![Yoke and Arrows](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Yoke_and_Arrows.svg)
Falangism ( es, falangismo) was the political ideology of two political parties in
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
that were known as the Falange, namely first the
Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (FE de las JONS) and afterwards the
(FET y de las JONS).
[Cyprian P. Blamires (editor). ''World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia''. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006. pp. 219–220.] Falangism has a disputed relationship with
fascism
Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultra-nationalist political ideology and movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy an ...
as some historians consider the Falange to be a fascist movement based on its fascist leanings during the early years, while others focus on its transformation into an
authoritarian conservative political movement in
Francoist Spain
Francoist Spain ( es, España franquista), or the Francoist dictatorship (), was the period of Spanish history between 1939 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death in 1975, Spai ...
.
The original Falangist party, FE de las JONS, merged with the
Carlists in 1937 following the
Unification Decree of
Francisco Franco, to form FET y de las JONS. This new Falange was meant to incorporate all Nationalist political factions, and became the sole political party of
Francoist Spain
Francoist Spain ( es, España franquista), or the Francoist dictatorship (), was the period of Spanish history between 1939 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death in 1975, Spai ...
.
[Stanley G. Payne. ''Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977''. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. p. 273.] The merger was opposed by some of the original Falangists, such as
Manuel Hedilla
Manuel Hedilla Larrey (born July 18, 1902 in Ambrosero, Cantabria – died February 4, 1970 in Madrid) was a Spanish political figure who was a leading member of the Falange and an early rival for power towards Francisco Franco. He was a mechan ...
.
Falangism places a strong emphasis on the
Roman Catholic religious identity of Spain,
although it has held some secular views on the
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
's direct influence on Spanish society,
since one of the tenets of the Falangist ideology holds that
the state should have the supreme authority over the nation.
[Stanley Payne. ''A History of Fascism, 1914–1945''. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995. p. 261.] Falangism emphasizes the need for
total authority,
hierarchy, and
order in society.
Like fascism, Falangism is
anti-communist,
anti-democratic, and
anti-liberal
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality and equality before the law."political rationalism, hostility to autocracy, cultural distaste for c ...
.
[Bowen, p. 152.]
The Falange's original
manifesto, the "
Twenty-Six Point Program of the Falange
The ''Twenty-Six Point Program of the Falange'' (Spanish: ), originally the ''Twenty-Seven Point Program of the Falange'' (Spanish: ), is a manifesto that was written by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, the founder of the Falange Española and la ...
", declared Falangism to support the unity of Spain and the elimination of regional separatism, the establishment of a
dictatorship
A dictatorship is a form of government which is characterized by a leader, or a group of leaders, which holds governmental powers with few to no limitations on them. The leader of a dictatorship is called a dictator. Politics in a dictatorship a ...
led by the Falange, using
political violence as a means to regenerate Spain, and promoting the revival and development of the
Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire ( es, link=no, Imperio español), also known as the Hispanic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Hispánica) or the Catholic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Católica) was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its prede ...
, all attributes that it had in common with fascism. The manifesto also called for a
national syndicalist
National syndicalism is a far-right adaptation of syndicalism to suit the broader agenda of integral nationalism. National syndicalism developed in France in the early 20th century, and then spread to Italy, Spain, and Portugal. It is generall ...
economy and advocated
agrarian reform Agrarian reform can refer either, narrowly, to government-initiated or government-backed redistribution of agricultural land (see land reform) or, broadly, to an overall redirection of the agrarian system of the country, which often includes land ...
s,
industrial expansion, and respect for
private property with the exception of nationalizing
credit
Credit (from Latin verb ''credit'', meaning "one believes") is the trust which allows one party to provide money or resources to another party wherein the second party does not reimburse the first party immediately (thereby generating a debt) ...
facilities to prevent
usury
Usury () is the practice of making unethical or immoral monetary loans that unfairly enrich the lender. The term may be used in a moral sense—condemning taking advantage of others' misfortunes—or in a legal sense, where an interest rate is c ...
.
[Hans Rogger, Eugen Weber.'' The European Right''. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press; London: University of Cambridge Press, 1965. p. 195.]
