Major-General Major general (abbreviated MG, maj. gen. and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. The disappearance of the "sergeant" in the title explains the apparent confusion of a ...

Sir Evan John Murray-Macgregor of Macgregor, 2nd Baronet, (born Murray; 1785 – 14 June 1841) was a Scottish colonial administrator and senior British army officer. Murray's father was a

baronet A baronet ( or ; abbreviated Bart or Bt) or the female equivalent, a baronetess (, , or ; abbreviation Btss), is the holder of a baronetcy, a hereditary title awarded by the British Crown. The title of baronet is mentioned as early as the 14t ...

and chief of

Clan Gregor Clan Gregor, also known as Clan MacGregor, () is a Scottish Highlands, Highland Scottish clan that claims an origin in the early 9th century. The clan's most famous member is Rob Roy MacGregor of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The Clan ...

; the family had a military tradition, which Murray followed, serving in the

British Army The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurk ...

from 1801. He fought in the

Peninsular War The Peninsular War (1807–1814) was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars. In Spain ...

(1808–11) and, after arriving in India in 1811, the

Third Anglo-Maratha War The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1819) was the final and decisive conflict between the English East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India. The war left the Company in control of most of India. It began with an invasion of Maratha ter ...

(1817–18); he was severely injured while serving in the latter. By that time a Lieutenant-Colonel, he returned to England in 1820, inherited his father's baronetcy and chieftaincy two years later (adding Macgregor to his surname) and was appointed an aide-de-camp to the King in 1825. In 1831, he was appointed Governor of Dominica and the following year became

Governor of Antigua This is a list of viceroys of Antigua and Barbuda, from its initial colonisation in 1632 until its independence in 1981. Between 1671 and 1816, Antigua was part of the British Leeward Islands and its viceroy was the Governor of the Leeward Island ...

and the Leeward Islands, during which time he assented to the

abolition of slavery Abolitionism, or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery. In Western Europe and the Americas, abolitionism was a historic movement that sought to end the Atlantic slave trade and liberate the enslaved people. The British ...

on the island (1834); unusually, he was able to do this without using the optional transitional and highly restrictive

apprenticeship Apprenticeship is a system for training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study (classroom work and reading). Apprenticeships can also enable practitioners to gain a ...

system on the islands. The relative peace which followed immediate emancipation convinced him that this could be achieved elsewhere. He became

Governor of Barbados This article contains a list of viceroys in Barbados from its initial colonisation in 1627 by England until it achieved independence in 1966. From 1833 to 1885, Barbados was part of the colony of the Windward Islands, and the governor of Barbad ...

and the

Windward Islands french: Îles du Vent , image_name = , image_caption = ''Political'' Windward Islands. Clockwise: Dominica, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Grenada. , image_alt = , locator_map = , location = Caribbean Sea No ...

in 1836, and worked to bring about the early end of the apprenticeship system which had been implemented on the islands in 1834; although he achieved that result in 1838, the British also passed an

Act of Parliament Acts of Parliament, sometimes referred to as primary legislation, are texts of law passed by the Legislature, legislative body of a jurisdiction (often a parliament or council). In most countries with a parliamentary system of government, acts of ...

overruling the local legislature to the same effect and Murray-Macgregor was accused of duplicity by some of the island's planters, who refused his request to bring their own termination date earlier still. Murray-Macgregor proclaimed early termination, effective on 1 August 1838. In the aftermath, he also had restrictive employment contract laws overruled. Although controversial and blamed for deteriorating legislative–executive relations during this episode, he has also been regarded as conciliatory and tactful in his approach to governing, with his administration overseeing liberal reforms. Having suffered from ill health for some time, Murray-Macgregor died in office in 1841.

Early life and family

Evan John Murray was born either in January 1785Cokayne, p. 303. or on 2 June 1785,Foster, p. 401. the only child of Captain John Murray (1745–1822), an officer in the Bengal Army, and his wife Anne, daughter of Roderick Macleod, WS, of

Edinburgh Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian on the southern shore of t ...

