The euro area, commonly called eurozone (EZ), is a
currency union
A currency union (also known as monetary union) is an intergovernmental agreement that involves two or more states sharing the same currency. These states may not necessarily have any further integration (such as an economic and monetary union, ...
of 19
member states of the
European Union (EU) that have adopted the
euro (
€
The euro sign () is the currency sign used for the euro, the official currency of the eurozone and unilaterally adopted by Kosovo and Montenegro. The design was presented to the public by the European Commission on 12 December 1996. It consists o ...
) as their primary
currency and sole
legal tender, and have thus fully implemented
EMU
The emu () (''Dromaius novaehollandiae'') is the second-tallest living bird after its ratite relative the ostrich. It is endemic to Australia where it is the largest native bird and the only extant member of the genus ''Dromaius''. The em ...
policies.
The 19 eurozone members are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The eight non-eurozone members of the EU are Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Denmark, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Sweden. They continue to use their own national currencies, albeit all but Denmark are obliged to join once they meet the
euro convergence criteria.
Croatia will become the 20th member on 1 January 2023.
Among non-EU member states,
Andorra
, image_flag = Flag of Andorra.svg
, image_coat = Coat of arms of Andorra.svg
, symbol_type = Coat of arms
, national_motto = la, Virtus Unita Fortior, label=none (Latin)"United virtue is stro ...
,
Monaco,
San Marino, and
Vatican City have formal agreements with the EU to use the euro as their official currency and issue their own coins.
In addition,
Kosovo and
Montenegro have adopted the euro unilaterally.
These countries, however, have no representation in any eurozone institution.
The
Eurosystem is the
monetary authority
In finance and economics, a monetary authority is the entity that manages a country’s currency and money supply, often with the objective of controlling inflation, interest rates, real GDP or unemployment rate. With its monetary tools, a mone ...
of the eurozone, the
Eurogroup is an informal body of
finance ministers
A finance minister is an executive or cabinet position in charge of one or more of government finances, economic policy and financial regulation.
A finance minister's portfolio has a large variety of names around the world, such as "treasury", ...
that makes
fiscal policy for the currency union and the
European System of Central Banks
The European System of Central Banks (ESCB) is an institution that comprises the European Central Bank (ECB) and the national central banks (NCBs) of all 27 member states of the European Union (EU). Its objective is to ensure price stability t ...
is responsible for fiscal and monetary cooperation between eurozone and none-eurozone EU members. The
European Central Bank (ECB) makes monetary policy for the eurozone, sets its base
interest rate
An interest rate is the amount of interest due per period, as a proportion of the amount lent, deposited, or borrowed (called the principal sum). The total interest on an amount lent or borrowed depends on the principal sum, the interest rate, th ...
, and issues euro banknotes and coins.
Since the
financial crisis of 2007–2008
Finance is the study and discipline of money, currency and capital assets. It is related to, but not synonymous with economics, the study of production, distribution, and consumption of money, assets, goods and services (the discipline of fi ...
, the eurozone has established and used provisions for granting emergency loans to member states in return for enacting economic reforms. The eurozone has also enacted some limited
fiscal integration; for example, in peer review of each other's national budgets. The issue is political and in a state of flux in terms of what further provisions will be agreed for eurozone change. No eurozone member state has left, and there are no provisions to do so or to be expelled.
Territory
Eurozone
In 1998, eleven
member states of the European Union had met the
euro convergence criteria, and the eurozone came into existence with the official launch of the euro (alongside national currencies) on 1 January 1999 in those countries: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Greece qualified in 2000 and was admitted on 1 January 2001. The physical
euro banknotes
Banknotes of the euro, the common currency of the Eurozone (euro area members), have been in circulation since the first series (also called ''ES1'') was issued in 2002. They are issued by the national central banks of the Eurosystem or the Eur ...
and
euro coins were introduced in the preceding twelve members on 1 January 2002. All their pre-euro national coins and notes were taken out of circulation and rendered invalid after a short transition period. Between 2007 and 2015, seven new states acceded: Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Slovakia, and Slovenia.
Dependent territories of EU member states — outside EU
Three of the
dependent territories of EU member states not part of the EU have adopted the euro:
*
Territorial collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (French territory, with France ensuring eurozone laws are implemented)
*
Overseas Collectivity of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (French territory, with France ensuring eurozone laws are implemented)
*
French Southern and Antarctic Lands (French territory, with France ensuring eurozone laws are implemented)
Non-member usage
With formal agreement
The euro is also used in countries outside the EU. Four states (Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and Vatican City) have signed formal agreements with the EU to use the euro and issue their own coins.