The Spanish Falange and its affiliates in Hispanic states around the world promoted a form of
panhispanism
Panhispanism (Spanish: ''panhispanismo'') (usually just called "hispanism" (Spanish: ''hispanismo'')) is a political trend aimed to achieve social, economic, and political cooperation, as well as often political unification, of the Spanish-speaki ...
known as ''
hispanidad
''Hispanidad'' (, en, Hispanicity,) is a Spanish term alluding to the group of people, countries, and communities that share the Spanish language and Hispanic culture. The term can have various, different implications and meanings depending on ...
'' that advocated both cultural and economic union of Hispanic societies around the world.
[Stein Ugelvik Larsen (ed.). ''Fascism Outside of Europe''. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. pp. 120–121.]
Falangism has attacked both the political
left and the
right
Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical ...
as its "enemies", declaring itself to be neither left nor right, but a
syncretic
Syncretism () is the practice of combining different beliefs and various schools of thought. Syncretism involves the merging or assimilation of several originally discrete traditions, especially in the theology and mythology of religion, thu ...
third position
The Third Position is a set of neo-fascist political ideologies that were first described in Western Europe following the Second World War. Developed in the context of the Cold War, it developed its name through the claim that it represented a ...
. Also some say that it is more towards autoritarian conservativism.
[Roger Griffin (ed). ''Fascism''. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. p. 189.] Scholarly sources reviewing Falangism place it on the
far right of the
political spectrum
A political spectrum is a system to characterize and classify different political positions in relation to one another. These positions sit upon one or more geometric axes that represent independent political dimensions. The expressions politi ...
.
Components
Nationalism and racialism
During the
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebelión, link ...
, the Falange and the
Carlists both promoted the incorporation of
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...
into Spain, and the new Falange resulting from their unification in 1937 continued to do so. The Falange also advocated the incorporation of
Gibraltar
)
, anthem = " God Save the King"
, song = " Gibraltar Anthem"
, image_map = Gibraltar location in Europe.svg
, map_alt = Location of Gibraltar in Europe
, map_caption = United Kingdom shown in pale green
, mapsize =
, image_map2 = Gib ...
into Spain, both prior to and after its merger with the Carlists. During its early years of existence, the Falange produced maps of Spain that included Portugal as a province of Spain. The Carlists stated that a Carlist Spain would retake Gibraltar and Portugal. After the civil war, some radical members of the Falange called for a reunification with Portugal and annexation of former Spanish territories in the
French Pyrenees
The Pyrenees (; es, Pirineos ; french: Pyrénées ; ca, Pirineu ; eu, Pirinioak ; oc, Pirenèus ; an, Pirineus) is a mountain range straddling the border of France and Spain. It extends nearly from its union with the Cantabrian Mountains to C ...
.
During
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
, Franco in a communiqué with Germany on 26 May 1942 declared that Portugal should be made a part of Spain.
Some of the Falangists in Spain had supported
racialism
Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscientific belief that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racism (racial discrimination), racial inferiority, or racial superiority.. "Few tragedies can be more ...
and racialist policies, viewing races as both real and existing with differing strengths, weaknesses and accompanying cultures inextricably obtained with them. However, unlike other racialists such as the
Nazis
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in N ...
, Falangism is unconcerned about racial purity and does not denounce other races for being inferior, claiming "that every race has a particular cultural significance" and claiming that the intermixing of the Spanish race and other races has produced a "Hispanic supercaste" that is "ethically improved, morally robust, spiritually vigorous". It was less concerned about biological Spanish racial regeneration than it was in advocating the necessity of Spanish
Catholic
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
spiritual regeneration. Some have nonetheless promoted
eugenics
Eugenics ( ; ) is a fringe set of beliefs and practices that aim to improve the genetic quality of a human population. Historically, eugenicists have attempted to alter human gene pools by excluding people and groups judged to be inferior o ...
designed to eliminate physical and psychological damage caused by pathogenic agents. Falangism did and still does support
natal
NATAL or Natal may refer to:
Places
* Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, a city in Brazil
* Natal, South Africa (disambiguation), a region in South Africa
** Natalia Republic, a former country (1839–1843)
** Colony of Natal, a former British colony ( ...
policies to stimulate increased fertility rate among ideal physically and morally fit citizens.