. In 1787, his father inherited the

chieftaincy A tribal chief or chieftain is the leader of a tribe, tribal society or chiefdom. Tribe The concept of tribe is a broadly applied concept, based on tribal concepts of societies of western Afroeurasia. Tribal societies are sometimes categori ...

(or Macgregor) and in 1795 was created a

. On 28 May 1808, Murray married Lady Elizabeth Murray (1787–1846), daughter of

John Murray, 4th Duke of Atholl John Murray, 4th Duke of Atholl, KT, PC, FRS (30 June 1755 – 29 September 1830), styled Marquess of Tullibardine from 1764 to 1774, was a Scottish peer. Life and career Murray was the eldest son of John Murray, 3rd Duke of Atholl, and his ...

, and had five sons who lived to adulthood: * John Atholl Bannatyne Murray-Macgregor (1810–1851), who would inherit the baronetcy and serve as President of the British Virgin Islands.Burke, p. 713. * Evan John William Murray-Macgregor (1819–1850), an officer in the Austrian military. * James Strathallan Murray-Macgregor (1821–1843), who died in Dominica. * Lieutenant Francis Alexander Robert Murray Macgregor (1823–1857), an officer in the Indian Army who was killed by members of his regiment in Jubbulpore during the Indian Mutiny. * Lieutenant-Colonel Ernest Augustus Murray Macgregor (1825–1869), an officer in the 9th Light Cavalry in the East India Company's Army and a

Groom in Waiting The office of Groom in Waiting (sometimes hyphenated as Groom-in-Waiting) was a post in the Royal Household of the United Kingdom, which in earlier times was usually held by more than one person at a time – in the late Middle Ages there might be d ...

to the Queen (1869). And three daughters: Jane Anne Maria (married John James Hamilton Burgoyne, son of Sir John James Burgoyne), Elizabeth Mary Anne (died 1857; married to Joseph Blake of London) and Amelia Georgiana.

Military career

A number of Murray's relatives had military careers; his father was Military Auditor General of Bengal between 1789 and 1796, and several uncles and cousins were also officers in the East India Company's Bengal army. Murray purchased a commission as an Ensign in the 81st Regiment of Foot in the British Army in 1801, then bought a commission as a Lieutenant in the

9th Regiment of Foot 9 (nine) is the natural number following and preceding . Evolution of the Arabic digit In the beginning, various Indians wrote a digit 9 similar in shape to the modern closing question mark without the bottom dot. The Kshatrapa, Andhra and ...

the following year, and was transferred to the 15th Dragoons with the rank in 1803. The following year, he became Captain of a Troop (by purchase) in the same regiment. Murray fought with the Cavalry in the Corunna campaign of 1808–09 during the

, serving under Lord Paget (who later became the Marquis of Anglesey); he was present at the Battle of Sahagún in December 1808. In 1810, he exchanged his commission and transferred to the 52nd Foot; he then travelled to

Cádiz Cádiz (, , ) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the Province of Cádiz, one of eight that make up the autonomous community of Andalusia. Cádiz, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Western Europe, ...

on Lord Lynedoch's staff. Murray was promoted to Major in the 103rd Foot in April 1810"Major-General Sir Evan John Murray Mac Gregor, of Mac Gregor, Bart., K.C.B., K.C.H."
''The United Service Journal and Naval and Military Gazette'' (1841, part 3), pp. 243–244. and appointed Assistant

Adjutant-General An adjutant general is a military chief administrative officer. France In Revolutionary France, the was a senior staff officer, effectively an assistant to a general officer. It was a special position for lieutenant-colonels and colonels in staf ...

in Spain and Portugal. He was present during the Siege of Cádiz. In June 1811, Murray exchanged into the 8th Light Dragoons and went to the East Indies, arriving in October that year. He was appointed Deputy Quartermaster-General in January 1812 with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. He transferred back to the 8th Light Dragoons three years later. In June 1816, he was appointed Deputy Adjutant-General and served in the

Deccan The large Deccan Plateau in southern India is located between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, and is loosely defined as the peninsular region between these ranges that is south of the Narmada river. To the north, it is bounded by the ...

under Sir Thomas Hislop in the

. An obituary in the '' United Service Journal'' records that he "distinguished himself" at the

Battle of Mahidpur The Battle of Mahidpur was fought during the Third Anglo-Maratha War between the Holkar faction of the Maratha Confederacy and the British East India Company at Mahidpur, a town in the Malwa region, on 21 December 1817. On 21 December 1817, ...

