This article lists expulsions,
refugee crises and other forms of displacement that have affected
Jews.
Timeline
The following is a list of Jewish expulsions and events that prompted significant streams of Jewish refugees.
Assyrian captivity
;733/2
BCE:
Tiglath-Pileser III, King of the
Neo-Assyrian Empire, sacked the northern
Kingdom of Israel
The Kingdom of Israel may refer to any of the historical kingdoms of ancient Israel, including:
Fully independent (c. 564 years)
*Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy) (1047–931 BCE), the legendary kingdom established by the Israelites and uniting ...
and annexed the
territory of the tribes of
Reuben
Reuben or Reuven is a Biblical male first name from Hebrew רְאוּבֵן (Re'uven), meaning "behold, a son". In the Bible, Reuben was the firstborn son of Jacob.
Variants include Rúben in European Portuguese; Rubens in Brazilian Portugu ...
,
Gad and
Manasseh in
Gilead. People from these tribes were taken captive and resettled in the region of the
Khabur River, in
Halah
Halah (; la, Hala) is a city that is mentioned in the Bible in 2 Kings 17:6 and in 1 Chronicles 5:26. It is noted when Tiglath Pileser III and later Sargon II invaded Israel, the Israelites were taken captive from Gilead and Samaria respectivel ...
, Habor, Hara and
Gozan (). Tiglath-Pileser also captured the territory of Naphtali and the city of
Janoah in
Ephraim, and an Assyrian governor was placed over the region of
Naphtali. According to , the population of Naphtali was deported to Assyria.
;722
BCE: In
722 BCE,
Samaria, the capital city of the northern Kingdom of Israel, was taken by
Sargon II,
who resettled the Israelites in Halah, Habor, Gozan and in the cities of
Media (). Sargon recorded the capture of that city thus: "Samaria I looked at, I captured; 27,280 men who dwelt in it I carried away" into Assyria. Some people of the northern tribes were spared,
[Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002) ''The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts'', Simon & Schuster, ] and it has been suggested that many also fled south to Jerusalem.
Babylonian Captivity
;597 BCE: In 598 BCE,
Nebuchadnezzar II of the
Neo-Babylonian Empire besieged Jerusalem, then capital of the southern
Kingdom of Judah. The city fell after a three-month siege, and the new king
Jeconiah, who was either 8 or 18, his court and other prominent citizens (including the prophet
Ezekiel) and craftsmen, were
deported to Babylon. Jehoiakim's uncle
Zedekiah was appointed king in his place.
587-586 BCE
: When Zedekiah revolted against Babylonian rule, Nebuchadnezzar responded by invading Judah (). In December 589 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar began
another siege of Jerusalem. During the siege, many Jews fled to surrounding
Moab,
Ammon,
Edom and other countries to seek refuge. The city eventually fell after a thirty-month siege, and the Babylonian general
Nebuzaradan was sent to complete its destruction. The city was plundered, and
Solomon's Temple was destroyed. Most of the members of the elite class were taken into captivity in Babylon. The city was razed. Only a few people were permitted to remain and tend to the land ().: In 537 BCE
Cyrus the Great, the founding king of the
Achaemenid Persian Empire, allowed the Jews to
return to Judah and
rebuild the Temple.
500-1 BCE
;139 BCE: Expulsion from the city of
Rome under the accusation of aggressive
proselytizing among the Romans.
1-599 CE
;19 CE: Expulsion from the city of Rome by Emperor
Tiberius together with practitioners of the
Egyptian religion.
;38 CE: Jews were expelled from one of their quarters in the city of
Alexandria
Alexandria ( or ; ar, ٱلْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ ; grc-gre, Αλεξάνδρεια, Alexándria) is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in by Alexander the Great, Alexandri ...
, in Egypt, under the instigation of
Aulus Avilius Flaccus
Aulus Avilius Flaccus was a Roman eques who was appointed ''praefectus'' or governor of Roman Egypt from 33 CE to 38. His rule coincided with the riots against Alexandria's Jewish population in 38. According to some accounts, including Philo's ...