The section in
Spanish Guinea
Spanish Guinea (Spanish language, Spanish: ''Guinea Española'') was a set of Insular Region (Equatorial Guinea), insular and Río Muni, continental territories controlled by Spain from 1778 in the Gulf of Guinea and on the Bight of Bonny, in ...
allowed
Emancipados
Emancipado () was a term used for an African-descended social-political demographic within the population of Spanish Guinea (modern day Equatorial Guinea) that existed in the early to mid 1900s. This segment of the native population had become as ...
into its ranks.
In 1938 in
Santa Isabel, Fernando Póo, now
Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, there were two units of native Falangists and four of Europeans.
In 1959, the Female Section extended its teaching to Guinean women to prepare them for independence.
![Bundesarchiv Bild 183-L15327, Spanien, Heinrich Himmler bei Franco](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L15327%2C_Spanien%2C_Heinrich_Himmler_bei_Franco.jpg)
Franco praised Spain's
Visigothic
The Visigoths (; la, Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, Wisi) were an early Germanic people who, along with the Ostrogoths, constituted the two major political entities of the Goths within the Roman Empire in late antiquity, or what is kno ...
heritage, saying that the Germanic tribe of the Visigoths gave Spaniards their "national love for law and order". During early years of the Falangist regime of Franco, the regime admired Nazi Germany and had Spanish archaeologists seek to demonstrate that Spaniards were part of the
Aryan race
The Aryan race is an obsolete historical race concept that emerged in the late-19th century to describe people of Proto-Indo-European heritage as a racial grouping. The terminology derives from the historical usage of Aryan, used by modern I ...
particularly through their
Visigothic heritage.
The founder of the
Falange Española
Falange Española (FE; English: Spanish Phalanx) was a Spanish fascist political organization active from 1933 to 1934.
History
The Falange Española was created on 29 October 1933 as the successor of the Movimiento Español Sindicalista (ME ...
,
José Antonio Primo de Rivera
José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia, 1st Duke of Primo de Rivera, 3rd Marquess of Estella (24 April 1903 – 20 November 1936), often referred to simply as José Antonio, was a Spanish politician who founded the falangist Falang ...
, had little interest in addressing the "
Jewish problem
The Jewish question, also referred to as the Jewish problem, was a wide-ranging debate in 19th- and 20th-century European society that pertained to the appropriate status and treatment of Jews. The debate, which was similar to other " national ...
" outside areas of political issues.
[Paul Preston (2012). ''The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain''. London: HarperCollins. ] The Falange's position was influenced by the fact of the small size of the
Jewish community in Spain at the time that did not favor the development of strong
antisemitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism.
Antis ...
. Primo de Rivera saw the solution to the "Jewish problem" in Spain as simple: the conversion of Jews to Catholicism. However, on the issue of perceived political tendencies amongst Jews he warned about Jewish-Marxist influences over the working classes.
The Falangist daily newspaper ''
Arriba'' claimed that "the
Judeo-Masonic International is the creator of two great evils that have afflicted humanity: capitalism and Marxism".
Primo de Rivera approved of attacks by Falangists on the Jewish-owned SEPU department stores in 1935.
The Spanish Falange and its Hispanic affiliates have promoted the cultural, economic and racial unity of Hispanic peoples around the world in "''
hispanidad
''Hispanidad'' (, en, Hispanicity,) is a Spanish term alluding to the group of people, countries, and communities that share the Spanish language and Hispanic culture. The term can have various, different implications and meanings depending on ...
''".
It has sought to unite Hispanic peoples through proposals to create a commonwealth or federation of Spanish-speaking states headed by Spain.
[Stanley G. Payne. Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977. Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1999 pp. 330–331]
Economics
![JoseAntonioFEJONS](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/JoseAntonioFEJONS.jpg)
Falangism supports a national, trans-class society while opposing individual-class-based societies such as bourgeois or proletarian societies. Falangism opposes
class conflict.
