(October 22, 1197 – October 7, 1242) was the 84th

emperor of Japan The Emperor of Japan is the monarch and the head of the Imperial Family of Japan. Under the Constitution of Japan, he is defined as the symbol of the Japanese state and the unity of the Japanese people, and his position is derived from "the ...

, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1210 through 1221.

Genealogy

Before his ascension to the

Chrysanthemum Throne The is the throne of the Emperor of Japan. The term also can refer to very specific seating, such as the throne in the Shishin-den at Kyoto Imperial Palace. Various other thrones or seats that are used by the Emperor during official functions ...

, his personal name (his ''imina'') was . He was the third son of

Emperor Go-Toba was the 82nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign spanned the years from 1183 through 1198. This 12th-century sovereign was named after Emperor Toba, and ''go-'' (後), translates literally as "later"; a ...

. His mother was Shigeko (重子), the daughter of Fujiwara Hanki (藤原範季) *Empress (''chūgū''): Kujō

Fujiwara no Ritsushi Fujiwara no Ritsushi (九条立子; 1192 – 18 January 1248) was Empress of Japan as the consort of Emperor Juntoku. In 1226, she ordained as a Buddhist nun and received the Dharma name Seijōkan (清浄観). Children: *Second daughter: Imp ...

(?) (九条（藤原）立子) later Higashiichijō-in (東一条院), Kujo Yoshitsune’s daughter **Second daughter: Imperial Princess Taiko (諦子内親王; 1217-1243) later Gekgimon’in (明義門院) **Third son: Imperial Prince Kanenari (懐成親王) later Emperor Chūkyō *Lady-in-waiting: Toku-Naishi (督典侍), Fujiwara Norimitsu’s Daughter **Fourth son: Prince Hikonari (彦成王; 1219-1286) **Sixth son: Imperial Prince Yoshimune (善統親王; 1233-1317) *Consort: Fujiwara Noriko (藤原位子), Bomon Nobukiyo’s daughter ** First Daughter: Imperial Princess Jōko (穠子内親王; 1216-1279）later Eianmon’in（永安門院) *Consort: Fujiwara Kiyotaka’s Daughter ** First Son: Imperial Prince Priest Sonkaku (尊覚法親王; 1215-1264) ** Second Son: Imperial Prince Priest Kaku‘e (覚恵法親王; b.1217) ** Fifth son: Prince Iwakura no Miya Tadanari (岩倉宮忠成王; 1222-1279) * Consort: Saishō-no-Tsubone (宰相局), Priest’s daughter ** Son: Kangan Giin *Mother unknown: ** Daughter: Princess Yoshiko (慶子女王; 1225-1286） ** Daughter: Princess Tadako (忠子女王; 1232-1249） ** Son: Prince Chitose (千歳宮; 1237-1254）

Events of Juntoku's life

Morinari-shinnō became

Crown Prince A crown prince or hereditary prince is the heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy. The female form of the title is crown princess, which may refer either to an heiress apparent or, especially in earlier times, to the w ...

in 1200. He was elevated to the throne after

pressured Emperor Tsuchimikado into abdicating. * 1210 ('' Jōgen 1, 25th day of the 11th month''): In the 12th year of Tsuchimikado''-tennō''s reign (土御門天皇十二年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (‘‘senso’’) was received by his younger brother, the second son of the former-Emperor Go-Toba. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Juntoku is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’). In actuality, Emperor Go-Toba wielded effective power as a

cloistered emperor A is the term for a Japanese emperor who had abdicated and entered the Buddhist monastic community by receiving the '' Pravrajya'' rite. The term can also be shortened to . Cloistered emperors sometimes acted as ''Daijō Tennō'' (retired emperor ...

during the years of Juntoku's reign. In 1221, he was forced to abdicate because of his participation in Go-Toba's unsuccessful attempt to displace the

Kamakura bakufu The was the feudal military government of Japan during the Kamakura period from 1185 to 1333.Louis-Frédéric, Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Kamakura-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 459. The Kamakura shogunate was established b ...

with re-asserted Imperial power. This political and military struggle was called the Jōkyū War or the Jōkyū Incident (''Jōkyū-no ran''). JuntokuGotobaTennoRyo

After the ''Jōkyū-no ran'', Juntoku was sent into exile on

Sado Island is a city located on in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Since 2004, the city has comprised the entire island, although not all of its total area is urbanized. Sado is the sixth largest island of Japan in area following the four main islands and Ok ...

(佐渡島 or 佐渡ヶ島, both ''Sadogashima''), where he remained until his death in 1242.Bornoff, Nicholas. (2005). ''National Geographic Traveler Japan,'' p. 193. This emperor is known posthumously as Sado-no In (佐渡院) because his last years were spent at Sado. He was buried in a mausoleum, the

Mano Goryo Mano may refer to: People * Mano people, an ethnic group in Liberia * Mano (name), a list of people with either the given name or surname * Mano (Mozambican footballer) (born 1984), real name Celso Halilo de Abdul * Mano (Portuguese footballer) (b ...

, on Sado's west coast. Juntoku's official Imperial tomb (''misasagi'') is in Kyoto. Juntoku was tutored in poetry by

Fujiwara no Sadaie , better-known as Fujiwara no Teika"Sadaie" and "Teika" are both possible readings of ; "...there is the further problem, the rendition of the name in romanized form. Teika probably referred to himself as Sadaie, and his father probably called ...

