Eustachius, Bartolomeo
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Bartolomeo Eustachi (27 August 1574), also known as Eustachio or by his
Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...
name of Bartholomaeus Eustachius (), was an
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, a Romance ethnic group related to or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance languag ...
anatomist Anatomy () is the branch of morphology concerned with the study of the internal structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old scien ...
and one of the founders of the science of
human anatomy Human anatomy (gr. ἀνατομία, "dissection", from ἀνά, "up", and τέμνειν, "cut") is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the human body. Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross ...
.


Biography

Bartolomeo was born in San Severino in the province of Ancona, where his father, Marinao Eustachius, was a wealthy and prominent physician. Bartolomeo received the required broad humanistic education typical of that time, and then studied medicine at the Archiginnasio della Sapienza in Rome. He was also well versed in Hebrew, Arabic, and Greek, which gave him access to original medical treatises written in those languages. As a physician, Eustachius enjoyed great prestige among the upper classes, having among his patients the Duke of Urbino, the Cardinal della Rovero, and the Duke of Terranova. He became a member of the Medical College of Rome and in 1549 was appointed Professor of Anatomy at the Papal College, the Archiginnasio dell
Sapienza The Sapienza University of Rome (), formally the Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", abbreviated simply as Sapienza ('Wisdom'), is a public research university located in Rome, Italy. It was founded in 1303 and is as such one of the ...
. He soon obtained papal dispensation to dissect cadavers from patients from the Santo Spirito Hospital. During 1562 and 1563 Bartolomeo Eustachio (writing under the Latin surname Eustacius) wrote a remarkable series of scientific works on the anatomy of the kidney, the hearing apparatus, the teeth and their structure, and the circulatory system, including the lower vena cava and its valves (now known as the Eustachian valve). These works were organized and published (illustrated with eight plates) as ''Opscula Anatomica'' in 1564. Eustachius was deeply interested in understanding the anatomical structures of the human body through direct observation, instead of accepting the many ''a priori'' theories current among other physicians. His anatomical investigations into the vena caval Eustachian valve, led him to conclude that its function was to avoid reflux of blood. He also discovered the thoracic canal. Trying to understand how diseases affected body structures, Eustachius made comparative anatomical analysis of healthy and disease-altered organs (pathological anatomy). Working with Pier Matteo Pini, he produced a series of 47 detailed drawings of the studied organs. This series of illustrations, ''Tabulae Anatomicae Clariviri'', was published in 1714. Eustachio extended knowledge of the
internal ear The inner ear (internal ear, auris interna) is the innermost part of the vertebrate ear. In vertebrates, the inner ear is mainly responsible for sound detection and balance. In mammals, it consists of the bony labyrinth, a hollow cavity in the ...
by rediscovering and describing correctly the ''
Eustachian tube The Eustachian tube (), also called the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube, is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear, of which it is also a part. In adult humans, the Eustachian tube is approximately long and in diameter. It ...
'' that bears his name. He was the first to describe the internal and anterior muscles of the
malleus The ''malleus'', or hammer, is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear. It connects with the incus, and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum. The word is Latin for 'hammer' or 'mallet'. It transmits the sound vibra ...
and the
stapedius The stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body. At just over one millimeter in length, its purpose is to stabilize the smallest bone in the body, the stapes or stirrup bone of the middle ear. Structure The stapedius emerges from ...
, and the complicated figure of the
cochlea The cochlea is the part of the inner ear involved in hearing. It is a spiral-shaped cavity in the bony labyrinth, in humans making 2.75 turns around its axis, the modiolus (cochlea), modiolus. A core component of the cochlea is the organ of Cort ...
. He was the first to study accurately the anatomy of the teeth, and the phenomena of the first and second dentitions. Eustachius also discovered the
adrenal glands The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. They are found above the kidneys. Each gland has an outer cortex which ...
(reported in 1563). His greatest work, which he was unable to publish, was his ''
Anatomical Engravings Anatomy () is the branch of morphology concerned with the study of the internal structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science ...
''. These were completed in 1552, nine years after
Vesalius Andries van Wezel (31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564), Latinization of names, latinized as Andreas Vesalius (), was an anatomist and physician who wrote ''De humani corporis fabrica, De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem'' (''On the fabric ...
had published his magnum opus, ''
De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem ''De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem'' (Latin, "On the Fabric of the Human Body in Seven Books") is a set of books on human anatomy written by Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) and published in 1543. It was a major advance in the history of a ...
'' in Basel. Published in 1714 by
Giovanni Maria Lancisi Giovanni Maria Lancisi (26 October 1654 – 20 January 1720) was an Italian physician, epidemiologist and anatomist who made a correlation between the presence of mosquitoes and the prevalence of malaria. He was also known for his studies about c ...
at the expense of
Pope Clement XI Pope Clement XI (; ; ; 23 July 1649 – 19 March 1721), born Giovanni Francesco Albani, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 23 November 1700 to his death in March 1721. Clement XI was a patron of the arts an ...
, and again in 1744 by Cajetan Petrioli, and again in 1744 by
Bernhard Siegfried Albinus Bernhard Siegfried Albinus (originally Weiss; 24 February 16979 September 1770) was a Germany, German-born Netherlands, Dutch anatomist. He served a professor of medicine at the Leiden University, University of Leiden like his father Bernhardus ...
, and subsequently at
Bonn Bonn () is a federal city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, located on the banks of the Rhine. With a population exceeding 300,000, it lies about south-southeast of Cologne, in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region. This ...
in 1790, the engravings show that Eustachius had dissected with the greatest care and diligence, and had taken the utmost pains to give accurate views of the shape, size, and relative position of the organs of the human body. The first seven plates illustrate the history of the kidneys and some of the facts relating to the structure of the ear. The eighth represents the heart, the ramifications of the vena azygos, and the valve of the
vena cava In anatomy, the ''venae cavae'' (; ''vena cava'' ; ) are two large veins ( great vessels) that return deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart. In humans they are the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava, and both empty into t ...
, named after the author. The seven subsequent plates offer different views of the viscera of the chest and abdomen. The seventeenth contains the brain and spinal cord; and the eighteenth more accurate views of the origin, course, and distribution of the nerves than had been given before. Fourteen plates are devoted to the muscles. Eustachius did not confine his researches to the study of comparative anatomy. He attempted to derive the physiology of organs on the basis of their anatomy. He did not restrict himself to gross anatomy: what was too minute for unassisted vision he inspected by means of glasses (early
microscopes A microscope () is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using a microscope. Microscopic means being invisibl ...
). Structure that could not be understood in their pristine state he unfolded by maceration in different fluids, or rendered more distinct by injection and exsiccation. He was known as a supporter of the 2nd century AD Roman anatomist
Galen Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (; September 129 – AD), often Anglicization, anglicized as Galen () or Galen of Pergamon, was a Ancient Rome, Roman and Greeks, Greek physician, surgeon, and Philosophy, philosopher. Considered to be one o ...
, entering into a public dispute with the eminent contemporary anatomist,
Vesalius Andries van Wezel (31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564), Latinization of names, latinized as Andreas Vesalius (), was an anatomist and physician who wrote ''De humani corporis fabrica, De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem'' (''On the fabric ...
. However, both made their anatomic observations from dissection of human cadavers. Eustachius died in Umbria in 1574, during a trip to meet Cardinal della Rovere.