(December 1817) by leading the attack on the batteries under Maharaja Malhar Rao Holkar II's command. After Holkar's forces were defeated in the battle, most of his border fortresses surrendered. The last holdout was the fort at Talnar (or Talnier). There, the following February, Murray joined Hislop's forces in storming the fort. Although the attack was successful (though controversial for Hislop slaughtered the remnants of the Maratha garrison after it had surrendered), Murray was severely wounded (sustaining seven dagger wounds); he was left unable to use his right arm. Murray's stand, surrounded by enemies, was captured in a watercolour by

William Heath William Heath (March 2, 1737 – January 24, 1814) was an American farmer, soldier, and political leader from Massachusetts who served as a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Life and career Heath m ...

, which is now housed in the

British Museum The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is among the largest and most comprehensive in existence. It docum ...

's collections."Collection online: museum number 1937,0308.17"
''

''. Retrieved 11 April 2020. He was appointed a Companion of the

Order of the Bath The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry founded by George I of Great Britain, George I on 18 May 1725. The name derives from the elaborate medieval ceremony for appointing a knight, which involved Bathing#Medieval ...

(CB) in October 1818 but was forced to return to England in July 1820 because of his injuries. Murray inherited the

cy on his father's death in June 1822; he also became chief of Clan Gregor and in December 1822 received a

Royal Licence Royal may refer to: People * Royal (name), a list of people with either the surname or given name * A member of a royal family Places United States * Royal, Arkansas, an unincorporated community * Royal, Illinois, a village * Royal, Iowa, a c ...

to take the surname ''Murray-Macgregor''. He was also made a Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order (KH) in 1822. In May 1825, Murray-Macgregor was appointed an aide-de-camp to the King (with the rank of

colonel Colonel (abbreviated as Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge o ...

) and travelled with him to Lisbon two years later. In 1831, he participated in the coronation procession of William IV in his capacity as an aide-de-camp, and was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order (KCH). In 1837 was promoted to the rank of

major-general Major general (abbreviated MG, maj. gen. and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. The disappearance of the "sergeant" in the title explains the apparent confusion of a ...

Colonial governor

Dominica (1831–32) and Antigua and the Leeward Islands (1832–36)

On 25 July 1831, Murray-Macgregor was appointed Governor of Dominica. On 19 December 1832, he was made

, Montserrat and

Barbuda Barbuda (), is an island located in the eastern Caribbean forming part of the sovereign state of Antigua and Barbuda. It is located north of the island of Antigua and is part of the Leeward Islands of the West Indies. The island is a popula ...

, St Christopher,

Nevis Nevis is a small island in the Caribbean Sea that forms part of the inner arc of the Leeward Islands chain of the West Indies. Nevis and the neighbouring island of Saint Kitts constitute one country: the Federation of Saint Kitts and ...

Anguilla Anguilla ( ) is a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. It is one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles, lying east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and directly north of Saint Martin. The terr ...

and the

Virgin Islands The Virgin Islands ( es, Islas Vírgenes) are an archipelago in the Caribbean Sea. They are geologically and biogeographically the easternmost part of the Greater Antilles, the northern islands belonging to the Puerto Rico Trench and St. Cro ...

, and Dominica, administered together as the

British Leeward Islands The British Leeward Islands was a British colony from 1671 to 1958, consisting of the English (later British) overseas possessions in the Leeward Islands. It ceased to exist from 1816 to 1833, during which time it was split into two separate ...

. Murray-Macgregor's gubernatorial appointments coincided with an important moment in the history of the

British West Indies The British West Indies (BWI) were colonized British territories in the West Indies: Anguilla, the Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands, Montserrat, the British Virgin Islands, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grena ...

