computing Computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and development of both hardware and software. Computing has scientific, e ...

, the term Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL) is used to refer to a family of languages used to transform and render

XML Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language and file format for storing, transmitting, and reconstructing arbitrary data. It defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable ...

documents. Historically, the

W3C The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web. Founded in 1994 and led by Tim Berners-Lee, the consortium is made up of member organizations that maintain full-time staff working to ...

XSL Working Group produced a draft specification under the name "XSL," which eventually split into three parts: # XSL Transformation (

XSLT XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) is a language originally designed for transforming XML documents into other XML documents, or other formats such as HTML for web pages, plain text or XSL Formatting Objects, which may subseque ...

): an

language for transforming XML documents # XSL Formatting Objects (

XSL-FO XSL-FO (XSL Formatting Objects) is a markup language for XML document formatting that is most often used to generate PDF files. XSL-FO is part of XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language), a set of W3C technologies designed for the transformation and ...

): an

language for specifying the visual formatting of an XML document # XML Path Language (

XPath XPath (XML Path Language) is an expression language designed to support the query or transformation of XML documents. It was defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and can be used to compute values (e.g., strings, numbers, or Boolean v ...

): a non-XML language used by XSLT, and also available for use in non-XSLT contexts, for addressing the parts of an XML document. As a result, the term "XSL" is now used with a number of different meanings: * Sometimes it refers to

: this usage is best avoided. However, "xsl" is used both as the conventional namespace prefix for the XSLT namespace, and as the conventional filename suffix for files containing XSLT stylesheet modules * Sometimes it refers to

: this usage can be justified by the fact that the XSL-FO specification carries the title ''Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)''; however, the term XSL-FO is less likely to be misunderstood * Sometimes it refers to both languages considered together, or to the working group that develops both languages * Sometimes, especially in the Microsoft world, it refers to a now-obsolete variant of XSLT developed and shipped by Microsoft as part of

MSXML Microsoft XML Core Services (MSXML) are set of services that allow applications written in JScript, VBScript, and Microsoft development tools to build Windows-native XML-based applications. It supports XML 1.0, DOM, SAX, an XSLT 1.0 processor, ...

before the W3C specification was finalized This article is concerned with the various usages of the term "XSL": for details of the various languages embraced by the term, see the relevant article.

History

XSL began as an attempt to bring the functionality of

DSSSL The Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL) is an international standard developed to provide stylesheets for SGML documents. DSSSL consists of two parts: a tree transformation process that can be used to manipulate the tree ...

, particularly in the area of print and high-end

typesetting Typesetting is the composition of text by means of arranging physical ''type'' (or ''sort'') in mechanical systems or ''glyphs'' in digital systems representing ''characters'' (letters and other symbols).Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random Ho ...

, to XML. In response to a submission from Arbortext, Inso, and Microsoft, a W3C

working group A working group, or working party, is a group of experts working together to achieve specified goals. The groups are domain-specific and focus on discussion or activity around a specific subject area. The term can sometimes refer to an interdis ...

on ''XSL'' started operating in December 1997, with Sharon Adler and Steve Zilles as co-chairs, with James Clark acting as editor (and unofficially as chief designer), and Chris Lilley as the W3C staff contact. The group released a first public Working Draft on 18 August 1998. XSLT and XPath became W3C Recommendations on 16 November 1999 and XSL-FO reached Recommendation status on 15 October 2001.

The XSL family

XSL Transformations

XSL Transformations (XSLT) has many implementations available. Several

web browser A web browser is application software for accessing websites. When a user requests a web page from a particular website, the browser retrieves its files from a web server and then displays the page on the user's screen. Browsers are used on ...

s, including

Internet Explorer Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a series of graphical user interface, graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft which was used in the Microsoft Wind ...

(using the

engine),

Opera Opera is a form of theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically a collaboration between a composer and a librett ...

(native engine) and

Safari A safari (; ) is an overland journey to observe wild animals, especially in eastern or southern Africa. The so-called "Big Five" game animals of Africa – lion, leopard, rhinoceros, elephant, and Cape buffalo – particularly form an importa ...