.
;41-53 CE:
Claudius' expulsion of Jews from Rome.
;73 CE: The Jewish defeat in the
First Jewish–Roman War led to many Jews being taken prisoner and enslaved or becoming refugees.
;119: Large Jewish communities of
Cyprus,
Cyrene and
Alexandria
Alexandria ( or ; ar, ٱلْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ ; grc-gre, Αλεξάνδρεια, Alexándria) is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in by Alexander the Great, Alexandri ...
obliterated after the Jewish defeat in
Kitos War against Rome. This event caused a major demographic shift in the Levant and North Africa. According to Eusebius of Caesarea the outbreak of violence left Libya depopulated to such an extent that a few years later new colonies had to be established there by the emperor Hadrian just to maintain the viability of continued settlement.
;415: Jews expelled from
Alexandria
Alexandria ( or ; ar, ٱلْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ ; grc-gre, Αλεξάνδρεια, Alexándria) is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in by Alexander the Great, Alexandri ...
under the leadership of Saint
Cyril of Alexandria.
;418: Jews expelled from
Minorca or asked to convert.
Sixth to tenth centuries
;612:
Visigothic
The Visigoths (; la, Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, Wisi) were an early Germanic people who, along with the Ostrogoths, constituted the two major political entities of the Goths within the Roman Empire in late antiquity, or what is ...
king
Sisebut mandated that every Jew who would refuse for over a year to have himself or his children and servants baptized would be banished from the country and deprived of his possessions.
;629: The entire Jewish population of Galilee massacred or expelled, following the
Jewish rebellion against Byzantium.
;7th century:
Muhammad
Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد; 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the mon ...
expelled two Jewish tribes: the
Banu Qaynuqa and
Banu Nadir
The Banu Nadir ( ar, بَنُو ٱلنَّضِير, he, בני נצ'יר) were a Jewish Arab tribe which lived in northern Arabia at the oasis of Medina until the 7th century. The tribe refused to convert to Islam as Muhammad had ordered it t ...
from
Medina. The
Banu Qurayza tribe was slaughtered and the Jewish settlement of
Khaybar was ransacked.
Eleventh to thirteenth centuries
;1012: Jews expelled from
Mainz.
;1095 – mid-13th century: The waves of
Crusades destroyed many Jewish communities in Europe (most notably in
Rhineland) and in the Middle East (most notably in
Jerusalem).
;Mid-12th century: The invasion of
Almohades brought to end the
Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain. Among other refugees was
Maimonides, who fled to
Morocco
Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to A ...
, then
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning the North Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via a land bridg ...
, then
Eretz Israel
The Land of Israel () is the traditional Jewish name for an area of the Southern Levant. Related biblical, religious and historical English terms include the Land of Canaan, the Promised Land, the Holy Land, and Palestine (see also Israe ...
.
;1276: Jews expelled from Upper
Bavaria
Bavaria ( ; ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (german: Freistaat Bayern, link=no ), is a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total l ...
.
;12th–14th centuries:
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
. The practice of expelling the Jews accompanied by confiscation of their property, followed by temporary readmissions for ransom, was used to enrich the crown: expulsions from
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. Si ...
by
Philip Augustus in 1182, from France by
Louis IX in 1254, by
Philip IV in 1306, by
Charles IV in 1322, by
Charles V in 1359, by
Charles VI in 1394.
;13th century: The influential
philosopher and
logician Ramon Llull (1232–1315) called for expulsion of all Jews who would refuse conversion to Christianity. Some scholars regard Llull's as the first comprehensive articulation, in the Christian West, of an expulsionist policy regarding Jews.
;1253: On July 23 (Menachem Av 25) the Jews of
Vienne, France were expelled by order of Pope
Innocent III
Pope Innocent III ( la, Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 to his death in 16 ...