José Antonio Primo de Rivera
José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia, 1st Duke of Primo de Rivera, 3rd Marquess of Estella (24 April 1903 – 20 November 1936), often referred to simply as José Antonio, was a Spanish politician who founded the falangist Falang ...
declared that "
e State is founded on two principles—service to the united nation and the
cooperation of classes".
Originally, Falangism in Spain as promoted by Primo de Rivera advocated a "national syndicalist" economy that rejected both capitalism and communism.
Primo de Rivera denounced capitalism for being an individualist economy at the hands of the bourgeoisie that turned workers "into a dehumanized cog in the machinery of bourgeois production," and denounced
state socialist economies for "enslaving the individual by handing control of production to the state."
The Falange's original manifesto, the "Twenty-Seven Points", called for a social revolution to create a
national syndicalist
National syndicalism is a far-right adaptation of syndicalism to suit the broader agenda of integral nationalism. National syndicalism developed in France in the early 20th century, and then spread to Italy, Spain, and Portugal. It is generall ...
economy that creates national syndicates of both employees and employers to mutually organize and control the economic activity. It further advocated agrarian reform, industrial expansion, and respect for
private property with the exception of nationalizing
credit
Credit (from Latin verb ''credit'', meaning "one believes") is the trust which allows one party to provide money or resources to another party wherein the second party does not reimburse the first party immediately (thereby generating a debt) ...
facilities to prevent capitalist
usury
Usury () is the practice of making unethical or immoral monetary loans that unfairly enrich the lender. The term may be used in a moral sense—condemning taking advantage of others' misfortunes—or in a legal sense, where an interest rate is c ...
.
The manifesto also supported
criminalization of
strikes by
employees and
lockouts by
employers as illegal acts,
[Benjamin Welles. ''Spain: the gentle anarchy''. Praeger, 1965. p. 124.] while mirroring social democratic policies in supporting state jurisdiction over the setting of wages.
After the merger of the original Falange with the Carlists in 1937 to form the new Falange (FET y de las JONS) that would serve as the sole political party of
Francoist Spain
Francoist Spain ( es, España franquista), or the Francoist dictatorship (), was the period of Spanish history between 1939 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title . After his death in 1975, Spai ...
, the result was a Falange intended as a "melting pot" for all of the various political factions on the Nationalist side of the civil war.
It proclaimed support for "an economic middle way equidistant from liberal capitalism and Marxist materialism."
[Stanley G. Payne. ''Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977''. Madison: Wisconsin University Press, 1999. p. 298.] Private initiative and ownership was recognized as the most effective means of production, but owners and managers were given the responsibility of advancing that production for the common good.
At the same time, it was made clear that the economy would continue to rest on private property, whose protection was guaranteed, while the state was envisioned as undertaking economic initiatives only when private enterprise failed or "the interests of the nation require it." In October 1937, the new leader of the Falange,
Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta
Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta y Merelo (5 October 1896, Madrid – 9 July 1992, Madrid) was a leading Spanish politician with both the Falange and its successor movement the Spanish Traditionalist Phalanx of the Assemblies of National-Syndical ...
, declared national syndicalism to be fully compatible with
capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, price system, priva ...
, drawing praise from the non-falangist right.
The Franco-era Falange supported the development of
cooperative
A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically-contro ...
s such as the
Mondragon Corporation because it bolstered the Francoist claim of the nonexistence of social classes in Spain during his rule.
Falangism is staunchly
anti-communist.
[Cyprian P. Blamires (editor). ''World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia''. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006. p. 220: "the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS was formed... by representatives of very different ideologies united only by their proclaimed and resolute antiliberalism and anti-Marxism."] The Spanish Falange supported Spanish intervention during
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
against the
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
in the name of anti-communism, resulting in Spain supporting the
Anti-Comintern Pact
The Anti-Comintern Pact, officially the Agreement against the Communist International was an anti-Communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan on 25 November 1936 and was directed against the Communist International (C ...
and
sending volunteers to join
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
's foreign legions on the
Eastern Front to support the German war effort against the Soviet Union.
