Evan O'Neill Kane (April 6, 1861 – April 1, 1932) was an American

physician A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), medical doctor, or simply doctor, is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through th ...

and surgeon from the 1880s to the early 1930s who served as chief of surgery at Kane Summit Hospital in

Kane, Pennsylvania Kane is a borough in McKean County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, east by southeast of Erie. It was founded in 1864 by Civil War General Thomas L. Kane of the famous Bucktail Regiment at an elevated site 2210 feet (674 m) above sea level. ...

. He was a significant contributor in his day to

railway surgery Railway surgery was a branch of medical practice that flourished in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It concerned itself with the medical requirements of railway companies. Depending on country, it included some or all of: general practice fo ...

; that is, the medical and managerial practices directed toward occupational health and accident-related

trauma surgery Trauma surgery is a surgical specialty that utilizes both operative and non-operative management to treat traumatic injuries, typically in an acute setting. Trauma surgeons generally complete residency training in general surgery and often fe ...

for railroad workers. Kane was also a well published contributor of innovations in surgical procedures and equipment, including asbestos bandages, mica windows for brain surgery, and multiple site

hypodermoclysis Subcutaneous administration is the insertion of medications beneath the skin either by injection or infusion. A subcutaneous injection is administered as a bolus into the subcutis, the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis, ...

. Kane was convinced that particular surgeries need not involve

general anesthesia General anaesthesia (UK) or general anesthesia (US) is a medically induced loss of consciousness that renders the patient unarousable even with painful stimuli. This effect is achieved by administering either intravenous or inhalational general ...

. He is most well known, both in his own time and today, for demonstrating this by performing self-surgery in 1921 to remove his own appendix under

local anesthetic A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of pain sensation. In the context of surgery, a local anesthetic creates an absence of pain in a specific location of the body without a loss of consciousness, as opposed to a general a ...

. In 1932 at age 70, he very publicly again performed self-surgery to repair a

hernia A hernia is the abnormal exit of tissue or an organ, such as the bowel, through the wall of the cavity in which it normally resides. Various types of hernias can occur, most commonly involving the abdomen, and specifically the groin. Groin herni ...

. Some of Kane’s practices were idiosyncratic. For instance, he left a small inked, coded signature beside the incisions of some of his surgical patients. He also proposed

tattoo A tattoo is a form of body modification made by inserting tattoo ink, dyes, and/or pigments, either indelible or temporary, into the dermis layer of the skin to form a design. Tattoo artists create these designs using several tattooing ...

ing mothers and newborn babies with matching marks to avoid accidental mix ups. Kane was a member of a notable Pennsylvania family that included several physicians (including his mother) that had earlier given its name to both their community and his primary hospital of practice; their family home, Anoatok, is now on the

National Register of Historic Places The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the United States federal government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects deemed worthy of preservation for their historical significance or "great artistic ...

. Kane was also in the public eye in 1931 when he testified at the sensational trial of his son, Elisha Kent Kane III, a college professor, who was acquitted of murder in

Elizabeth City County, Virginia Elizabeth City County was a county in southeastern Virginia from 1634 until 1952 when it was merged into the city of Hampton. Originally created in 1634 as Elizabeth River Shire, it was one of eight shires created in the Virginia Colony by order ...

after the drowning death of his wife during their trip to a Back River Light beach.

Family and home

Kane's father was the

American Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), the latter formed by states ...

Major General Thomas L. Kane, who was also the founder of the town

and a prominent

abolitionist Abolitionism, or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery. In Western Europe and the Americas, abolitionism was a historic movement that sought to end the Atlantic slave trade and liberate the enslaved people. The British ...

. Thomas L. Kane also played a role in preventing war with the Mormons through his friendship with

Brigham Young Brigham Young (; June 1, 1801August 29, 1877) was an American religious leader and politician. He was the second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from 1847 until his death in 1877. During his time as ch ...

. Kane's mother, Elizabeth Denniston Wood Kane, was a practicing physician (until 1909) as was his brother, William (also called Thomas L. Kane Jr., b. 1863), and his sister, Harriet Amelia (1855–1896). Kane also had an elder brother, Elisha Kent Kane (b. 1856), an engineering graduate from

Princeton Princeton University is a private research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the ni ...