Nevertheless, they are not considered part of the eurozone by the ECB and do not have a seat in the ECB or Euro Group.
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Akrotiri and Dhekelia, officially the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (SBA),, ''Periochés Kyríarchon Váseon Akrotiríou ke Dekélias''; tr, Ağrotur ve Dikelya İngiliz Egemen Üs Bölgeleri is a British Overseas Territories ...
(located on the island of Cyprus) belong to the United Kingdom, but there are agreements between the UK and Cyprus and between UK and EU about their partial integration with Cyprus and partial adoption of Cypriot law, including the usage of euro in Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
Several currencies are pegged to the euro, some of them with a fluctuation band and others with an exact rate. The
Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
The convertible mark ( Bosanski: , sign: KM; code: BAM) is the currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is divided into 100 or (/) and locally abbreviated ''KM''. While the currency and its subunits are uniform for both constituent polities of B ...
was once pegged to the
Deutsche mark at par, and continues to be pegged to the euro today at the Deutsch mark's old rate (1.95583 per euro). The
West African
West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, ...
and
Central African CFA francs are pegged exactly at 655.957 CFA to 1 EUR. In 1998, in anticipation of
Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union, the
Council of the European Union
The Council of the European Union, often referred to in the treaties and other official documents simply as the Council, and informally known as the Council of Ministers, is the third of the seven Institutions of the European Union (EU) as ...
addressed the monetary agreements France had with the
CFA Zone and Comoros, and ruled that the ECB had no obligation towards the convertibility of the CFA and
Comorian franc
The franc (french: link=no, franc comorien; ar, فرنك قمري; sign: FC; ISO 4217 code: KMF) is the official currency of Comoros. It is nominally subdivided into 100 ''centimes'', although no centime denominations have ever been issued.
His ...
s. The responsibility of the free convertibility remained in the
French Treasury.
Other
Kosovo
and Montenegro officially adopted the euro as their sole currency without an agreement and, therefore, have no issuing rights.
These states are not considered part of the eurozone by the ECB. However, sometimes the term ''eurozone'' is applied to all territories that have adopted the euro as their sole currency. Further unilateral adoption of the euro (
euroisation
The international status and usage of the euro has grown since its launch in 1999. When the euro formally replaced 12 currencies on 1 January 2002, it inherited their use in territories such as Montenegro and replaced minor currencies tied ...
), by both non-euro EU and non-EU members, is opposed by the ECB and EU.
Historical eurozone enlargements and exchange-rate regimes for EU members
The chart below provides a full summary of all applying
exchange-rate regime
An exchange rate regime is a way a monetary authority of a country or currency union manages the currency about other currencies and the foreign exchange market. It is closely related to monetary policy and the two are generally dependent on many o ...
s for
EU members, since the birth, on 13 March 1979, of the
European Monetary System with its
Exchange Rate Mechanism and the related new common currency
ECU. On 1 January 1999, The euro replaced the ECU 1:1 at the exchange rate markets. During 1979–1999, the
D-Mark functioned as a de facto anchor for the ECU, meaning there was only a minor difference between pegging a currency against the ECU and pegging it against the D-mark.
The eurozone was born with its first 11 member states on 1 January 1999. The first
enlargement of the eurozone
The enlargement of the eurozone is an ongoing process within the European Union (EU). All member states of the European Union, except Denmark which negotiated an opt-out from the provisions, are obliged to adopt the euro as their sole currency ...
, to Greece, took place on 1 January 2001, one year before the euro physically entered into circulation. The next enlargements were to states which
joined the EU in 2004, and then joined the eurozone on 1 January in the year noted: Slovenia (2007), Cyprus (2008), Malta (2008), Slovakia (2009), Estonia (2011), Latvia (2014), and Lithuania (2015).
All new EU members joining the bloc after the signing of the
Maastricht Treaty
The Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty, is the foundation treaty of the European Union (EU). Concluded in 1992 between the then-twelve member states of the European Communities, it announced "a new stage in the p ...
in 1992 are obliged to adopt the euro under the terms of their accession treaties. However, the last of the five economic
convergence criteria which need first to be complied with in order to qualify for euro adoption, is the exchange rate stability criterion, which requires having been an ERM-member for a minimum of two years without the presence of "severe tensions" for the currency exchange rate.
In September 2011, a diplomatic source close to the euro adoption preparation talks with the seven remaining new member states who had yet to adopt the euro (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania), claimed that the monetary union (eurozone) they had thought they were going to join upon their signing of the accession treaty may very well end up being a very different union, entailing a much closer fiscal, economic, and political convergence than originally anticipated. This changed legal status of the eurozone could potentially cause them to conclude that the conditions for their promise to join were no longer valid, which "could force them to stage new referendums" on euro adoption.