Gender roles
![Reparto de comida por mujeres de la Sección Femenina (1 de 14) - Fondo Marín-Kutxa Fototeka](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Reparto_de_comida_por_mujeres_de_la_Secci%C3%B3n_Femenina_%281_de_14%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg)
The Spanish Falange supported conservative ideas about women and supported rigid gender roles that stipulated that women's main duties in life were to be loving mothers and submissive wives.
[Rodney P. Carlisle (general editor). ''The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right''. Thousand Oaks, California,; London; New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2005. p. 634.] This policy was set against that of the
Second Spanish Republic
The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII, and was dissolved on 1 ...
that provided
universal suffrage
Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise, general suffrage, and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens, regardless of wealth, income, gender, social status, race, ethnicity, or political stan ...
to women.
Its instructed women to be good wives and mothers, teaching
domestic economy
Home economics, also called domestic science or family and consumer sciences, is a subject concerning human development, personal and family finances, consumer issues, housing and interior design, nutrition and food preparation, as well as texti ...
and cultivating the folk dances of Spain in its es,
Coros y Danzas, lit=Choirs and Dances, label=none troupes. The Female Section enabled its leaders, women such as José Antonio's sister
Pilar, who never married, to achieve prominent public roles while promoting family life.
Falangist theorists
*
José Antonio Primo de Rivera
José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia, 1st Duke of Primo de Rivera, 3rd Marquess of Estella (24 April 1903 – 20 November 1936), often referred to simply as José Antonio, was a Spanish politician who founded the falangist Falang ...
*
Gabriele D'Annunzio
*
Nimio de Anquin
*
Álvaro Cunqueiro
Álvaro Cunqueiro Mora ( Mondoñedo, December 22, 1911 – Vigo, February 28, 1981) was a Galician novelist, poet, playwright, and journalist. He is the author of many works in both Galician and Spanish, including ''Merlín e familia'' ("Me ...
*
Ernesto Giménez Caballero
Ernesto Giménez Caballero (2 August 1899 in Madrid – 14 May 1988 in Madrid), also known as Gecé, was a Spanish writer, diplomat, and pioneer of Fascism in Spain. His work has been categorized as being part of the Surrealist movement, while Stan ...
*
Carlos Ibarguren
Carlos Ibarguren Uriburu (April 18, 1877 – April 3, 1956) was an Argentine academic, historian and politician. As a writer he was noted as one of the foremost academics of the history of Argentina as well as a leading expert on constitutiona ...
*
Pedro Laín Entralgo
*
Ramiro Ledesma Ramos
Ramiro Ledesma Ramos (23 May 1905 – 29 October 1936) was a Spanish philosopher, politician, writer, essayist, and journalist, known as one of the pioneers in the introduction of Fascism in Spain.
Early life
Born in Alfaraz de Sayago (province ...
*
Leopoldo Lugones
Leopoldo Antonio Lugones Argüello (13 June 1874 – 18 February 1938) was an Argentine poet, essayist, novelist, playwright, historian, professor, translator, biographer, philologist, theologian, diplomat, politician and journalist. His poetic ...
*
Eugenio d'Ors
*
Leopoldo Panero
Leopoldo Panero was Spanish poet, born in Astorga in 1909 and deceased in 1962. He was the father of the poets Leopoldo María Panero and Juan Luis Panero and the brother of the early-died poet Juan Panero.
Biography
Panero spent his childh ...
*
José María Pemán
José María Pemán y Pemartín (8 May 1897 in Cadiz – 19 July 1981, Ibid.) was a Spanish journalist, poet, playwright, novelist, essayist, and monarchist intellectual.
Biography
Originally a student of law, he entered the literary world with ...
*
Onésimo Redondo
Onésimo Redondo Ortega (16 February 1905 – 24 July 1936) was a Spanish Falange, Falangist politician. He founded the Juntas Castellanas de Actuación Hispánica, a political group that merged with Ramiro Ledesma's Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional- ...