. Kane married his first wife Blanche Rupert on May 28, 1893, but she died less than a year later, two weeks after giving birth to their son Elisha Kent Kane (b. March 18, 1894). He then married Lila Rupert on June 1, 1897. He had a further six children with Lila: * William Wood Kane (b. May 7, 1898) * Blanche Rupert Kane (b. August 9, 1899) * Bernard Evan Kane (b. February 18, 1902) * Thomas Leiper Kane (b. August 3, 1903) * Twins Robert Livingston Kane and Schuyler Kane (b. August 29, 1904). Kane's son, Elisha Kent Kane, was head of the

Romance language The Romance languages, sometimes referred to as Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages, are the various modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European language f ...

department at the

University of Tennessee The University of Tennessee (officially The University of Tennessee, Knoxville; or UT Knoxville; UTK; or UT) is a public land-grant research university in Knoxville, Tennessee. Founded in 1794, two years before Tennessee became the 16th state ...

. Elisha was charged with murdering his wife, Jenny G. Kane (1898–1931) by drowning, at a beach on

Chesapeake Bay The Chesapeake Bay ( ) is the largest estuary in the United States. The Bay is located in the Mid-Atlantic region and is primarily separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Delmarva Peninsula (including the parts: the Eastern Shore of Maryland / ...

. The trial was a sensation at the time: crowds of people gathered outside the courthouse, unable to find room inside. Evan Kane was instrumental in obtaining his son's acquittal by presenting medical evidence at his trial. He established that Jenny had a heart condition that contributed to her drowning. Elisha resigned his position with the university after his trial.Dr. Evan Kane dies of pneumonia at 71"
''The New York Times'', p. 23, April 2, 1932. A book by Ann Davis, a local historian, gives a fictionalized account of these events. Kane's son Thomas Leiper Kane was the father of

Evan O'Neill Kane (physicist) Evan O'Neill Kane (December 23, 1924 – March 23, 2006), known as E. O. Kane in his publications, was an American physicist who established some of the basic understanding of the theory of semiconductors that are now used in consumer and other ...

, who was prominent in the development of the band theory of semiconductors, which are now the basic building blocks of modern electronics. The arctic explorer

Elisha Kent Kane Elisha Kent Kane (February 3, 1820 – February 16, 1857) was a United States Navy medical officer and Arctic explorer. He served as assistant surgeon during Caleb Cushing's journey to China to negotiate the Treaty of Wangxia and in the Af ...

is related (he is Evan Kane's uncle), but is a different person from both Evan Kane's son and his brother of the same name. Kane lived in the family home Anoatok, which is now listed on the

. Anoatok was built by Kane's mother to house herself, Evan O'Neill Kane and another son, Thomas L. Kane, and their families after the original family home burned down in 1896. The architect was

Walter Cope Sir Walter Cope ( – 30 July 1614) of Cope Castle in the parish of Kensington, Middlesex, England, was Master of the Court of Wards, Chamberlain of the Exchequer, public Registrar-General of Commerce and a Member of Parliament for Westminst ...

who had married into the Kane family – to a cousin of Major General Kane. The name ''Anoatok'', an Eskimo word, honours Elisha Kent Kane the arctic explorer. Elizabeth died in 1909 and Thomas moved his family out in 1910 into a new home also designed by Walter Cope, leaving Evan O'Neill Kane and his family as the sole occupants. Anoatok remained Kane's home and office until his death.Richard F. Bly
"Anoatek/Kane Manor Inn nomination form"
''National Register of Historic Places'', 19 August 1985. Kane died of

pneumonia Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as alveoli. Symptoms typically include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. The severi ...

at the age of 70 in 1932, shortly after the trial of his son and just a few months after his major

operation.

