The ''Erfurt Enchiridion'' (

enchiridion Enchiridion is a small manual or handbook. It can refer more specifically to: * '' Enchiridion of Epictetus'', a short manual of Stoic ethical advice * The ''Enchiridion de metris'' of Hephaestion, an ancient treatise on poetic meters * ''Enchiri ...

, from grc, ἐγχειρίδιον, hand book) is the second

Lutheran Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism, identifying primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and Protestant Reformers, reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Cathol ...

hymnal A hymnal or hymnary is a collection of hymns, usually in the form of a book, called a hymnbook (or hymn book). Hymnals are used in congregational singing. A hymnal may contain only hymn texts (normal for most hymnals for most centuries of Chr ...

. It appeared in 1524 in

Erfurt Erfurt () is the capital and largest city in the Central German state of Thuringia. It is located in the wide valley of the Gera river (progression: ), in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin, north of the Thuringian Forest. It sits i ...

in two competing editions. One of them contains 26 songs, the other 25, 18 of them by

Martin Luther Martin Luther (; ; 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, and professor, and Augustinian friar. He is the seminal figure of the Protestant Reformation and the namesake of Lutherani ...

, others by

Elisabeth Cruciger Elisabeth Cruciger (also spelled Kreuziger, Creutziger etc.; née von Meseritz) (c. 1500 - 2 May 1535), a German writer, was the first female poet and hymnwriter of the Protestant Reformation and a friend of Martin Luther. Life Elisabeth von ...

Erhard Hegenwald Erhard Hegenwald (also Erhart Hegen Walt, first half of the 16th century) was a writer of the Reformation. Hegenwald had been schoolmaster in Pfäfers Abbey and participated in the "First Zurich Disputation" of Ulrich Zwingli. He wrote a documenta ...

Justus Jonas Justus Jonas, the Elder (5 June 1493 – 9 October 1555), or simply Justus Jonas, was a German Lutheran theologian and reformer. He was a Jurist, Professor and Hymn writer. He is best known for his translations of the writings of Martin Luther ...

and

Paul Speratus Paul Speratus (13 December 148412 August 1551) was a Swabian Catholic priest who became a Protestant preacher, reformer and hymn-writer. In 1523, he helped Martin Luther to create the First Lutheran hymnal, published in 1524 and called ''Achtlied ...

. While the songs of the ''Enchiridion'' could be used in churches, they were intended primarily for singing elsewhere, such as at home, at court, and in guild meetings.

History

The songs of the reformer Luther and others were first sold as broadsheets, and contributed to the spreading of Protestant ideas. They were printed in collections, beginning with the

First Lutheran hymnal The First Lutheran hymnal, published in 1524 as ''Etlich Cristlich lider / Lobgesang und Psalm'' (Some Christian songs / canticle, and psalm), often also often referred to as the Achtliederbuch (Book with eight songs, literally Eightsongsbook), was ...

, called the ', and with the Wittenberg song book, both published in 1524. The Erfurt ''Enchiridion'' appeared the same year, in two almost equal editions by two different printers,

Johannes Loersfeld Johannes Loersfeld ('' fl.'' 1525–1528) was a German printer at Erfurt in the Archbishopric of Mayence. Among his significant editions was the Erfurt Enchiridion, an early Lutheran Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism ...

and

Matthes Maler Matthes is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Agneta Matthes (1847–1909), Dutch entrepreneur * Heinrich Matthes (born 1902), German SS-Scharführer * Josef Friedrich Matthes (1886–1943), head of the Rhenish Republic * ...

. Both books are identical except for one song. The double appearance suggests that there was a great demand. Probably the edition printed by Loersfeld came first, to be copied by Maler.