Works

* Bartolomeo,Eustachi (1564), "Opuscula Anatomica" * Bartolomeo Eustachi (1728)
''Tabulae anatomicae''
– digital facsimile from the
Linda Hall Library The Linda Hall Library is a privately endowed American library of science, engineering and technology located in Kansas City, Missouri, on the grounds of a urban arboretum. It claims to be the "largest independently funded public library of sc ...


Notes


References

*K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner ''World of Anatomy and Physiology'' Vol. 1 *Choulant, L. ''History and bibliography of anatomic illustration.'' Trans. and annotated by Mortimer Frank. (New York: Hafner, 1962). pp. 200–204. *''Dizionario biografico degli italiani.'' (Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1960- ). Vol. 43, pp. 531–536. *Roberts, K. B. "Eustachius and his anatomical plates." ''Newsletter of the Canadian Society for the History of Medicine'', (1979) Apr.: 9–13.


External links


Bartholomeo Eustachi: ''Tabulae anatomicae'' (Rome, 1783)
Selected pages scanned from the original work. Historical Anatomies on the Web. US National Library of Medicine. *
Selected images from ''Tabulae anatomicae''
From The College of Physicians of Philadelphia Digital Library {{DEFAULTSORT:Eustachi, Bartolomeo Italian anatomists 1574 deaths 16th-century Italian physicians Year of birth uncertain Physicians from the Papal States