The extensor medii proprius (so called the ''extensor digiti medii'') is a rare anatomical variant in the extensor compartment of the

forearm The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. The term forearm is used in anatomy to distinguish it from the arm, a word which is most often used to describe the entire appendage of the upper limb, but which in anat ...

. The aberrant muscle is analogous to the

extensor indicis In human anatomy, the extensor indicis roprius'' is a narrow, elongated skeletal muscle in the deep layer of the dorsal forearm, placed medial to, and parallel with, the extensor pollicis longus. Its tendon goes to the index finger, which it ex ...

with the insertion being the middle finger instead of the index finger.

Structure

The extensor medii proprius originates from the distal third of

ulna The ulna (''pl''. ulnae or ulnas) is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm. That is, the ulna is on the same side of t ...

near the

and the adjacent

interosseous membrane An interosseous membrane is a thick dense fibrous sheet of connective tissue that spans the space between two bones, forming a type of syndesmosis joint. Interosseous membranes in the human body: * Interosseous membrane of forearm * Interosseous ...

. It passes through the fourth extensor compartment along with the

and the

extensor digitorum The extensor digitorum muscle (also known as extensor digitorum communis) is a muscle of the posterior forearm present in humans and other animals. It extends the medial four digits of the hand. Extensor digitorum is innervated by the posterior int ...

. It inserts to the

extensor expansion An extensor expansion (extensor hood, dorsal expansion, dorsal hood, dorsal aponeurosis) is the special connective attachments by which the extensor tendons insert into the phalanges. These flattened tendons (aponeurosis) of extensor muscles spa ...

of the middle finger usually on the ulnar side of the tendon of the

of the middle finger, though, insertion deep to the extensor digirorum tendon was seen. Insertion to the

fibrous tissue Fiber or fibre (from la, fibra, links=no) is a natural or artificial substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate ...

proximal to the

metacarpophalangeal The metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) are situated between the metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanges of the fingers. These joints are of the condyloid kind, formed by the reception of the rounded heads of the metacarpal bones into shallow cav ...

joint of the middle finger was also reported.

Prevalence

The reported incidence of the extensor medii proprius in cadaveric dissections ranges from 0% to 12%. Meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of this muscle was significantly higher in North American and Japanese populations than European and Indian populations.

Function

The extensor medii proprius extends the middle finger. The presence of this anomalous muscle results in a more independent movement of the middle finger.

Clinical significance

The extensor medii proprius is unlikely to cause

symptoms Signs and symptoms are the observed or detectable signs, and experienced symptoms of an disease, illness, injury, or condition. A sign for example may be a higher or lower temperature than normal, raised or lowered blood pressure or an abnormali ...

. However, awareness of this anomalous muscle may help physicians for identification and for proper planning of surgery.

Additional Images

References

External links

* {{Use dmy dates, date=April 2017 Muscles of the upper limb Anatomical variations