Description

The version of Loersfeld was printed in octavo, and includes 48 pages, 47 of them printed. It contains 25 songs, the German version of the creed and a two-page anonymous preface. The version of Maler contains one song more. Sixteen different choral melodies are used, and eighteen of the songs are by Luther, but his name is attached to only one of them. Three of the hymns were written by

, one or two by

, one by

, and one is attributed to

Jan Hus Jan Hus (; ; 1370 – 6 July 1415), sometimes anglicized as John Hus or John Huss, and referred to in historical texts as ''Iohannes Hus'' or ''Johannes Huss'', was a Czech theologian and philosopher who became a Church reformer and the insp ...

. The arrangement of the songs is not systematic, and only seven paraphrases of

psalms The Book of Psalms ( or ; he, תְּהִלִּים, , lit. "praises"), also known as the Psalms, or the Psalter, is the first book of the ("Writings"), the third section of the Tanakh, and a book of the Old Testament. The title is derived ...

form a cohesive group. Five songs are German rhymed versions of

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

liturgical chants. The song "" (A new song we begin) describes the execution in Brussels of two monks who were martyrs of the Reformation, Hendrik Vos and Johannes van Esschen. The title describes: "Eyn Enchiridion oder Handbüchlein. eynem ytzlichen Christen fast nutzlich bey sich zuhaben / zur stetter vbung vnd trachtung geystlicher gesenge vnd Psalmen / Rechtschaffen vnd kunstlich verteutscht." (An Enchiridion or little handbook; for every Christian very useful to keep at hand / for continuous practice and contemplation of spiritual songs and psalms / honestly and artfully translated to German.) The author of the preface describes the former ecclesiastical chant as "shouting like the priests of

Baal Baal (), or Baal,; phn, , baʿl; hbo, , baʿal, ). ( ''baʿal'') was a title and honorific meaning "owner", "lord" in the Northwest Semitic languages spoken in the Levant during antiquity. From its use among people, it came to be applied t ...

in unintelligable cries" and "cry like the forest-donkeys to a deaf God". The songs included in the collection are described as founded on scripture, serving improvement, doctrine, and the education of youth, and the preface suggests that a Christian should always carry the book with him, for constant practise. While the songs of the ''Enchiridion'' could be used in churches, they were intended primarily for singing elsewhere, such as at home, at court, and in guild meetings. Many of the songs of the Erfurt ''Enchiridion'' were widely disseminated, and seventeen are still in the current German Protestant hymnal ', some of them now with different melodies. Five of the hymns are part of the Catholic hymnal ''

Gotteslob ''Gotteslob'' ("Praise of God") is the title of the hymnbook authorized by the Catholic dioceses in Germany, Austria, South Tyrol, Luxembourg and Liège, Belgium. First published in Advent 2013, it is the current official hymnal for German-speaki ...

''. Translations began with ''Goostly psalms and spiritual songes drawen out of the holy Scripture'' by

Myles Coverdale Myles Coverdale, first name also spelt Miles (1488 – 20 January 1569), was an English ecclesiastical reformer chiefly known as a Bible translator, preacher and, briefly, Bishop of Exeter (1551–1553). In 1535, Coverdale produced the first ...

, the so-called "first English hymn book", which was printed in London in 1555 and contained 16 of the songs from the Enchiridion (1–5, 8, 10, 12–19, 22).

Hymns

by Ambrose , - , 22, , , , Martin Luther , , after "" , - , 23, , , , Martin Luther , , after , - , 24, , , , Martin Luther , , after , - , 25, , , , Martin Luther , , , - , 26, , , , unknown , , in ', possibly by Jonas

References

Bibliography

*
Full digital facsimile and diplomatic transcription of the hymnbook in the Deutsches Text Archiv
* * * * *Henrike Lähnemann (2017): Das Erfurter ‘Enchiridion’ in der Goslarer Marktkirchen-Bibliothek, in: ''Marktkirchen-Bibliothek Goslar. Beiträge zur Erforschung der reformationszeitlichen Sammlung'', Regensburg: Schell und Steiner, ed. Helmut Liersch, pp. 232–243.

History

Description

Hymns

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading