Association of Patriotic Women, Board of Governors, 1301-1311, Tehran

FakhrAfagh Parsa ( fa, فخرآفاق پارسا) (born in

Tehran Tehran (; fa, تهران ) is the largest city in Tehran Province and the capital of Iran. With a population of around 9 million in the city and around 16 million in the larger metropolitan area of Greater Tehran, Tehran is the most popul ...

in 1898), was a journalist during the

Iranian Constitutional Revolution The Persian Constitutional Revolution ( fa, مشروطیت, Mashrūtiyyat, or ''Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh''), also known as the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, took place between 1905 and 1911. The revolution led to the establishment of a par ...

and a member of the Women's Movement in Iran. She was the mother of

Farrokhroo Parsa Farrokhroo Parsa ( fa, فرخ‌رو پارسا; 24 March 1922 – 8 May 1980) was an Iranian physician, educator, and parliamentarian. She served as minister of education under Amir Abbas Hoveida and was the first female cabinet minister. Par ...

, the first female minister in the cabinet of

Amir-Abbas Hoveyda Amir-Abbas Hoveyda ( fa, امیرعباس هویدا, Amīr 'Abbās Hoveyda; 18 February 1919 – 7 April 1979) was an Iranian economist and politician who served as Prime Minister of Iran from 27 January 1965 to 7 August 1977. He was the l ...

Early life

She was the director of '' Women's World'' magazine and the first female journalist in Iranian history to be exiled. She was exiled for two years, but when she returned, she joined the

Jam'iyat-e Nesvan-e Vatankhah Jam'iyat-e Nesvân-e Vatankhâh ( fa, جمعیت نسوان وطنخواه, meaning "Patriotic Women's League of Iran" or "Society of Patriotic Women") (1922–1933), was one of the most active organizations in the Women's rights movement in I ...

''Jahan-e Zanan''

'' Women's World'' was first published in 1920 (or 1922) with the aim of "understanding the need for women's education" and "familiarizing them with their rights" by Farrokhdin Parsa and his wife, FakhrAfagh Parsa, in

Mashhad Mashhad ( fa, مشهد, Mašhad ), also spelled Mashad, is the List of Iranian cities by population, second-most-populous city in Iran, located in the relatively remote north-east of the country about from Tehran. It serves as the capital of R ...

./Women’s World Magazine/مجله جهان زنان
/ref> This magazine, which was first published every two weeks, focused on subjects related to the freedom of women in European style and the equality of rights. The first subject of the magazine, published by the management of FakhrAfagh Parsa, had a moderate tone about

women's education Female education is a catch-all term of a complex set of issues and debates surrounding education (primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, and health education in particular) for girls and women. It is frequently called girls ...

and the need for them to be educated. But, after publishing an editorial about the equal rights of women and men, a number of men came up against her. Some thugs also looted her house in support of those who had condemned her against religion.The first steps of constitutional women/اولین اقدام‌های زنان مشروطه خواه
/ref>

Troublesome Articles

FakhrAfagh Parsa, in the fourth subject of the publication of ''Women's World'' magazine, wrote two articles that created a lot of troubles and problems. The two articles, titled "The Necessity of Girls' Education" and "Women's Spiritual Tolerance and the Need for Revision of the

Marriage law Marriage law refers to the legal requirements that determine the validity of a marriage, and which vary considerably among countries. See also Marriage Act. Summary table Rights and obligations A marriage, by definition, bestows ...

", sparked the anger of the clergy, causing exile and many problems for her and her family.who changed Iran's history / زنانی که تاریخ ایران را تغییر دادند
/ref>

Exile

After publishing troublesome articles in Mashhad, the fifth subject of the magazine ''Women's World'' was published in

. The publication of an article entitled "From Now" which was about inviting women to co-operate with men had grown so much excitement between the people that the editor and editor of the magazine (Farrokhdin and FakhrAfagh Parsa) were both banished to Arak on charges of opposition to religion. After her exile, Arak clerics introduced her as the enemy of Islam, so FakhrAfagh, knowing the execution of several people, fled to

Qom Qom (also spelled as "Ghom", "Ghum", or "Qum") ( fa, قم ) is the seventh largest metropolis and also the seventh largest city in Iran. Qom is the capital of Qom Province. It is located to the south of Tehran. At the 2016 census, its popul ...

with her family for a religious cleansing in Arak, and, in coordination with the government officials there, she managed to exile in Qom.

References

External links

فخر آفاق پارسا، روزنامه‌نگار زن تبعیدی
روزنامه سرمایه {{DEFAULTSORT:Parsa, FakhrAfagh 1898 births People from Tehran Iranian women's rights activists Iranian women journalists Year of death missing 20th-century Iranian women