; by the time of his arrival to Dominica in 1832, there was a growing (though by no means universally shared) appetite for the abolition of slavery in the British West Indies, which led to the passage of the

Slavery Abolition Act The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. IV c. 73) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which provided for the gradual abolition of slavery in most parts of the British Empire. It was passed by Earl Grey's reforming administrati ...

in the British Parliament in 1833. While abolishing slavery in all British colonies, the 1833 Act allowed for slaves to remain as apprentices of their former masters for a period of four to six years as part of a transition period. Murray-Macgregor assented to laws abolishing slavery and, uniquely, foregoing apprenticeships in the Leeward Islands in 1834, granting freedom to all former slaves immediately. He believed the process to have been peaceful and successful. This likely convinced him that swift moves towards full emancipation were both possible and beneficial elsewhere.Marshall, pp. 2–3. Murray-Macgregor also appointed two non-white justices of the peace in Antigua.

Barbados and the Windward Islands (1836–41)

Abolition of apprenticeships

Murray-Macgregor left the Leeward Islands and was appointed

, Saint Vincent, Grenada and

Tobago Tobago () is an List of islands of Trinidad and Tobago, island and Regions and municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago, ward within the Trinidad and Tobago, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. It is located northeast of the larger island of Trini ...

(the

British Windward Islands The British Windward Islands was an administrative grouping of British colonies in the Windward Islands of the West Indies, existing from 1833 until 31 December 1959 and consisting of the islands of Grenada, St Lucia, Saint Vincent, the Gren ...

) in October 1836. By the time he took office in Barbados, the colony's

planters Planters Nut & Chocolate Company is an American snack food company now owned by Hormel Foods. Planters is best known for its processed nuts and for the Mr. Peanut icon that symbolizes them. Mr. Peanut was created by grade schooler Antonio Gentil ...

were embittered following the 1833 Act, poor relations with Murray-Macgregor's predecessor Sir Lionel Smith, and the British government's decision to amalgamate the governorship of the island with that of the other Windward Islands in 1833. When the Abolition of Slavery Act came into force in 1834, the islands opted to impose the apprenticeship scheme on former slaves. Criticism of the system grew from

abolitionists Abolitionism, or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery. In Western Europe and the Americas, abolitionism was a historic movement that sought to end the Atlantic slave trade and liberate the enslaved people. The Britis ...

in Britain, who argued that former slaves fared little better as apprentices; pressure mounted on the British government to end the system early. In late 1837, the

Colonial Office The Colonial Office was a government department of the Kingdom of Great Britain and later of the United Kingdom, first created to deal with the colonial affairs of British North America but required also to oversee the increasing number of c ...

encouraged governors to persuade local legislatures to terminate the apprenticeship system early. In January 1838, Macgregor formally recommended to the

Parliament of Barbados The Parliament of Barbados is the national legislature of Barbados. It is accorded legislative supremacy by Chapter V of the Constitution of Barbados.Constitution, Chapter V, Part 1; Section 35 The Parliament is bicameral in composition and is ...

that it abolish apprenticeships, but in the following months the planters (who made up most of its membership) made clear their opposition to the notion. They resented what they saw as another attempt to weaken their position economically and impose laws on them. In March and April, the

British Parliament The Parliament of the United Kingdom is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It meets at the Palace of Westminster, London. It alone possesses legislative suprem ...

began debating legislation which would force an end to the apprenticeships (the Bill to Amend the Abolition of Slavery Act); Macgregor therefore encouraged the Barbadian planters to realise that they faced a choice: free the apprentices on their own terms, or be compelled on the terms of the British government. He worked with others, notably Bowcher Clarke, to champion early termination. He had to give some concessions to planters, mainly over the right of apprentices to retain their tied tenures after termination, and the Bill passed on 15 May in Barbados; equivalent Bills were passed in all but the Saint Lucian assemblies within the month. The assemblies voted to abolish the apprenticeship scheme effective in August 1838, creating a system of free labour. This applied pressure on planters in other colonies, such as

Jamaica Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of His ...

