speeches to those she treated and with whom she worked. In the first 7 months, Butler and her staff saw 8832 outpatients and did 500 operations. She eventually was able to obtain enough land from the government to build a dispensary, missionary house, and hospital for women. At that time, Butler met an English woman named

Isabella Bird Isabella Lucy Bird, married name Bishop (15 October 1831 – 7 October 1904), was a nineteenth-century British explorer, writer, photographer, and naturalist. With Fanny Jane Butler she founded the John Bishop Memorial Hospital in Srinagar ...

who was visiting Kashmir. Bird was interested in medical missionary work and gave Butler the money to build the medical facilities. Thus Butler established the John Bishop Memorial Hospital, which was built in memory of Isabella Bird's late husband (the hospital was later rebuilt in Anantnag in 1902 after a flood destroyed the Srinagar location).

Death and legacy

While working in Kashmir, Butler fell ill and died of dysentery on October 26, 1889. She was buried in a cemetery in

. Butler left a lasting legacy in India for both local and international women. She was a pioneer in the medical field for female doctors, inspiring others to join the movement. Butler provided Indian women medical care that was not previously available, and although she did not live to see its completion, Butler initiated the creation of the John Bishop Memorial Hospital, the first hospital in Srinagar, which still functions today in its new location in Anantnag. Butler was remembered for her method of a "double cure," treating Indian women both medically and spiritually. After she died, the London School of Medicine for Women established a scholarship in her honor.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Butler, Fanny Jane 1850 births 1889 deaths Alumni of the London School of Medicine for Women Christian medical missionaries Female Christian missionaries English Protestant missionaries Protestant missionaries in India