, who was also known as Teika. One of the emperor's poems was selected for inclusion in what became a well-known anthology, the

Ogura Hyakunin Isshu is a classical Japanese anthology of one hundred Japanese ''waka'' by one hundred poets. ''Hyakunin isshu'' can be translated to "one hundred people, one poem ach; it can also refer to the card game of ''uta-garuta'', which uses a deck compos ...

. This literary legacy in Teika's collection of poems has accorded Juntoku a continuing popular prominence beyond the scope of his other lifetime achievements. The poets and poems of the Hyakunin isshu form the basis for a card game ('' uta karuta'') which is still widely played today.

''Kugyō''

''Kugyō'' (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the

Emperor of Japan The Emperor of Japan is the monarch and the head of the Imperial Family of Japan. Under the Constitution of Japan, he is defined as the symbol of the Japanese state and the unity of the Japanese people, and his position is derived from "the ...

in pre- Meiji eras. In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During juntoku's reign, this apex of the ''

Daijō-kan The , also known as the Great Council of State, was (i) (''Daijō-kan'') the highest organ of Japan's premodern Imperial government under the Ritsuryō legal system during and after the Nara period or (ii) (''Dajō-kan'') the highest organ of J ...

'' included: * '' Kampaku'', Konoe Iezane, d. 1242. * ''

Sadaijin The ''Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary'', Kenkyusha Limited, was a government position in Japan in the late Nara and Heian periods. The position was consolidated in the Taihō Code of 702. The Asuka Kiyomihara Code of 689 marks the in ...

'' * ''

Udaijin was a government position in Japan in the late Nara and Heian periods. The position was consolidated in the Taihō Code of 702. The Asuka Kiyomihara Code of 689 marks the initial appearance of the ''udaijin'' in the context of a central administ ...

'' * '' Nadaijin'' * ''

Dainagon was a counselor of the first rank in the Imperial court of Japan. The role dates from the 7th century. This advisory position remained a part of the Imperial court from the 8th century until the Meiji period in the 19th century.Nussbaum, "Dainag ...

Eras of Juntoku's reign

The years of Juntoku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one

era name A regnal year is a year of the reign of a sovereign, from the Latin ''regnum'' meaning kingdom, rule. Regnal years considered the date as an ordinal, not a cardinal number. For example, a monarch could have a first year of rule, a second year of ...

or ''

nengō The , also known as , is the first of the two elements that identify years in the Japanese era calendar scheme. The second element is a number which indicates the year number within the era (with the first year being ""), followed by the literal ...

''.Titsingh, p. 230; Brown, p. 341. * '' Jōgen'' (1207–1211) * ''

Kenryaku was a after '' Jōgen'' and before '' Kempo.'' This period spanned the years from March 1211 through December 1213. The reigning emperor was . Change of era * 1211 : The new era name was created because the previous era ended and a new one co ...

'' (1211–1213) * '' Kempō'' (1213–1219) * ''

Jōkyū , also called Shōkyū, was a Japanese era name (年号, ''nengō'', lit. year name) after '' Kempō'' and before '' Jōō.'' This period spanned the years from April 1219 through April 1222.Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Jōkyū''" i '' ...

'' (1219–1222)

Ancestry

Notes

References

* Bornoff, Nicholas. (2005). ''National Geographic Traveler Japan.'' Washington, D.C.:

National Geographic Society The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, is one of the largest non-profit scientific and educational organizations in the world. Founded in 1888, its interests include geography, archaeology, ...

. * Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Jien,_c._1220.html"_;"title="Jien.html"_;"title="Jien">Jien,_c._1220">Jien.html"_;"title="Jien">Jien,_c._1220_''Gukanshō.html" ;"title="Jien">Jien,_c._1220.html" ;"title="Jien.html" ;"title="Jien">Jien, c. 1220">Jien.html" ;"title="Jien">Jien, c. 1220 ''Gukanshō">Jien">Jien,_c._1220.html" ;"title="Jien.html" ;"title="Jien">Jien, c. 1220">Jien.html" ;"title="Jien">Jien, c. 1220 ''Gukanshō
The Future and the Past, a translation and study of the Gukanshō, an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219
.'' Berkeley: University of California Press. * Mostow, Joshua S., ed. (1996). ''Pictures of the Heart: The Hyakunin Isshu in Word and Image.'' Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. * Richard Ponsonby-Fane, Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959)
''The Imperial House of Japan.''
Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society
OCLC 194887
* Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). iyun-sai_Rin-siyo/Hayashi_Gahō,_1652.html" ;"title="Hayashi_Gahō.html" ;"title="iyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō">iyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652">Hayashi_Gahō.html" ;"title="iyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō">iyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652 ''Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou
Annales des empereurs du Japon.''
Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. * Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). Kitabatake_Chikafusa,_1359.html" ;"title="Kitabatake_Chikafusa.html" ;"title="Kitabatake Chikafusa">Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1359">Kitabatake_Chikafusa.html" ;"title="Kitabatake Chikafusa">Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1359 ''Jinnō Shōtōki'' (
A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki
'' New York:

Columbia University Press Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University. It is currently directed by Jennifer Crewe (2014–present) and publishes titles in the humanities and sciences, including the fie ...

. {{DEFAULTSORT:Juntoku Japanese emperors 1197 births 1242 deaths Emperor Juntoku Emperor Juntoku Emperor Juntoku 12th-century Japanese people 13th-century Japanese monarchs Hyakunin Isshu poets Deified Japanese people