Kane Summit Hospital

In 1887, Elizabeth Kane together with two of her sons, Evan and William, founded the Woodside Cottage Hospital in Kane. The concept of a

cottage hospital A cottage hospital is a semi-obsolete type of small hospital, most commonly found in the United Kingdom. The original concept was a small rural building having several beds.The Cottage Hospitals 1859–1990, Dr. Meyrick Emrys-Roberts, Tern Publicati ...

originated with Major General Kane, who thought that wounds healed better "in the Kane air", but he died in 1883, some years before Elizabeth founded the hospital. Around 1892 the hospital, together with its patients, was moved to a larger site, built on land donated by Elizabeth Kane, and was thereafter known as Kane Summit Hospital. Evan graduated from

Jefferson Medical College Thomas Jefferson University is a private research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Established in its earliest form in 1824, the university officially combined with Philadelphia University in 2017. To signify its heritage, the unive ...

, Philadelphia in 1884. He practiced as a physician in Kane and later became chief surgeon of the Kane Summit Hospital, a position he held at the time of his own appendectomy operation. He died at his own hospital in 1932. The facility ceased work as a hospital in 1970, but the building is still used by Kane Community Hospital for administration.Kane Community Hospital, "History"
, retrieved 17 July 2009
archived 12 October 2010
Kane Summit Hospital, as a

public hospital A public hospital, or government hospital, is a hospital which is government owned and is fully funded by the government and operates solely off the money that is collected from taxpayers to fund healthcare initiatives. In some countries, this typ ...

, received charitable

grants Grant or Grants may refer to: Places * Grant County (disambiguation) Australia * Grant, Queensland, a locality in the Barcaldine Region, Queensland, Australia United Kingdom *Castle Grant United States * Grant, Alabama *Grant, Inyo County, ...

from the

State of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (; (Pennsylvania Dutch: )), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, Mar ...

. The tight family control of the hospital led to complaints from local physicians, who claimed that they were not able to freely use the hospital. Patients were admitted on condition that Evan O'Neill Kane, as the chief surgeon, had the final say in their treatment. The complaining physicians felt that they alone should be the judge of the proper treatment of their own patients and found this condition unacceptable. In February 1908, formal complaints to the Pennsylvania Board of Charity Commissioners resulted in an investigation. The complainants were requesting that the Hospital grant should be withdrawn so this was a serious matter for the hospital, but both Evan and his assistant Thomas L. Kane were away in Florida at the time. Answering the charges fell to their brother Elisha Kent Kane, who was on the board of management of the hospital, but not the medical staff, and the hospital superintendent Dr. M. J. Hays. The hospital admission rules were changed as a result of the investigation. The commissioners found that the Kanes were not using their position to make unacceptable profits from the hospital; on the contrary, they had made large donations, but recommended that stock holding in the hospital should be more broadly extended outside the Kane family. The commissioners also requested that the private practice offices of Evan and Thomas Kane be moved outside the hospital. Although the furnishing of these offices were paid for by the occupants, the cost of fuel, water and lighting was borne by the hospital.

Railway surgery

Kane was a railway surgeon for five different railroads. In Kane's time,

was markedly different from surgery in a hospital and was considered to be its own field. Surgeons frequently needed to operate at great distances from a proper hospital facility, often in dirty and unsanitary conditions, and operations were performed with only basic equipment and materials.

Industrial accidents A work accident, workplace accident, occupational accident, or accident at work is a "discrete occurrence in the course of work" leading to physical or mental occupational injury. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), more tha ...

on the railways resulted in many crushing injuries. A large proportion of the estimated 1,000 operations Kane performed in the three years from 1898 to 1900 were treatment for accidents on the railways, many of which were laparotomies. Several of Kane's medical innovations were intended to be aids to the surgeon in the field, and clearly inspired by his work as a railway surgeon.J. W. Grosvenor
"The soldier as a total abstainer from alcohol"
''Bulletin of the American Academy of Medicine'', vol.7, no.5, pp. 353–369, October 1907.