Future enlargement
Eight countries (
Bulgaria
Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Maced ...
,
Croatia,
Czech Republic,
Denmark,
Hungary,
Poland,
Romania, and
Sweden) are
EU members but do not use the euro.
Before joining the eurozone, a state must spend at least two years in the
European Exchange Rate Mechanism
The European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II) is a system introduced by the European Economic Community on 1 January 1999 alongside the introduction of a single currency, the euro (replacing ERM 1 and the euro's predecessor, the ECU) as ...
(ERM II). , the Danish central bank, Bulgarian central bank, and Croatian central bank participate in ERM II.
Denmark obtained a special
opt-out in the original
Maastricht Treaty
The Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty, is the foundation treaty of the European Union (EU). Concluded in 1992 between the then-twelve member states of the European Communities, it announced "a new stage in the p ...
, and thus is legally exempt from joining the eurozone unless its government decides otherwise, either by parliamentary vote or
referendum. The United Kingdom likewise had an opt-out prior to
withdrawing from the EU in 2020.
The remaining seven countries are obliged to adopt the euro in future, although the EU has so far not tried to enforce any time plan. They should join as soon as they fulfill the convergence criteria, which include being part of ERM II for two years.
Sweden, which joined the EU in 1995 after the Maastricht Treaty was signed, is required to join the eurozone. However, the Swedish people turned down euro adoption in a
2003 referendum and since then the country has intentionally avoided fulfilling the adoption requirements by not joining ERM II, which is voluntary. Bulgaria and Croatia joined ERM II on 10 July 2020.
Interest in joining the eurozone increased in Denmark, and initially in Poland, as a result of the
financial crisis of 2007–2008
Finance is the study and discipline of money, currency and capital assets. It is related to, but not synonymous with economics, the study of production, distribution, and consumption of money, assets, goods and services (the discipline of fi ...
. In Iceland, there was an increase in interest in joining the European Union, a pre-condition for adopting the euro. However, by 2010 the debt crisis in the eurozone caused interest from Poland, as well as the Czech Republic, Denmark and Sweden to cool.
On 12 July 2022, the
Council
A council is a group of people who come together to consult, deliberate, or make decisions. A council may function as a legislature, especially at a town, city or county/shire level, but most legislative bodies at the state/provincial or nat ...
adopted the final three legal acts that were required to enable Croatia to introduce the euro, which will enable Croatia to become the 20th member from 1 January 2023.
Prices in Croatia are displayed in both the euro and the local currency, the
kuna
Kuna may refer to:
Places
* Kuna, Idaho, a town in the United States
** Kuna Caves, a lava tube in Idaho
* Kuna Peak, a mountain in California
* , a village in the Orebić municipality, Croatia
* , a village in the Konavle municipality, Croatia ...
, from 5 September 2022 until 31 December 2023. Payment in euro is possible from 1 January 2023 (dual kuna/euro circulation in effect 1 January - 14 January 2023).
Expulsion and withdrawal
In the opinion of journalist Leigh Phillips and
Locke Lord
Locke Lord LLP is an international law firm formed on October 2, 2007, after the combination of Texas-based Locke Liddell & Sapp PLLC and Lord Bissell & Brook LLP. Locke Lord's earliest predecessor firms date from 1887 and 1891. The firm is head ...
's Charles Proctor,
["Brussels: No one can leave the euro"]
by Leigh Phillips, '' EUobserver'', 8 September 2011[The Eurozone crisis – the final stage?]
" by Charles Proctor, Locke Lord
Locke Lord LLP is an international law firm formed on October 2, 2007, after the combination of Texas-based Locke Liddell & Sapp PLLC and Lord Bissell & Brook LLP. Locke Lord's earliest predecessor firms date from 1887 and 1891. The firm is head ...
, 15 May 2012 there is no provision in any European Union treaty for an exit from the eurozone. In fact, they argued, the Treaties make it clear that the process of
monetary union
A currency union (also known as monetary union) is an intergovernmental agreement that involves two or more states sharing the same currency. These states may not necessarily have any further integration (such as an economic and monetary union, ...
was intended to be "irreversible" and "irrevocable".
