Foul papers are an author's working drafts. The term is most often used in the study of the plays of

Shakespeare William Shakespeare ( 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's nation ...

and other dramatists of English Renaissance drama. Once the composition of a play was finished, a transcript or "

fair copy Foul papers are an author's working drafts. The term is most often used in the study of the plays of William Shakespeare, Shakespeare and other dramatists of English Renaissance theatre, English Renaissance drama. Once the composition of a play wa ...

" of the foul papers was prepared, by the author or by a scribe. The term "foul papers" is given different definitions by various scholars. For example, some define them as "the author's original drafts".

W. W. Greg Sir Walter Wilson Greg (9 July 1875 – 4 March 1959), known professionally as W. W. Greg, was one of the leading bibliographers and Shakespeare scholars of the 20th century. Family and education Greg was born at Wimbledon Common in 1875. H ...

and

Fredson Bowers Fredson Thayer Bowers (April 25, 1905 – April 11, 1991) was an American bibliographer and scholar of textual editing. Life Bowers was a graduate of Brown University and Harvard University (Ph.D.). He taught at Princeton University before mov ...

define them as "the author's last complete draft, in a shape satisfactory to him for transfer to a fair copy".

E. A. J. Honigmann Ernst Anselm Joachim Honigmann, FBA (29 November 1927 – 18 July 2011) was a German-born British scholar of English Literature, Shakespeare scholar, and Fellow of the British Academy. Early life Born in Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Pola ...

defines them as "any kind of draft preceding the first fair copy". Paul Werstine states that foul papers "need not refer exclusively to authorial drafts", and that the term "simply describes papers that are to be, are being, or have already been transcribed", and that foul papers may once have been fair copies. Few sets of foul papers actually exist from the era in question. Of the relatively small number of dramas that are extant in

manuscript A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand – or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten – as opposed to mechanically printing, printed or repr ...

, the majority are from the Caroline and Cromwellian era (1625–1660) rather than the Elizabethan and Jacobean era (1558–1625), and most are fair copies of plays by professional scribes like

Ralph Crane Ralph Crane ('' fl.'' 1615 – 1630) was a professional scrivener or scribe in early seventeenth-century London. His close connection with some of the First Folio texts of the plays of William Shakespeare has led to his being called "Shakespea ...

. In a rare direct reference to foul papers and fair copies,

Robert Daborne Robert Daborne (c. 1580 – 23 March 1628) was an English dramatist of the Jacobean era. His father was also Robert Daborne, heir to family property in Guildford, Surrey and other places, including London, and a wealthy haberdasher by trade ...

mentions both in a November 1613 letter to theatrical manager

Philip Henslowe Philip Henslowe (c. 1550 – 6 January 1616) was an Elizabethan theatrical entrepreneur and impresario. Henslowe's modern reputation rests on the survival of his diary, a primary source for information about the theatrical world of Renaissance ...

: "I send you the foul sheet and the fair I was writing",Spelling, punctuation modernized (; ). which appears to indicate that Daborne prepared a fair copy of his working drafts as he wrote.

Notes

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External links

Shakespeare Quarto text
{{Authority control Early editions of Shakespeare Literary terminology