Emperor Xiaozong of Song (27 November 1127 – 28 June 1194), personal name Zhao Shen,
courtesy name
A courtesy name (), also known as a style name, is a name bestowed upon one at adulthood in addition to one's given name. This practice is a tradition in the East Asian cultural sphere, including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.Ulrich Theo ...
Yuanyong, was the 11th emperor of the
Song dynasty
The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the res ...
of China and the second emperor of the Southern Song dynasty. He started his reign in 1162 when his adoptive father and predecessor,
Emperor Gaozong, abdicated and passed the throne to him. Even though Emperor Gaozong became a ''
Taishang Huang'' ("Retired Emperor") after his abdication, he remained the ''de facto'' ruler, so Emperor Xiaozong only took full power in 1187 after Emperor Gaozong's death. After ruling for about a year, Emperor Xiaozong followed in his predecessor's footsteps and abdicated in favour of his third son
Zhao Dun (Emperor Guangzong), while he became ''Taishang Huang'' and still remained in power until his death in 1194.
He was the first descendant of
Emperor Taizu to become emperor.
Names
Zhao Shen's birth name was Zhao Bocong (趙伯琮). In March 1133, after Zhao Bocong entered the imperial palace, his name was changed to Zhao Yuan (趙瑗). In April 1160, after Zhao Yuan was adopted by
Emperor Gaozong, his name was changed to Zhao Wei (趙瑋). In July 1162, when Zhao Wei became crown prince, his name was changed again to Zhao Shen (趙眘).
Zhao Shen was given the
courtesy name
A courtesy name (), also known as a style name, is a name bestowed upon one at adulthood in addition to one's given name. This practice is a tradition in the East Asian cultural sphere, including China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.Ulrich Theo ...
Yuangui (元瑰) in May 1160. In July 1162, when he became crown prince, his courtesy name was changed to Yuanyong (元永).
Early life
Zhao Shen was a seventh-generation descendant of
Emperor Taizu, the founder and first emperor of the Song dynasty. He was the second son of Zhao Zicheng (趙子偁; died 1143), a sixth cousin of
Emperor Gaozong, the 10th Song emperor. After the
Jingkang Incident in 1127,
Emperor Gaozong's father,
eldest brother and most of his close relatives were taken prisoner by the
Jurchen Jurchen may refer to:
* Jurchen people, Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria until the 17th century
** Haixi Jurchens, a grouping of the Jurchens as identified by the Chinese of the Ming Dynasty
** Jianzhou Jurchens, a grouping of ...
-led
Jin Empire. As Emperor Gaozong's only son, Zhao Fu (趙旉), died prematurely around the age of two, the emperor ordered his officials to start searching for other living descendants of the
imperial family. Zhao Shen was discovered and adopted by Emperor Gaozong in April 1160 as a son. Another relative, Zhao Qu was also adopted. In July 1162, Emperor Gaozong officially designated Zhao Shen as his crown prince and heir apparent. One of the main reasons Gaozong chose Shen over Qu was of Shen's virtue.
It is said that Gaozong gave ten maids to Shen and Qu.
In the end, Qu had touched every maid but Shen had not even touched one winning Gaozong's favor over Qu.
In 24 July 1162,
Emperor Gaozong abdicated in favor of Emperor Xiaozong who became emperor although
Emperor Gaozong retained power as ''Taishang Huang''.
Reign
During the reign of Emperor Xiaozong, the Chinese increased the number of trade missions that would dock at ports throughout the Indian Ocean, where Arab and Hindu influence was once predominant. Xiaozong also was responsible for
Yue Fei's posthumous rehabilitation, clearing out the remnants of
Qin Hui
Qin Hui or Qin Kuai (January 17, 1090 – November 18, 1155) was a Chinese politician. He was a Chancellor of the Song dynasty in Chinese history.
He was a contemporary of Yue Fei during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Song. Modern historian ...
's faction in court, and stabilizing the economy making his reign the most powerful era of the Southern Song Dynasty and it's said he was the best ruler of the Southern Song dynasty.
Archery and equestrianism were required for non-military officials at the
Military College
A military academy or service academy is an educational institution which prepares candidates for service in the officer corps. It normally provides education in a military environment, the exact definition depending on the country concerned. ...
in 1162 during Emperor Xiaozong's reign.
In 1165, he reached peace with the
Jin Dynasty.
In 1187, the retired
Emperor Gaozong died. Xiaozong was stricken with grief and retreated from governing, insisting on mourning Gaozong and stating that he would only rule for two more years.
Xiaozong turned all government affairs to his son
Zhao Dun.
In 1189, Emperor Xiaozong abdicated in favour of his son,
Zhao Dun who took the throne as
Emperor Guangzong.
He then granted himself the title ''Taishang Huang'' and remained as the ''de facto'' ruler.
As Retired Emperor
His daughter-in-law
Empress Li reportedly attempted to keep
Emperor Guangzong and his father (Xiaozong) separate, and often stopped the emperor from seeing his father.
[Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue Wiles: Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644] On one occasion, at the sickbed of the emperor, her father-in-law threatened to have her executed for not taking proper care of the monarch.
Retired Emperor Xiaozong fell ill in 1194 and was made worse when
Emperor Guangzong refused to visit him.
Xiaozong soon died.
Emperor Guangzong refused to attend his funeral and as a result, was forced to give his throne to the deceased retired emperor's grandson
Emperor Ningzong.
Family
Consorts and Issue:
* Empress Chengmu, of the Guo clan (; 1126–1156)
** Zhao Qi, Crown Prince Zhuangwen (; 1144–1167), first son
** Zhao Kai, Prince Weihuixian (; 1146–1180), second son
**
Zhao Dun, Guangzong (; 1147–1200), third son
** Zhao Ke, Prince Shaodaosu (), fourth son
*
Empress Chenggong, of the Xia clan (; d. 1167)
**''Unnamed daughter''
**''Unnamed son''
*
Empress Chengsu, of the Xie clan (; 1132–1203), personal name Sufang ()
*Noble Consort, of the Cai clan (贵妃 蔡氏)
*Worthy Consort, of the Li clan (贤妃 李氏)
* Unknown
** ''Princess Jia'' (; d. 1162), first daughte
**Second princess
Ancestry
In Pop Culture
Portrayed in 2022 WEBNOVEL titled ROSES OF BLOOD by author TAIYANG DASHENG.
See also
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Chinese emperors family tree (middle)
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List of emperors of the Song dynasty
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Architecture of the Song dynasty
The architecture of the Song dynasty (960–1279) was noted for its towering Buddhist pagodas, enormous stone and wooden bridges, lavish tombs, and extravagant palaces. Although literary works on architecture existed beforehand, architectural wr ...
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Culture of the Song dynasty
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Economy of the Song dynasty
The economy of the Song dynasty (960–1279) in China was the wealthiest economy in the world during its time. The dynasty moved away from the top-down command economy of the Tang dynasty (618-907) and made extensive use of market mechanisms as na ...
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History of the Song dynasty
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Society of the Song dynasty
Chinese society during the Song dynasty (960–1279) was marked by political and legal reforms, a philosophical revival of Confucianism, and the development of cities beyond administrative purposes into centers of industry and of maritime and ...
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Technology of the Song dynasty
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Jin–Song Wars
References
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Xiaozong Of Song
1127 births
1194 deaths
Monarchs who abdicated
Southern Song emperors
12th-century Chinese monarchs
People from Jiaxing