Event Horizon Telescope

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a large telescope array consisting of a global network of radio telescopes. The EHT project combines data from several very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) stations around Earth, which form a combined array with an angular resolution sufficient to observe objects the size of a supermassive black hole's event horizon. The project's observational targets include the two black holes with the largest angular diameter as observed from Earth: the black hole at the center of the supergiant elliptical galaxy Messier 87 (M87*, pronounced "M87-Star"), and Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*, pronounced "Sagittarius A-Star") at the center of the Milky Way.

The Event Horizon Telescope project is an international collaboration that was launched in 2009 after a long period of theoretical and technical developments. On the theory side, work on the photon orbit and first simulations of what a black hole would look like progressed to predictions of VLBI imaging for the Galactic Center black hole, Sgr A*. Technical advances in radio observing moved from the first detection of Sgr A*, through VLBI at progressively shorter wavelengths, ultimately leading to detection of horizon scale structure in both Sgr A* and M87. The collaboration now comprises over 300 members, 60 institutions, working in over 20 countries and regions.

The first image of a black hole, at the center of galaxy Messier 87, was published by the EHT Collaboration on April 10, 2019, in a series of six scientific publications. The array made this observation at a wavelength of 1.3 mm and with a theoretical diffraction-limited resolution of . In March 2021, the Collaboration presented, for the first time, a polarized-based image of the black hole which may help better reveal the forces giving rise to quasars. Future plans involve improving the array's resolution by adding new telescopes and by taking shorter-wavelength observations. On 12 May 2022, astronomers unveiled the first image of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A*.

Telescope array

The EHT is composed of many radio observatories or radio-telescope facilities around the world, working together to produce a high-sensitivity, high-angular-resolution telescope. Through the technique of very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI), many independent radio antennas separated by hundreds or thousands of kilometres can act as a phased array, a virtual telescope which can be pointed electronically, with an effective aperture which is the diameter of the entire planet, substantially improving its angular resolution. The effort includes development and deployment of submillimeter dual polarization receivers, highly stable frequency standards to enable very-long-baseline interferometry at 230–450 GHz, higher-bandwidth VLBI backends and recorders, as well as commissioning of new submillimeter VLBI sites.

Each year since its first data capture in 2006, the EHT array has moved to add more observatories to its global network of radio telescopes. The first image of the Milky Way's supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, was expected to be produced from data taken in April 2017, but because there are no flights in or out of the South Pole during austral winter (April to October), the full data set could not be processed until December 2017, when the shipment of data from the South Pole Telescope arrived.

Data collected on hard drives are transported by commercial freight airplanes (a so-called sneakernet) from the various telescopes to the MIT Haystack Observatory and the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, where the data are cross-correlated and analyzed on a grid computer made from about 800 CPUs all connected through a network.

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, weather patterns, and celestial mechanics, the 2020 observational campaign was postponed to March 2021.

Messier 87*

The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration announced its first results in six simultaneous press conferences worldwide on April 10, 2019. The announcement featured the first direct image of a black hole, which showed the supermassive black hole at the center of Messier 87, designated M87*. The scientific results were presented in a series of six papers published in ''The Astrophysical Journal Letters''. Clockwise rotating black hole was observed in the 6σ region.Fabrizio Tamburini, Bo Thide´, Massimo Della Valle. Measurement of the spin of the M87 black hole from its observed twisted light.
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (2020): p. 1

The image provided a test for Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity under extreme conditions. Studies have previously tested general relativity by looking at the motions of stars and gas clouds near the edge of a black hole. However, an image of a black hole brings observations even closer to the event horizon. Relativity predicts a dark shadow-like region, caused by gravitational bending and capture of light, which matches the observed image. The published paper states: "Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a spinning Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity." Paul T.P. Ho, EHT Board member, said: "Once we were sure we had imaged the shadow, we could compare our observations to extensive computer models that include the physics of warped space, superheated matter, and strong magnetic fields. Many of the features of the observed image match our theoretical understanding surprisingly well."

The image also provided new measurements for the mass and diameter of M87*. EHT measured the black hole's mass to be and measured the diameter of its event horizon to be approximately , roughly 2.5 times smaller than the shadow that it casts, seen at the center of the image. Previous observations of M87 showed that the large-scale jet is inclined at an angle of 17° relative to the observer's line of sight and oriented on the plane of the sky at a position angle of −72°. From the enhanced brightness of the southern part of the ring due to relativistic beaming of approaching funnel wall jet emission, EHT concluded the black hole, which anchors the jet, spins clockwise, as seen from Earth. EHT simulations allow for both prograde and retrograde inner disk rotation with respect to the black hole, while excluding zero black hole spin using a conservative minimum jet power of 10⁴² erg/s via the Blandford–Znajek process.

Producing an image from data from an array of radio telescopes requires much mathematical work. Four independent teams created images to assess the reliability of the results. These methods included both an established algorithm in radio astronomy for image reconstruction known as CLEAN, invented by Jan Högbom, as well as self-calibrating image processing methodsSAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Seitz, Schneider, and Bartelmann (1998) Entropy-regularized maximum-likelihood cluster mass reconstruction
cites Narayan and Nityananda 1986. for astronomy such as the CHIRP algorithm created by Katherine Bouman and others. The algorithms that were ultimately used were a regularized maximum likelihood (RML)Narayan, Ramesh and Nityananda, Rajaram (1986) "Maximum entropy image restoration in astronomy" ''Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics'' Volume 24 (A87-26730 10–90). Palo Alto, CA, Annual Reviews, Inc.
p. 127–170. algorithm and the CLEAN algorithm.