Innovations and inventions

Kane played music with a phonograph in the

operating theatre An operating theater (also known as an operating room (OR), operating suite, or operation suite) is a facility within a hospital where surgical operations are carried out in an aseptic environment. Historically, the term "operating theater" refe ...

prior to anaesthetizing the patient, believing it had a calming effect on his patients more effective than conversation (as the surgeon was often distracted and conversations with assistants often dwindled), thus making Kane responsible for one of the first uses of music as a medical therapy. Studies have since shown that music can help reduce pain following an operation, and consequently also reduces the need for pain-killing drugs. Kane invented an improvement to the Murphy button, a device then commonly used for intestinal anastomosis, but now usually done with a surgical stapler. Kane was seeking a device with a larger aperture and less possibility of blockage after losing a patient to whom he had fitted a Murphy button. Kane presented a paper to the American Academy of Railway Surgeons in 1900 addressing the difficulty of administering

intravenous infusion Intravenous therapy (abbreviated as IV therapy) is a medical technique that administers fluids, medications and nutrients directly into a person's vein. The intravenous route of administration is commonly used for rehydration or to provide nutrie ...

s in the field. Kane lists among the difficulties the unsterilized conditions and the tendency of veins to

collapse Collapse or its variants may refer to: Concepts * Collapse (structural) * Collapse (topology), a mathematical concept * Collapsing manifold * Collapse, the action of collapsing or telescoping objects * Collapsing user interface elements ** ...

following

haemorrhage Bleeding, hemorrhage, haemorrhage or blood loss, is blood escaping from the circulatory system from damaged blood vessels. Bleeding can occur internally, or externally either through a natural opening such as the mouth, nose, ear, urethra, v ...

. Kane's solution was a device which could administer multiple instances of hypodermoclyses simultaneously. Kane's device could have up to ten needles, but Kane never used this many, as four were normally sufficient. Normal hypodermoclysis would be too slow in emergency conditions, but Kane's invention speeded up the rate of fluid replacement many times. Kane's device was subsequently criticised for its use of an unsealed rubber bulb by Edwin Hasbrouck, who proposed an alternative improved design. Administering hypodermoclysis at two sites for faster fluid uptake is a technique still in use today.Menahem Sasson, Pesach Shvartzman
"Hypodermoclysis: an alternative infusion technique"
64, pp. 1575–1579, 1 November 2001, Kane had some novel ideas on materials for use in surgery. Influenced by his work in railway surgery, he was particularly concerned with materials that were good for use in the field and sometimes advocated the use of supplies that could be obtained locally from hardware stores and similar suppliers. He made his own bandages from woven asbestos, a material readily available at the time. Sterilising dressings, and keeping them sterilised, was a problem in the field. Unlike modern dressings—which are supplied in sealed, sterile packs—the dressings of the time had to be sterilised immediately before use. In an emergency situation there may be little time to do this. The use of fire-proof bandages allowed them to be sterilised quickly in an open fire. In 1924, Kane proposed the use of mica to repair head wounds that had exposed and damaged the brain. He cited among the advantages of this that it provided a window for the physician to observe the damage and that in an emergency in the field, mica could be obtained by removing it from a stove window, an application for which it was commonly used at the time. Another of Kane's innovations for use in the field was an

acetylene lamp Acetylene (systematic name: ethyne) is the chemical compound with the formula and structure . It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne. This colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in its pure ...

worn on the head by the surgeon. This was intended for operations carried out in the field at night. Kane says it was particularly useful for illuminating the abdominal cavity. Kane advocated, and practiced,

ing newborn infants (in an inconspicuous place) with an identifying mark matching an identical tattoo on the mother. Kane was aware of cases where claims had been made of babies being mixed up and wished to avoid any possibility of this occurring in his hospital. In Kane's view, complex

clerical Clerical may refer to: * Pertaining to the clergy * Pertaining to a clerical worker * Clerical script, a style of Chinese calligraphy * Clerical People's Party See also * Cleric (disambiguation) Cleric is a member of the clergy. Cleric may a ...

systems designed to prevent errors that might be implemented in a large hospital were impracticable in a small hospital because the administrative staff to run it were simply not available. Kane also argued that it was impossible to positively prove that a mistake had not been made with a purely clerical system.

