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The FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993 was enacted as a
law of the United States The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the nation's Constitution, which prescribes the foundation of the federal government of the United States, as well as v ...
enhancing prior statutory provisions which govern
international relations International relations (IR), sometimes referred to as international studies and international affairs, is the scientific study of interactions between sovereign states. In a broader sense, it concerns all activities between states—such a ...
between the former Republics of the Soviet Union and United States during the Cold War. The Act of Congress reformed United States statutes related to: :* Armament export controls as related to military technology transfer limitations :* Continental cultural and educational exchange :* Cooperative foreign trade relations :* Diplomatic relations with foreign allies :* Global environmental shifts :* Immigration and nationality requirements :* International products exports :* Societal propagandization as related to
multicultural The term multiculturalism has a range of meanings within the contexts of sociology, political philosophy, and colloquial use. In sociology and in everyday usage, it is a synonym for " ethnic pluralism", with the two terms often used interchang ...
social Social organisms, including human(s), live collectively in interacting populations. This interaction is considered social whether they are aware of it or not, and whether the exchange is voluntary or not. Etymology The word "social" derives from ...
ideology The H.R. 3000
legislation Legislation is the process or result of enrolling, enacting, or promulgating laws by a legislature, parliament, or analogous governing body. Before an item of legislation becomes law it may be known as a bill, and may be broadly referred to ...
was passed by the 103rd United States Congressional session and enacted into law by the
42nd President of the United States William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again f ...
Bill Clinton on December 17, 1993.


Titles of the Act

The 1993 Act was penned as nine titles establishing purposeful foreign relations as related to the development of emerging democracies and improved multinational partnerships.


Title I: Policy of Friendship and Cooperation

:Statement of purpose :Findings :Statutory provisions that have been applicable to the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
.


Title II: Trade and Business Relations

:Policy under Export Administration Act :Representation of countries of
Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russia, whic ...
and the Independent States of the former Soviet Union in legal commercial transactions :Procedures regarding transfers of certain Department of Defense-funded items : Soviet slave labor


Title III: Cultural, Educational, and Other Exchange Programs

: Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 :Soviet-Eastern European research and training :Fascell Fellowship Act :Board for International Broadcasting Act :Scholarship programs for
developing countries A developing country is a sovereign state with a lesser developed industrial base and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreem ...
:Report on Soviet participants in certain exchange programs


Title IV: Arms Control

: Arms Control and Disarmament Act :
Arms Export Control Act The Arms Export Control Act of 1976 (Title II of , codified at ) gives the President of the United States the authority to control the import and export of defense articles and defense services. The H.R. 13680 legislation was passed by the 94th ...
:Annual reports on arms control matters :United States/Soviet direct communication link


Title V: Diplomatic Relations

:Personnel levels and limitations :Other provisions related to operation of consulates and embassies :Foreign Service Buildings Act


Title VI: Oceans and the Environment

:Arctic Research and Policy Act :Fur seal management :Global climate protection


Title VII: Regional and General Diplomatic Issues

:
United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmoniz ...
assessments :
Soviet occupation of Afghanistan The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...
:
Angola , national_anthem = " Angola Avante"() , image_map = , map_caption = , capital = Luanda , religion = , religion_year = 2020 , religion_ref = , coordina ...
:Self determination of the people from the Baltic States :Obsolete references in
Foreign Assistance Act The Foreign Assistance Act (, et seq.) is a United States law governing foreign aid policy. It outlined the political and ideological principles of U.S. foreign aid, significantly overhauled and reorganized the structure U.S. foreign assistance ...
:Review of United States policy toward the Soviet Union


Title VIII: Internal Security; Worldwide Communist Conspiracy

: Civil defense :Report on Soviet press manipulation in the United States : Subversive Activities Control Act :Report on Soviet and international communist behavior


Title IX: Miscellaneous

: Ballistic missile tests near
Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only state ...
:Nondelivery of international mail :State-sponsored harassment of religious groups :Murder of Major
Arthur D. Nicholson Arthur D. Nicholson Jr. (7 June 1947 – 24 March 1985) was a United States Army military intelligence officer shot by a Soviet sentry while engaged in intelligence-gathering activities as part of an authorized military liaison mission which oper ...
:Monument to honor victims of communism


See also

: Arctic policy of the United States : Communist Control Act of 1954 :
Containment Containment was a geopolitical strategic foreign policy pursued by the United States during the Cold War to prevent the spread of communism after the end of World War II. The name was loosely related to the term ''cordon sanitaire'', which wa ...
: Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992 :
Freedom Support Act The FREEDOM Support Act of 1992 (Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets Support Act, FSA, HR 282) is an act passed by the United States Congress. It is not to be confused with the Iran Freedom and Support Act of 2005 ...
:
Helsinki Accords The Helsinki Final Act, also known as Helsinki Accords or Helsinki Declaration was the document signed at the closing meeting of the third phase of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) held in Helsinki, Finland, between ...
:
Korean Air Lines Flight 007 Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (KE007/KAL007)The flight number KAL 007 was used by air traffic control, while the public flight booking system used KE 007 was a scheduled Korean Air Lines flight from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage, Alas ...
: Mount Alto Embassy Site :
National Captive Nations Committee The National Captive Nations Committee (NCNC) is an anti-Communism advocacy group based in Washington, D.C. It was established in 1959 according to by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, which introduced the Captive Nations Week, with the purpose t ...
:
North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 The North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911, formally known as the Convention between the United States and Other Powers Providing for the Preservation and Protection of Fur Seals, was a treaty signed on July 7, 1911, designed to manage the co ...
:
Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act The Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 is an act passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President Ronald Reagan. History During the 1970s, the U.S. trade surplus slowly diminished and turned into an in ...
:
Partnership for Peace The Partnership for Peace (PfP; french: Partenariat pour la paix) is a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) program aimed at creating trust between the member states of NATO and other states mostly in Europe, including post-Soviet state ...
:
Samantha Smith Samantha Reed Smith (June 29, 1972 – August 25, 1985) was an American peace activist and child actress from Manchester, Maine, who became famous for her anti-war outreaches during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. I ...
:
Soviet anti-religious legislation The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...
:
Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991, , was chartered to amend the Arms Export Control Act enacting the transfer of Soviet military armaments and ordnances to NATO marking the conclusion of the Cold War. The Act sanctions the Soviet nuclea ...
:
Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation The Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation (VOC) is a non-profit anti-communist organization in the United States, authorized by a unanimous Act of Congress in 1993 for the purpose of "educating Americans about the ideology, history and legacy ...
:
World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates and facilitates international trade. With effective cooperation in the United Nations System, governments use the organization to establish, revise, and ...


References


External links

* * * * * * {{Portal bar, 1990s, Communism, East Germany, Europe, Soviet Union, United States 1993 in international relations 103rd United States Congress Cold War Cold War history of the United States Soviet Union–United States relations United States foreign relations legislation