, to do the same. In late May the British Parliament passed their Bill; this made early termination effective from 1 August unless the assemblies were to bring forward emancipation earlier still. When the Act arrived at Barbados, many on the island were deeply unhappy with the move (and felt that Macgregor had deceived them), seeing it as an imposition on the part of the British government. Macgregor could have quietly faced up to this criticism and done nothing, but instead he tried to convince the planters to bring forward the commencement of their own Bills. They refused, arguing that to do so would signal to the British that the islanders could be coerced into supporting anything coming out of the Colonial Office: they could "be brought into a dog-like fidelity ... the more they were kicked and spurned". They therefore voted down a move to bring the date for early termination before August. On 2 July, Murray-Macgregor proclaimed emancipation for apprentices in Barbados effective from 1 August.Beckles, pp. 38–39. Saint Lucia's legislature still had not passed an Act to the same effect and so he arrived on the island on 13 July 1838 with a 100 infantrymen and convinced the planters to pass the Bill three days later. On 19 July, he was appointed a Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath (KCB). The historian

Hilary Beckles Sir Hilary McDonald Beckles KA (born 11 August 1955) is a Barbadian historian. He is the current vice-chancellor of the University of the West Indies (UWI) and chairman of the CARICOM Reparations Commission. Educated at the University of Hu ...

states that the end of the apprenticeship system occurred peacefully, although there were reports of rioting in Saint Andrew in July, some freed labourers refusing to work in August,

cane Cane or caning may refer to: *Walking stick or walking cane, a device used primarily to aid walking * Assistive cane, a walking stick used as a mobility aid for better balance *White cane, a mobility or safety device used by many people who are ...

fires being started in late 1839 and early 1840, and strikes in 1840, all of which prompted the legislature to pass laws appointing special constables to assist the police forces in 1840.

"Contract Laws" of 1838 and 1840

With the end of the apprenticeships, the Barbadian legislature passed the Masters and Servant Act 1838, which became known as the Contract Law. It stipulated that a worker who was employed for five days a week was assumed to be employed on a one-year contract, which could be ended by either party with one month's notice. It placed workers at a disadvantage, allowing employers to evict them from tied tenancies and punish them for misbehaviour (imposing jail terms for using foul language). Employers were also allowed to employ

private police Private police or special police are Law enforcement agency, law enforcement bodies that are owned or controlled (or owned and controlled) by Non-governmental organization, non-governmental entities. Additionally, the term can refer to an off-dut ...

on their estate. Murray-Macgregor disliked the law, feeling it unfair on workers; he convinced the Colonial Office in October 1838 to overrule it and another vagrancy law which was being abused by planters. Workers were also critical of their low wages and he encouraged them to negotiate with their employers. In 1840, a "mildly modified" form of the 1838 Act was passed, which allowed for contracts of one month instead of one year. Despite that, the Act "institutionalised discrimination against black and coloured workers".

Death and legacy

Murray-Macgregor's health had been "for some time delicate", but his death in office at Barbados on 14 June 1841 was "unexpected", according to one contemporary.Schomburgk, p. 490. His funeral was paid for by public funds and attended by a large number of government officials, army and navy officers and "gentlemen" from across the colony. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son John. Macgregor's role in the process of ending the apprenticeship scheme on Barbados was summarised by the historian Woodville K. Marshall: "the policy and actions of ... Sir Evan McGregor 'sic'' are of central importance. He, more than any other, was responsible for the early termination of the Apprenticeship in the Windward Islands". In Marshall's view, he was also responsible for the deteriorating relations between the executive and legislative branches on the island from May 1838, and was likely motivated by sympathy for abolitionists, but more still by belief in his own style of governing and a desire (as an "able and articulate" governor) to limit the British government's embarrassment over the apprenticeship system. The historian

argues that Macgregor "did well to convince the legislature that they should abolish the system". Another historian, William A. Green, argues that: "MacGregor was neither formidable nor austere. His language was conciliatory ... His correspondence was uninspired, offering limited analysis of colonial affairs ... ut heconfronted none of the animus which Smith is predecessor on Barbadoshad encountered ... and his administration was distinguished by the production of liberal and remedial legislation".