, all support transformation of XML to HTML (or other languages) through XSLT. Other notable implementations include

Saxon The Saxons ( la, Saxones, german: Sachsen, ang, Seaxan, osx, Sahson, nds, Sassen, nl, Saksen) were a group of Germanic * * * * peoples whose name was given in the early Middle Ages to a large country (Old Saxony, la, Saxonia) near the Nor ...

and

Xalan Xalan is a popular open source software library from the Apache Software Foundation, that implements the XSLT 1.0 XML transformation language and the XPath 1.0 language. The Xalan XSLT processor is available for both the Java and C++ programming ...

. Support in

Firefox Mozilla Firefox, or simply Firefox, is a free and open-source web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation. It uses the Gecko rendering engine to display web pages, which implements current and ...

Mozilla Mozilla (stylized as moz://a) is a free software community founded in 1998 by members of Netscape. The Mozilla community uses, develops, spreads and supports Mozilla products, thereby promoting exclusively free software and open standards, wi ...

, and

Netscape Netscape Communications Corporation (originally Mosaic Communications Corporation) was an American independent computer services company with headquarters in Mountain View, California and then Dulles, Virginia. Its Netscape web browser was onc ...

(all using the TransforMiiX engine) is incomplete. Support of disable-output-escaping does not work which is why HTML Fragments are not rendered properly. This bug is known since 2001 https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=98168 .

XSL Formatting Objects

Support for XSL Formatting Objects is available in a number of products: * the XEP package from

RenderX RenderX, Inc is a commercial software development company that provides standards-based software products, used for typeset-quality electronic and print output of business content. RenderX develops products that convert XML content into printable ...

has near 100% support for XSL-FO 1.0 * XSLFormatter from Antenna House also has near 100% support for the XSL-FO 1.0 specification and has 100% support for all new features within the XSL-FO 1.1 specification * XINC from Lunasil has a great amount of support for the XSL-FO 1.0 specification *

FOP Fop is a pejorative term for a foolish man. FOP or fop may also refer to: Science and technology * Feature-oriented positioning, in scanning microscopy * Feature-oriented programming, in computer science, software product lines * Fibrodysplasia ...

from the

Apache The Apache () are a group of culturally related Native American tribes in the Southwestern United States, which include the Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Mescalero, Mimbreño, Ndendahe (Bedonkohe or Mogollon and Nednhi or Carrizaleño an ...

project can render a portion of the XSL formatting objects 1.0 specification to

PDF Portable Document Format (PDF), standardized as ISO 32000, is a file format developed by Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. ...

* XML2PDF Formatting Engine Server from AltSoft has near 100% support for the XSL-FO 1.1 These products support output in a number of

file format A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. It specifies how bits are used to encode information in a digital storage medium. File formats may be either proprietary or free. Some file formats ...

s, to varying degrees: *

Portable Document Format Portable Document Format (PDF), standardized as ISO 32000, is a file format developed by Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. ...

PostScript PostScript (PS) is a page description language in the electronic publishing and desktop publishing realm. It is a dynamically typed, concatenative programming language. It was created at Adobe Systems by John Warnock, Charles Geschke, Doug Br ...

* SVG * MIF * PCL *

text file A text file (sometimes spelled textfile; an old alternative name is flatfile) is a kind of computer file that is structured as a sequence of lines of electronic text. A text file exists stored as data within a computer file system. In operating ...

XPath

XML Path Language (

), itself part of the XSL family, functions within

as a means of navigating an XML document. Another

project,

XQuery XQuery (XML Query) is a query and functional programming language that queries and transforms collections of structured and unstructured data, usually in the form of XML, text and with vendor-specific extensions for other data formats (JSON, bin ...

, aims to provide similar capabilities for querying XML documents using

References

External links

* * *
tutorial and reference of XSLT and XSL-FO

XML Focus Topics: CSS, XSL, XSL-FO

IBM XSL Formatting Objects Composer
{{Authority control World Wide Web Consortium standards Stylesheet languages Markup languages XML-based standards Computer-related introductions in 1998