;1288:
Naples
Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adm ...
issues first expulsion of Jews in Southern Italy.
;1290: King
Edward I of England issues the
Edict of Expulsion for all Jews from
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe ...
. The policy was
reversed after 365 years in 1655 by
Oliver Cromwell.
;1294: On June 24 (4th of Tamuz), the Jews of Berne, Switzerland were expelled
"Several Jews were put to death there in consequence of a
blood libel" but a deal involving the Jews paying money reverted the expulsion.
14th century
;1360: Jews expelled from Hungary by
Louis I of Hungary.
;1392: Jews expelled from
Bern,
Switzerland
). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
. Although between 1408 and 1427 Jews were again residing in the city, the only Jews to appear in Bern subsequently were transients, chiefly physicians and cattle dealers.
15th century
;1420-21:
Duke Albert V orders the imprisonment and forcible conversion to Christianity of all Jews in Austria. Some convert and others leave the country. In 1421 Austrian authorities again arrest and expel Jews and Jews are banned from the capital Vienna.
;1442: Jews again expelled from Upper
Bavaria
Bavaria ( ; ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (german: Freistaat Bayern, link=no ), is a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total l ...
.
;1478: Jews expelled from
Passau.
;1491: Jews of
Ravenna expelled, synagogues destroyed.
;1492:
Ferdinand II and
Isabella I
Isabella I ( es, Isabel I; 22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504), also called Isabella the Catholic (Spanish: ''la Católica''), was Queen of Castile from 1474 until her death in 1504, as well as Queen consort of Aragon from 1479 until 1504 by ...
issued the
Alhambra decree, General Edict on the Expulsion of the Jews from
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, ...
(approx. 200,000) and from
Sicily (1493, approx. 37,000).
;1495: Charles VIII of France occupies Kingdom of Naples, bringing new persecution against Jews, many of whom were refugees from Spain.
;1496: Jews expelled from
Portugal.
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, issues a decree expelling all Jews from
Styria and
Wiener Neustadt.
;1499: Jews expelled from
Nuremberg
Nuremberg ( ; german: link=no, Nürnberg ; in the local East Franconian dialect: ''Nämberch'' ) is the second-largest city of the German state of Bavaria after its capital Munich, and its 518,370 (2019) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest ...
.
16th century
;1510: Jews expelled from Naples.
;1510: Jews expelled from Brandenburg after a false accusation of host desecration in
Berlin
Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitu ...
.
;1519: Jews expelled from
Regensburg.
;1526: Jews expelled from
Pressburg (Bratislava) in the wake of the defeat of the
Kingdom of Hungary by the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...
.
;1551: All remaining Jews expelled from the duchy of Bavaria. Jewish settlement in Bavaria ceased until toward the end of the 17th century, when a small community was founded in Sulzbach by refugees from Vienna.
;1569: Pope Pius V expels Jews from the papal states, except for Ancona and Rome.
;1593: Pope Clement VIII expels Jews living in all the papal states, except Rome, Avignon and Ancona. Jews are invited to settle in
Leghorn, the main port of Tuscany, where they are granted full religious liberty and civil rights, by the Medici family, who want to develop the region into a center of commerce.
;1597: Nine hundred Jews were expelled from
Milan.
17th century
;1614:
Fettmilch Uprising: Jews are expelled from
Frankfurt,
Holy Roman Empire, following the plundering of the
Judengasse.
;1654:The fall of the Dutch colony of
Recife in
Brazil to the
Portuguese prompted the
Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam, the first group of Jews to flee to
North America.
;1669-1670: Jews expelled from Vienna by
Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and subsequently forbidden to settle in the Austrian Hereditary Lands. The former Jewish ghetto on the Unterer Werd was renamed
Leopoldstadt in honour of the emperor and the expropriated houses and land given to Catholic citizens.
;1679–1680: Jews all throughout
Yemen expelled from their towns and villages and sent to a desert place, in what is known as the
Mawza Exile.