Likenesses

oil-on-canvas Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder. It has been the most common technique for artistic painting on wood panel or canvas for several centuries, spreading from Europe to the rest of ...

portrait of a young Murray-Macgregor by Sir

Henry Raeburn Sir Henry Raeburn (; 4 March 1756 – 8 July 1823) was a Scottish portrait painter. He served as Portrait Painter to King George IV in Scotland. Biography Raeburn was born the son of a manufacturer in Stockbridge, on the Water of Leith: a f ...

was completed around 1797–99; it was exhibited in 1939 at the Royal Academy and in 1956 at the

National Gallery of Scotland The Scottish National Gallery (formerly the National Gallery of Scotland) is the national art gallery of Scotland. It is located on The Mound in central Edinburgh, close to Princes Street. The building was designed in a neoclassical style by W ...

. Ownership remained in the family until it was sold at Christie's in 2014 for £458,000. A print by Henry Dawe (after George Watson) of 1825 depicts Murray-Macgregor wearing

tartan Tartan ( gd, breacan ) is a patterned cloth consisting of criss-crossed, horizontal and vertical bands in multiple colours. Tartans originated in woven wool, but now they are made in other materials. Tartan is particularly associated with Sc ...

"In the Dress as He appeared at His Majesty's Levee Holyrood Palace, 1822". Published by Robert Scott, a copy was acquired in 1902 by the British Museum, where it remains (museum no. 1902,1011.610)."Sir Evan J Murray MacGregor"
''British Museum''. Retrieved 14 April 2020. The watercolour by

depicting his stand at the storming of Fort Talnar is also housed in the British Museum's collection (no. 1937,0308.17).

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

* Appiah, Kwame Anthony, and

Henry Louis Gates Jr Henry Louis "Skip" Gates Jr. (born September 16, 1950) is an American literary critic, professor, historian, and filmmaker, who serves as the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor and Director of the Hutchins Center for African and African Ame ...

, ''Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience'', 2nd ed., vol. 3 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). * Beckles, Hilary,
Great House Rules: Landless Emancipation and Workers' Protest in Barbados 1838–1938
' (Kingston:

Ian Randle Ian Randle (born 7 July 1949) is a Jamaican publisher. He is the founder of an eponymous independent publishing company whose main focus is on English-language readers. He has won awards including the Prince Claus Award in 2012 and the 2019 Boc ...

, 2004). * Burke, Sir Bernard, ''A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire'', 30th ed. (London: Harrison, 1868). * Cokayne, G. E., '' The Complete Baronetage'', vol. 6 (Exeter: W. Pollard & Co., 1900). * Debrett, John,
The Baronetage of England
', 4th ed. (London: F.C. and J. Rivington and others, 1819). * Foster, Joseph,
The Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage of the British Empire for 1881
' (Westminster: Nichols and Sons, 1881). *Gobert, David L., and Jerome S. Handler
"Barbados in the Post-Apprenticeship Period: The Observations of a French Naval Officer – 1"
''The Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society'', vol. 35, no. 4 (1978), pp. 243–266. * Green, William A., ''British Slave Emancipation: The Sugar Colonies and the Great Experiment, 1830–1865'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976). *Hodson, V. C. P., ''List of the Officers of the Bengal Army: 1758–1834'' (London: Constable, 1946). * Latimer, James
"The Apprenticeship System in the British West Indies"
''

The Journal of Negro Education ''The Journal of Negro Education'' was a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Howard University, established in 1932 by Charles Henry Thompson, who was its editor-in-chief for more than 30 years.History of Clan Gregor'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh: William Brown, 1901). * Marshall, Woodville K.
"The Termination of the Apprenticeship in Barbados and the Windward Islands: An Essay in Colonial Administration and Politics"
'' Journal of Caribbean History'', vol. 2 (1971), pp. 1''–''45. * Schomburgk, Sir Robert H.,
The History of Barbados
' (London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1848). *Shaw, William A., '' The Knights of England'', vol. 1 (London: Sherratt and Hughes, 1906).