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European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been des ...
(EU) has undertaken a number of overseas missions and operations, drawing on civilian and
military A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. It is typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with its members identifiable by their distinct ...
capabilities, in several countries across three continents (Europe, Africa and Asia), as part of its
Common Security and Defence Policy The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) is the European Union's (EU) course of action in the fields of defence and crisis management, and a main component of the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The CSDP involves the deplo ...
(CSDP). The operation or mission in question will work in agreement and coordination with the EU delegations, until 2009 known as the ''European Security and Defence Policy'' (ESDP).


Organisation


Deployment procedure

The decision to deploy - together with any subsequent management of - the mission or operation in question, will ultimately be taken by the EU
member states A member state is a state that is a member of an international organization or of a federation or confederation. Since the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) include some members that are not sovereign states ...
in the
Foreign Affairs Council The Foreign Affairs Council (FAC) is a configuration of the Council of the European Union that convenes once a month. Meetings bring together the foreign ministers of the member states. Ministers responsible for European affairs, defence, developm ...
(FAC). Military operations may be launched after four planning phases, through which the Operation Commander (Op. Cdr.),
Military Staff A military staff or general staff (also referred to as army staff, navy staff, or air staff within the individual services) is a group of officers, enlisted and civilian staff who serve the commander of a division or other large military un ...
(EUMS), Military Committee (EUMC),
Political and Security Committee The Political and Security Committee (PSC; sometimes referred to by its French ''COPS'' acronym derived from ''Comité politique et de sécurité'') is a permanent body within the European Union dealing with Common Foreign and Security Policy issu ...
(PSC) and
Council A council is a group of people who come together to consult, deliberate, or make decisions. A council may function as a legislature, especially at a town, city or county/shire level, but most legislative bodies at the state/provincial or natio ...
have different roles.


Command and control structure


Classification

In the EU terminology, civilian CSDP interventions are called ‘missions’, regardless of whether they have an executive mandate such as EULEX Kosovo or a non-executive mandate (all others). Military interventions, however, can either have an executive mandate such as for example
Operation Atalanta Operation Atalanta, formally European Union Naval Force (EU NAVFOR) Somalia, is a current counter-piracy military operation at sea off the Horn of Africa and in the Western Indian Ocean, that is the first naval operation conducted by the E ...
in which case they are referred to as ‘operations’ and are commanded at two-star level; or non-executive mandate (e.g.
EUTM Somalia The European Union Training Mission Somalia (EUTM Somalia) is a training operation for the Somali Armed Forces conducted by military officials from European Union states. Operations On 10 April 2010, the European Union launched a military traini ...
) in which case they are called ‘missions’ and are commanded at one-star level. Prefixes All CSDP missions and operations are given a prefix depending on the nature of the mission, which is either military or civilian. Civilian missions: * *Military advisory mission (EUMAM) *Aviation security mission (EUAVSEC) *Rule of law mission (EULEX) *Mission in support of the security sector reform (EUSSR) *Integrated rule of law mission (EUJUST) *Mission to provide advice and assistance for security sector reform (EUSEC) *Monitoring mission (EUMM) *Advisory mission (EUAM) * * *Police advisory team (EUPAT) Military operations: * * * The operations are named as if the multinational force conducting it is established specifically for the unique operation, which is often the case. The force may however also consist of permanent multinational forces such as the European Corps.


List

As regards police in the Congo, the EU first provided assistance in setting up an Integrated Police Unit, under the mission title EUPOL Kinshasa, which began in April 2005. The mission monitored, mentored, and then advised the IPU, once the new unit was trained and operational under Congolese command. The mission finished on 30 June 2007, but EUPOL RD Congo was established as a successor mission, with an initial mandate until 30 June 2008. It consists of around 40 personnel. EUPOL RD Congo was tasked to monitor, mentor and advise on the reform and restructuring of the
Congolese National Police The Congolese National Police (french: Police nationale congolaise, PNC) is the Law enforcement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, national police force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The national police consists of 110,000–150,00 ...
and to contribute to improving interaction between the police and the criminal justice system in the broader sense. The overall aim was to assist in building a "viable, professional and multiethnic/integrated ongolesepolice force." It was a mentoring/advisory mission without executive powers. It was specifically instructed to coordinate its action with the other international efforts in the field of police reform and the criminal justice system.


Historical proposals

EUFOR proposed: * 1 April 2011: European Union Military Operation in Libya (EUFOR Libya): Proposed as a complement to NATO's aerial bombing campaign and no-fly zone in the
Libyan Civil War Demographics of Libya is the demography of Libya, specifically covering population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, and religious affiliations, as well as other aspects of the Libyan population. The ...
.European Union External Action
/ref>


See also

Related topics of the
Common Security and Defence Policy The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) is the European Union's (EU) course of action in the fields of defence and crisis management, and a main component of the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The CSDP involves the deplo ...
: * Operations of the European Border and Coast Guard *
Defence forces of the European Union This article outlines the defence forces of the European Union (EU), which implement the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) in CSDP missions. There are two categories of EU multinational forces: ones that have been established intergov ...
*
History of the Common Security and Defence Policy This article outlines the history of the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) of the European Union (EU), a part of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The post-war period saw several short-lived or ill-fated initiatives for Eur ...
Operations and exercises of the precursors of the Common Security and Defence Policy * Missions of the Western European Union * Exercises of the Western Union Operations and exercises of the multinational forces made available to the CSDP in accordance with article 42.3 of the
Treaty on European Union The Treaty on European Union (2007) is one of the primary Treaties of the European Union, alongside the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The TEU form the basis of EU law, by setting out general principles of the EU's pu ...
: * List of operations of the European Maritime Force * List of operations of the European Rapid Operational Force * List of missions of the European Gendarmerie Force * List of exercises of the European Maritime Force * List of operations of the European Corps Missions and exercises of other organisations: * List of missions of the United Nations * List of operations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation * List of exercises of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation


Notes


References


External links


List of CSDP missions
Official Homepage
''EU Civilian and Military Missions 2003-14''
London School of Economics , mottoeng = To understand the causes of things , established = , type = Public research university , endowment = £240.8 million (2021) , budget = £391.1 millio ...

PhD Thesis on Civilian CSDP - EU Civilian crisis management (University of Geneva, 2008, 441 p. in French)
* Benjamin Pohl (2013
The logic underpinning EU crisis management operations
''European Security'', 22(3): 307–325
DOI:10.1080/09662839.2012.726220
{{DEFAULTSORT:Military operations of the European Union
European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been des ...
Missions
European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been des ...