Self-surgery

Kane had a history of operating on himself. In 1919 he self-

amputated Amputation is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on indiv ...

one of his own fingers that had become infected. But it was the operation of removing his own appendix under

local anaesthetic A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of pain sensation. In the context of surgery, a local anesthetic creates an absence of pain in a specific location of the body without a loss of consciousness, as opposed to a general ...

, performed on 15 February 1921 at the age of 60, which brought him wider media attention. He is believed to have been the first to have undertaken this self-operation. Kane did this, in part, to experience the procedure from the patient's perspective. He had in mind using

local anaesthesia Local anesthesia is any technique to induce the absence of sensation in a specific part of the body, generally for the aim of inducing local analgesia, that is, local insensitivity to pain, although other local senses may be affected as well. It ...

in future on patients with medical conditions that prevented a

general anaesthetic General anaesthetics (or anesthetics, see spelling differences) are often defined as compounds that induce a loss of consciousness in humans or loss of righting reflex in animals. Clinical definitions are also extended to include an induced com ...

being administered, and wanted to ensure that the procedure could be tolerated by the patient. Kane believed

ether In organic chemistry, ethers are a class of compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. They have the general formula , where R and R′ represent the alkyl or aryl groups. Ethers can again be ...

(the usual general anaesthetic of the time) was used too often and was more dangerous than local anaesthetics. The anaesthetic used by Kane was

novocaine Procaine is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. It is most commonly used in dental procedures to numb the area around a tooth and is also used to reduce the pain of intramuscular injection of penicillin. Owing to the ubiquity of ...

, a fairly recent replacement for the more dangerous

cocaine Cocaine (from , from , ultimately from Quechua: ''kúka'') is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant mainly used recreationally for its euphoric effects. It is primarily obtained from the leaves of two Coca species native to South Ameri ...

. Kane performed the operation, which he had carried out nearly 4,000 times on others, with the aid of mirrors that enabled him to see the work area. At this time the operation was rather more major than today, as the incision to remove an appendix was much larger than that needed for modern

keyhole surgery Laparoscopy () is an operation performed in the abdomen or pelvis using small incisions (usually 0.5–1.5 cm) with the aid of a camera. The laparoscope aids diagnosis or therapeutic interventions with a few small cuts in the abdomen.Medl ...

techniques. Nevertheless, Kane was well enough to be taken home the following day.Frederic Damrau
"Safe pain killing drugs bring new era in surgery"
''Popular Science'', vol.122, no.2, p. 103, February 1933. This operation by Kane was not only a sensation at the time—it continued to be reported for many years afterwards. For instance, ''Popular Science'' discusses it in 1933 in an article on anaesthesia. On another occasion, in 1932 at the age of 70, Kane repaired his own

inguinal hernia An inguinal hernia is a hernia (protrusion) of abdominal-cavity contents through the inguinal canal. Symptoms, which may include pain or discomfort especially with or following coughing, exercise, or bowel movements, are absent in about a third ...

under local anaesthetic. The hernia had been caused by a horse riding accident six years earlier. The operation was carried out at the Kane Summit Hospital with the press, including a photographer, in attendance. This operation is more dangerous than the earlier appendectomy because of the risk of puncturing the

femoral artery The femoral artery is a large artery in the thigh and the main arterial supply to the thigh and leg. The femoral artery gives off the deep femoral artery or profunda femoris artery and descends along the anteromedial part of the thigh in the f ...

. The operation lasted one hour and 55 minutes. Kane was back in the operating theatre working 36 hours later. In the latter part of his career, Kane had started signing his handiwork by

ing on his patients the letter "K" in morse code () using India ink. However, during his hernia operation he became too drowsy to finish the stitching up so this task and the tattooing fell to Howard Cleveland (who later became Chief Surgeon in 1938).

Alcohol

Kane was opposed to the consumption of alcohol. Alcohol had been previously widely used as a treatment in medicine, but Kane believed that this was neither necessary nor desirable. He also spoke out against a suggestion that the sale of spirits should be reintroduced in army bases. Alcohol had ceased to be available to soldiers on base when, in a prelude to

prohibition Prohibition is the act or practice of forbidding something by law; more particularly the term refers to the banning of the manufacture, storage (whether in barrels or in bottles), transportation, sale, possession, and consumption of alcohol ...