*
Dionisio Ridruejo
Dionisio Ridruejo Jiménez (12 October 1912 – 29 June 1975) was a Spanish poet and political figure associated with the Generation of '36 movement and a member of the Falange political party. He was co-author of the words to the Falangist anthe ...
*
Luis Rosales
Luis Rosales Camacho (31 May 1910 – 24 October 1992) was a Spanish poet and essay writer member of the Generation of '36.
He was born in Granada (Spain). He became a member of the Hispanic Society of America and the Royal Spanish Academ ...
*
Pedro Sainz Rodríguez
*
Rafael Sánchez Mazas
Rafael Sánchez Mazas (18 February 1894 – October 1966) was a Spanish nationalist writer and a leader of the Falange, a right-wing political movement created in Spain before the Spanish Civil War.
Sánchez Mazas received a law degree at the R ...
*
Gonzalo Torrente Ballester
Gonzalo Torrente Ballester (13 June 1910 – 27 January 1999) was a Spanish writer associated with the Generation of '36 movement.
Life
He was born in Serantes, Ferrol, Galicia, and received his first education there, subsequently attend ...
*
Antonio Tovar
*
Samy Gemayel
Samy Amine Gemayel ( ar, سامي الجميّل, born 3 December 1980) is a Lebanese politician, lawyer and a member of the Lebanese parliament. Being elected as party president in 2015, he presently serves as the seventh leader of the Lebane ...
*
Bachir Gemayel
Bachir Pierre Gemayel ( ; 10 November 1947 – 14 September 1982) was a Lebanese militia commander who led the Lebanese Forces, the military wing of the Kataeb Party in the Lebanese Civil War and was elected President of Lebanon in 1982 ...
*
Pierre Gemayel
Pierre Amine Gemayel, also spelled Jmayyel, Jemayyel or al-Jumayyil ( ar, بيار الجميّل; 6 November 1905 – 29 August 1984), was a Lebanese political leader. A Maronite Catholic, he is remembered as the founder of the Kataeb Part ...
See also
*
Falange Auténtica
*
Bolivian Socialist Falange
*
Falange Española Independiente
*
Falangism in Latin America
Falangism in Latin America has been a feature of political life since the 1930s as movements looked to the national syndicalist clerical fascism of the Spanish state and sought to apply it to other Spanish-speaking countries. From the mid-1930s, ...
*
Falangist Mountain Unity
*
Kataeb Party
The Kataeb Party ( ar, حزب الكتائب اللبنانية '), also known in English as the Phalanges, is a Christian political party in Lebanon. The party played a major role in the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990). In decline in the lat ...
*
National Falange
*
National Radical Camp Falanga
The National Radical Camp ( pl, Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny, ONR) refers to at least three groups that are fascist, far-right, and ultranationalist Polish organisations with doctrines stemming from pre-World War II nationalist ideology.
The cur ...
*
National syndicalism
National syndicalism is a far-right adaptation of syndicalism to suit the broader agenda of integral nationalism. National syndicalism developed in France in the early 20th century, and then spread to Italy, Spain, and Portugal. It is general ...
*
Philippine Falange
The Philippine Falange, the informal name for the Spanish National Assemblies of the Philippines (''Juntas Nacionales Españolas''), was a Philippine falangist political party that was a branch of the Spanish Falange.Hermógenes E. Bacareza: ''A ...
Anti-Falangism
*
Basque separatism
*
Catalan independence movement
The Catalan independence movement ( ca, independentisme català; Spanish: ''independentismo catalán'') is a social and political movement (with roots in Catalan nationalism) which seeks the independence of Catalonia from Spain.
The beginnings ...
*
Insubordinate movement in Spain
*
Spanish republicanism
References
Sources
* Bowen, Wayne H. (2000) ''Spaniards and Nazi Germany: collaboration in the new order'', Columbia: Missouri University Press. .
* Ellwood, S.M. (1987) ''Spanish fascism in the Franco era: Falange Española de las Jons, 1936–76'', London: Macmillan. .
{{Spanish Civil War
Authoritarianism
Conservatism in Spain
Far-right politics in Spain
Fascism
Francoist Spain
State ideologies
Syncretic political movements
Totalitarianism