;1683: Jews expelled from
Haiti and all of the other French colonies, due to the
Code Noir decree issued by
Louis XIV.
18th century
;1701–1714:
War of the Spanish Succession. After the war, Jews of Austrian origin were expelled from Bavaria, but some were able to acquire the right to reside in Munich.
;1744–1790s: The reforms of
Frederick II,
Joseph II and
Maria Theresa sent masses of impoverished
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
and
Austria
Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
n Jews east.
;1791: The tzarina of Russia
Catherine the Great institutes the
Pale of Settlement, restricting Jews to the western parts of the empire by means of deportation. By the late 19th century, over four million Jews would live in the Pale.
19th century
;1862
Tennessee,
Mississippi,
Kentucky: Jews expelled by
Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant ; April 27, 1822July 23, 1885) was an American military officer and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. As Commanding General, he led the Union A ...
by
General Order No. 11.
;1880-1910s:
Pogroms in the
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War ...
: around 2.5 million Jews emigrated from eastern Europe, mostly to the United States.
20th century
;1917
: Jews expelled
from Jaffa area by Ottoman authorities during World War I.
;1933–1957:
The
Nazi German persecution started with the
Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses in 1933, reached a first climax during ''
Kristallnacht'' in 1938 and culminated in
the Holocaust of
European Jewry. The
British Mandate of Palestine prohibited Jewish emigration to
Mandatory Palestine. The 1938
Evian Conference
Evian ( , ; , stylized as evian) is a French company that bottles and commercialises mineral water from several sources near Évian-les-Bains, on the south shore of Lake Geneva. It produces over 2 billion plastic bottles per year.
Today, Evia ...
, the 1943
Bermuda Conference and other attempts failed to resolve the problem of Jewish refugees, a fact widely used in
Nazi propaganda. A small number of
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
and
Austrian Jewish refugees from Nazism emigrated to Britain, where attitudes were not necessarily positive.
Many of the refugees fought for Britain in the Second World War. After WW-II, eastern European Holocaust survivors migrated to the allied-controlled part of Europe, as the Jewish society to which most of them belonged did not exist anymore. Often they were lone survivors consumed by the often futile search for other family and friends, and often unwelcome in the towns from which they came. They were known as
displaced persons (also known as
Sh'erit ha-Pletah) and placed in
displaced persons camp
A refugee camp is a temporary settlement built to receive refugees and people in refugee-like situations. Refugee camps usually accommodate displaced people who have fled their home country, but camps are also made for internally displaced peo ...
s, most of which were by 1951 closed. The last camp
Föhrenwald was closed in 1957.
;1943-1944: Jews expelled, stripped of citizenship and pogromed from some Italian cities, including Rome, Verona, Florence, Pisa, Alessandria.
;1947–1972:
The
Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, in which the combined population of Jewish communities of the
Middle East
The Middle East ( ar, الشرق الأوسط, ISO 233: ) is a geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabian Peninsula, Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula and Bahrain), Anatolia, Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Pro ...
and
North Africa (excluding Israel) was reduced from about 900,000 in 1948 to under 8,000 today, and approximately 600,000 of whom became citizens of Israel. The history of the exodus is politicized, given its proposed relevance to a final settlement
Israeli–Palestinian peace negotiations.
[Changing tack, Foreign Ministry to bring 'Jewish refugees' to fore]
"'To define them as refugees is exaggerated,' said Alon Liel, a former director-general of the Foreign Ministry"[Israel scrambles Palestinian 'right of return' with Jewish refugee talk]
"Palestinian and Israeli critics have two main arguments: that these Jews were not refugees but eager participants in a new Zionist state, and that Israel cannot and should not attempt to settle its account with the Palestinians by deducting the lost assets of its own citizens, thereby preventing individuals on both sides from seeking compensation."[Philip Mende]
The causes of the post-1948 Jewish Exodus from Arab Countries
[ Yehouda Shenhavbr>The Arab Jews: A Postcolonial Reading of Nationalism, Religion, and Ethnicity]
/ref>[ Avi Shlaimbr>No peaceful solution]
/ref> When presenting the history, those who view the Jewish exodus as equivalent to the 1948 Palestinian exodus
In 1948 more than 700,000 Palestinian Arabs – about half of prewar Palestine's Arab population – were expelled or fled from their homes, during the 1948 Palestine war. The exodus was a central component of the fracturing, dispossession ...