[ However, in 2009, a European Central Bank legal study argued that, while voluntary withdrawal is legally not possible, expulsion remains "conceivable".][Withdrawal and Expulsion from the EU and EMU : Some reflections]
" by Phoebus Athanassiou, Principal Legal Counsel with the Directorate-General for Legal Service
The Legal Service of the European Commission (Le Service juridique – SJ) is the in-house legal counsel to the commission, located in Brussels. It ensures that Commission decisions comply with EU law, preventing or reducing the risk of subsequen ...
, ECB, 2009 Although an explicit provision for an exit option does not exist, many experts and politicians in Europe have suggested an option to leave the eurozone should be included in the relevant treaties.["German advisory council calls for exit option in the eurozone"]
by Daniel Tost, EurActiv, 29 July 2015
On the issue of leaving the eurozone, the European Commission has stated that " e irrevocability of membership in the euro area is an integral part of the Treaty framework and the Commission, as a guardian of the EU Treaties, intends to fully respect hat irrevocability"[ It added that it "does not intend to propose nyamendment" to the relevant Treaties, the current status being "the best way going forward to increase the resilience of euro area Member States to potential economic and financial crises.][Text]
of response by Olli Rehn, European Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro, on behalf of the European Commission, to question submitted by Claudio Morganti, Member of the European Parliament, 22 June 2012 The European Central Bank, responding to a question by a Member of the European Parliament, has stated that an exit is not allowed under the Treaties.
Likewise there is no provision for a state to be expelled from the euro. Some, however, including the Dutch government, favour the creation of an expulsion provision for the case whereby a heavily indebted state in the eurozone refuses to comply with an EU economic reform policy.
In a Texas law journal, University of Texas at Austin law professor Jens Dammann has argued that even now EU law contains an implicit right for member states to leave the eurozone if they no longer meet the criteria that they had to meet in order to join it. Furthermore, he has suggested that, under narrow circumstances, the European Union can expel member states from the eurozone.
University of California, Berkeley professor of Economics and Political Science Barry Eichengreen
Barry Julian Eichengreen (born 1952) is an American economist and economic historian who holds the title of George C. Pardee and Helen N. Pardee Professor of Economics and Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley, where he h ...
, argued in 2007 that "Europe’s leap to monetary union was a mistake...compounded by opting for a large monetary union...including also...Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece," calling these countries “highly indebted…countries”, despite that, at that time, the Spanish deficit (35,6%) was lower than the Eurozone average (64,9%), and that of countries such as Germany (63,7) or France (64,3). And Portugal had a deficit (68,4%) very similar to that of the last mentioned. Eichengreen, this time focused in the Greek case, added that "although a breakup was not impossible...it was unlikely," given the technical, political and above all economic obstacles. "On the first minute…that the reekgovernment was discussing the possibility f_a_Grexit.html"_;"title="Grexit.html"_;"title="f_a_Grexit">f_a_Grexit">Grexit.html"_;"title="f_a_Grexit">f_a_Grexitinvestors_would_sell_their_Greek_stocks_and_bonds"_and_there_"would_be_a_full-fledged_financial_panic..._a_full-out_bank_run...Greece_would_have_to_close_down_its_banking_system_until_order_was_restored._It_would_have_to_suspend_trading_on_its_financial_markets._It_would_probably_have_to_seal_its_borders_to_prevent_residents_from_ferrying_cash_out_of_the_country."Eichengreen,_Barry_(23_July_201
Can_the_Euro_Area_Hit_the_Rewind_Button?
_(PDF),_University_of_California._Retrieved_8_September_2011
In_2011,_he_still_believed_the_probability_of_Grexit_was_"very_low"_and_in_case_of_any_bank_run_"the_Greek_government_would_almost_certainly_receive_support_for_its_banks_from_its_European_Union_partners_and_the__European_Central_Bank”._
__Administration_and_representation_
The_monetary_policy_of_all_countries_in_the_eurozone_is_managed_by_the__European_Central_Bank_(ECB)_and_the__Eurosystem_which_comprises_the_ECB_and_the_central_banks_of_the_EU_states_who_have_joined_the_eurozone._Countries_outside_the_eurozone_are_not_represented_in_these_institutions._Whereas_all_EU_member_states_are_part_of_the_European_System_of_Central_Banks_
The_European_System_of_Central_Banks_(ESCB)_is_an_institution_that_comprises_the_European_Central_Bank_(ECB)_and_the_national_central_banks_(NCBs)_of_all_27__member_states_of_the_European_Union_(EU)._Its_objective_is_to_ensure_price_stability_t_...
_(ESCB),_non_EU_member_states_have_no_say_in_all_three_institutions,_even_those_with_monetary_agreements_such_as_Monaco._The_ECB_is_entitled_to_authorise_the_design_and_printing_of_