, the army canteens were abolished in 1901. For many years

Richard Bartholdt Richard Bartholdt (November 2, 1855 – March 19, 1932) was a U.S. Representative from Missouri. Born in Schleiz, Germany, Bartholdt attended the public schools and Schleiz College (Gymnasium). He emigrated to the United States in April 1872 an ...

attempted to introduce a Bill reversing this decision and his efforts were supported by a petition of 279 physicians. In a letter to ''

JAMA ''The Journal of the American Medical Association'' (''JAMA'') is a peer-reviewed medical journal published 48 times a year by the American Medical Association. It publishes original research, reviews, and editorials covering all aspects of biom ...

'' in 1912, Kane railed against this with "If our soldiers cannot find agreeable amusement without booze to make it attractive it is time that a determined effort to refine their depraved taste be made by the officers, who have plenty of spare time on their hands".Amy Mittelman
''Brewing Battles: A History of American Beer''
pp.68–69, Algora Publishing, 2008 .

Publications

"Fire-proof asbestos dressing"
''Journal of the American Medical Association'', vol.25, no.23, pp. 996–997, 7 December 1895.
"Cure of prostatic hypertrophy by internal pressure"
''Journal of the American Medical Association'', vol.26, no.11, pp. 521–522, 14 March 1896.
"A new apparatus for fracture of the clavicle"
''Journal of the American Medical Association'', vol.27, no.11, pp. 596–597, 12 September 1896.
"Syphilis and drunkenness"
''Journal of the American Medical Association'', vol.28, no.20, pp. 951–952, 15 May 1897.
"Simple device for rapid hypodermoclysis in combating shock"
''Journal of the American Medical Association'', vol.34, no.9, pp. 520–521, 3 March 1900.
"A new coupler for rapid intestinal anastomosis"
''Journal of the American Medical Association'', vol.38, no.16, pp. 1003–1005, 19 April 1902.
"Pin in appendix"
''Journal of the American Medical Association'', vol.43, no.3, p. 199, 16 July 1904.
"Acetylene headlight and reflector for night operating"
''Journal of the American Medical Association'', vol.43, no.17, p. 1231, 22 October 1904.
"Cardiac dilation and displacement due to pleurisy"
''Journal of the American Medical Association'', vol.57, no.10, pp. 792–793, 2 September 1911.
"Peculiar twin ectopic gestation"
''Journal of the American Medical Association'', vol.58, no.7, p. 475, 17 February 1912.
"Phonograph in operating-room"
''Journal of the American Medical Association'', vol.62, no.23, p. 1829, 6 June 1914. *"Railway and army surgery – a comparison", ''International Journal of Surgery'', vol.29, p. 390, December 1916.
"Radium therapy"
''Radium'', vol.7, no.1, pp. 16–20, April 1916.
"Absorbable metal clips as substitutes for ligatures and deep sutures in wound closure"
''Journal of the American Medical Association'', vol.69, no.8, pp. 663–664, 24 May 1917.
"The injury to cancer patients of securing specimens prior to operation"
''Journal of the American Medical Association'', vol.72, no.13, p. 955, 29 March 1919. *"Autoappendectomy: a case history", ''International Journal of Surgery'', vol.34, iss.3, pp. 100–102, March 1921. *''Is the Practice of Medicine Worth While?'', Harrisburg, Pa: Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania, 1921 .
"Sheet mica in brain surgery"
''Journal of the American Medical Association'', vol.82, no.21, p. 1714, 24 May 1924.

References

External links

"Top 10 Incredible Self Surgeries"
''Listverse''. Includes photograph (1932) of Kane operating on himself.
Photographs from Elisha Kent Kanes murder trial
at Norfolk Public Library. {{DEFAULTSORT:Kane, Evan ONeill 1861 births 1932 deaths American surgeons People from McKean County, Pennsylvania Thomas Jefferson University alumni Railway surgeons