, such as the Israeli government and NGOs such as JJAC and JIMENA, emphasize "push factors", such as cases of anti-Jewish violence and forced expulsions, and refer to those affected as " refugees". Those who argue that the exodus does not equate to the Palestinian exodus emphasize "pull factors", such as the actions of local Jewish Agency for Israel officials aiming to fulfil the One Million Plan, highlight good relations between the Jewish communities and their country's governments, emphasize the impact of other push factors such as the decolonization in the Maghreb and the Suez War and Lavon Affair in Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning the North Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via a land bridg ...
, and argue that many or all of those who left were not refugees.
:Then UNHCR announced in February 1957 and in July 1967, that these Jews who had fled from Arab countries "may be considered prima facie within the mandate of this office," so according them in international law, as bona fide refugees.
;1947: Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning the North Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via a land bridg ...
passed the Companies' Law. This law required that no less than 75% of employees of companies in Egypt must be Egyptian citizens. This law strongly affected Jews, as only about 20% of all Jews in Egypt were Egyptian citizens. The rest, although in many cases born in Egypt and living there for generations, did not hold Egyptian citizenship.
;1948: State of Israel established. Antisemitism in Egypt
Antisemitism (prejudice against and hatred of Jews) has increased greatly in the Arab world since the beginning of the 20th century, for several reasons: the dissolution and breakdown of the Ottoman Empire and traditional Islamic society; Eu ...
strongly intensified. On May 15, 1948, emergency law was declared, and a royal decree forbade Egyptian citizens to leave the country without a special permit. This was applied to Jews. Hundreds of Jews were arrested and many had their property confiscated. In June through August 1948, bombs were planted in Jewish neighborhoods and Jewish businesses looted. About 250 Jews were killed or wounded by the bombs. Roughly 14,000 Jews left Egypt between 1948 and 1950.
;1949: Jordan occupies and then annexes the West Bank – largely allotted by the 1947 UN Partition of Palestine to an Arab state, proposal rejected by the Arab leadership – and conducts large scale discrimination and persecution of all non-Muslim residents – Jewish, Christian (of many denominations), Druze, Circassian, etc. – and forces Arabisation of all public activity, including schools and public administration.
;1951-1952: During Operation Ezra and Nehemiah, ~120,000 Jews Expelled under the De-Naturalization Act of Iraqi PM Tawfeeq Al-Suwaidi due to Jews having too much influence over the economy.
;1954: Gamal Abdel Nasser seizes power in Egypt. Nasser immediately arrested many Jews who were tried on various charges, mainly for Zionist and communist activities. Jews were forced to donate large sums of money to the military. Strict supervision of Jewish enterprises was introduced; some were confiscated and others forcibly sold to the government.
;1956: Suez Crisis. Roughly 3,000 Egyptian Jews were interned without charge in four detention camps. The government ordered thousands of Jews to leave the country within a few days, and they were not allowed to sell their property, nor to take any capital with them. The deportees were made to sign statements agreeing not to return to Egypt and transferring their property to the administration of the government. The International Red Cross helped about 8,000 stateless Jews to leave the country, taking most of them to Italy and Greece. Most of the Jews of Port Said (about 100) were smuggled to Israel by Israel agents. The system of deportation continued into 1957. Other Jews left voluntarily, after their livelihoods had been taken from them, until only 8,561 were registered in the 1957 census. The Jewish exodus continued until there were about 3,000 Jews left as of in 1967.