In March 2020, astronomers proposed an improved way of seeing more of the rings in the first black hole image. In March 2021, a new photo was revealed, showing how the M87 black hole looks in polarised light. This is the first time astronomers have been able to measure polarisation so close to the edge of a black hole. The lines on the photo mark the orientation of polarisation, which is related to the magnetic field around the shadow of the black hole.

In August 2022, a team led by University of Waterloo researcher Avery Broderick released a "remaster d version of original image generated from the data collected by the EHT. This image "resolve a fundamental signature of gravity around a black hole," with it showing a displaying photon ring around M87*.The claim has been subsequently disputed

3C 279

In April 2020, the EHT released the first 20 microarcsecond resolution images of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 it observed in April 2017. These images, generated from observations over 4 nights in April 2017, reveal bright components of a jet whose projection on the observer plane exhibit apparent superluminal motions with speeds up to 20 c. Such apparent superluminal motion from relativistic emitters such as an approaching jet is explained by emission originating closer to the observer (downstream along the jet) catching up with emission originating further from the observer (at the jet base) as the jet propagates close to the speed of light at small angles to the line of sight.

Centaurus A

In July 2021, high resolution images of the jet produced by black hole sitting at the center of Centaurus A were released. With a mass around , the black hole is not big enough to observe its ring as with Messier M87*, but its jet extends even beyond its host galaxy while staying as a highly collimated beam which is a point of study. Edge-brightening of the jet was also observed which would exclude models of particle acceleration that are unable to reproduce this effect. The image was 16 times sharper than previous observations and utilized a 1.3 mm wavelength.

Sagittarius A*

On May 12, 2022, the EHT Collaboration revealed an image of Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy. The black hole is 27,000 light-years away from Earth; it is thousands of times smaller than M87*. Sera Markoff, Co-Chair of the EHT Science Council, said: "We have two completely different types of galaxies and two very different black hole masses, but close to the edge of these black holes they look amazingly similar. This tells us that General Relativity governs these objects up close, and any differences we see further away must be due to differences in the material that surrounds the black holes."

J1924-2914

In August 2022, the EHT together with Global Millimeter VLBI Array and the Very Long Baseline Array imaged the distant blazar J1924-2914. They operated at 230 GHz, 86 GHz and 2.3+8.7 GHz, respectively, the highest angular resolution images of polarized emission from a quasar ever obtained. Observations reveal a helically bent jet and the polarization of its emission suggest a toroidal magnetic field structure. The object is used as calibrator for Sagittarius A* sharing strong optical variability and polarization with it.

Collaborating institutes

The EHT Collaboration consists of 13 stakeholder institutes:
* the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics
* the University of Arizona
* the University of Chicago
* the East Asian Observatory
* Goethe University Frankfurt
* Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (part of the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian)
* Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique (IRAM, itself a collaboration between the French CNRS, the German Max Planck Society, and the Spanish Instituto Geográfico Nacional),
* Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano
* Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
* MIT Haystack Observatory
* National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
* Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
* Radboud University

Institutions affiliated with the EHT include:
* Aalto University
* Boston University
* Brandeis University
* California Institute of Technology
* Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
* Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics
* Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory
* Chinese Academy of Sciences
* Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología
* Cornell University, Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science
* European Research Council
* Google Research
* The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Department of Statistical Science / Department of Astronomical Science
* Hiroshima University, Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center
* Huazhong University of Science and Technology, School of Physics
* Institute of Statistical Mathematics
* Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
* Instituto Geográfico Nacional
* Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica
* Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) – Istituto di Radioastronomia, Italian ALMA Regional Centre
* Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli
* Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe
* Kogakuin University of Technology Engineering
* Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
* Leiden University, Leiden Observatory
* Los Alamos National Laboratory
* Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik
* Nanjing University, Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics / School of Astronomy and Space Science
* National Optical Astronomy Observatory
* National Radio Astronomy Observatory
* National Sun Yat-Sen University, Physics Department
* National Taiwan University, Department of Physics
* Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research
* Peking University, Department of Astronomy, School of Physics / Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics
* Rhodes University, Centre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics
* Seoul National University, Department of Physics and Astronomy
* Tohoku University, Astronomy Institute / Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences
* Universidad de Concepción, Astronomy Department
* Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Astronomía / Instituto de Radioastronomía y Astrofísica
* Universitat de València, Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica / Observatori Astronòmic
* University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory
* University of Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Institute & GRAPPA
* University of Arizona
* University of California Berkeley
* University of California Santa Barbara
* University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Astronomy and Space Sciences
* University of Illinois, Department of Astronomy / Department of Physics
* University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Astronomy
* University of Pretoria, Department of Physics
* University of Science and Technology
* University of Science and Technology of China, Astronomy Department
* University of St. Petersburg, Astronomy Institute
* University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Science, Department of Astronomy / Kavli Institute for Physics & Mathematics of the Universe
* University of Toronto, Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics
* University of Waterloo, Waterloo Center for Astrophysics / Department of Physics and Astronomy
* Yonsei University, Department of Astronomy

References

External links

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EHT "Ask Me Anything" (AMA) serie
on reddit

The Next Generation Event Horizon Telescope

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Interferometric telescopes