;1962
:Jews flee Algeria
)
, image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Algiers
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, relig ...
as result of OAS violence. The community feared that the proclamation of independence would precipitate a Muslim outburst. By the end of July 1962, 70,000 Jews had left for France and another 5,000 for Israel. It is estimated that some 80% of Algerian Jews settled in France.
;1965
:Situation of Jews in Algeria rapidly deteriorates. By 1969, fewer than 1,000 Jews remain. By the 1990s, the numbers had dwindled to approximately 70.
;1967: Six-Day War. Hundreds of Egyptian Jews arrested, suffering beatings, torture, and abuse. Some were released following intervention by foreign states, especially by Spain, and were permitted to leave the country. Libyan Jews, who numbered approximately 7,000, were subjected to pogroms in which 18 were killed, prompting a mass exodus that left fewer than 100 Jews in Libya.
;1968: 1968 Polish political crisis forced thousands of Jews to leave communist Poland.
;
;1970
:Less than 1,000 Jews still lived in Egypt in 1970. They were given permission to leave but without their possessions. As of 1971, only 400 Jews remained in Egypt. As of 2013, only a few dozen Jews remain in Egypt.
;1970s–1990s: State-sponsored persecution in the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...
prompted hundreds of thousands of Soviet Jews, known as Refuseniks because they had been denied official permission to leave, to flee; most went to Israel or to the United States as refugees.
;1972: Idi Amin, expels all Israelis from Uganda.
;1985 and 1991: 10,000 Jews fled Ethiopia as part of Operation Moses
Operation Moses ( he, מִבְצָע מֹשֶׁה, ''Mivtza Moshe'') was the covert evacuation of Ethiopian Jews (known as the "Beta Israel" community or "Falashas") from Sudan during a civil war that caused a famine in 1984. Originally called ' ...
and Operation Joshua Operation Joshua, also known as Operation Sheba, was the 1985 airlifting of Ethiopian Jews from refugee camps in Sudan to Israel.
Ethiopian Jews had fled to refugee camps in Sudan from a severe famine in their country. The Israeli Operation Moses ...
and 14,000 Jews fled Ethiopia as part of Operation Solomon.
21st century
;2003:Last Jew left Libya.
;2010:Contact with last two Jews in Somalia was lost.
;2021:Last Jew left Afghanistan.
;2021:Members of Yemen's Jewish community have fled the country, leaving only six reported Jews left, though it is not clear whether they were expelled or left voluntarily as part of an exit agreement with the Houthi movement. One of the expelled family members said: “History will remember us as the last of Yemeni Jews who were still clinging to their homeland until the last moment,” “We had rejected many temptations time and time again, and refused to leave our homeland, but today we are forced.”
Expulsions of Jews by country
See also
* Aliyah
*Geography of antisemitism
This is a list of countries where antisemitic sentiment has been experienced.
Africa
Algeria
Upon independence in 1962 only Muslims were permitted Algerian citizenship, and 95% of Algeria's 140,000 Jewish population left. Since 1870 (briefly re ...
*Historical Jewish population comparisons
Jewish population centers have shifted tremendously over time, due to the constant streams of Jewish refugees created by expulsions, persecution, and officially sanctioned killing of Jews in various places at various times. In addition, assimila ...
* History of antisemitism
* Jewish diaspora
* Jewish ethnic divisions
* Jewish history
* Pogrom
* Yerida
Notes
References
Citations
Books
*
External links
Ordinary exile
the story of Austrian Jewish refugees in France and in Belgium
A Lifes Worth of Living
by Lys Anzia. WNN - Women News Network
* , a documentary by Pierre Rehov
Pierre Rehov is the pseudonym of a French–Israeli documentary filmmaker, director and novelist, most known for his movies about the Arab–Israeli conflict and Israeli–Palestinian conflict, its treatment in the media, and about terrorism. Reh ...
Explusions of Jews
on Jewish Virtual Library
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jewish Refugees
Forced migration
Genocides in Europe