European Community Habitats Directive
   HOME

TheInfoList



Click Here for Items Related To - European Community Habitats Directive
OR:
European Community Habitats Directive on:   [Wikipedia]   [Google]   [Amazon]

The Habitats Directive (more formally known as Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora) is a directive adopted by the
European Community The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organization created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957,Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the ''Treaty on the functioning of the European Union'', as renamed by the Lisbo ...
in 1992 as a response to the
Berne Convention The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, usually known as the Berne Convention, was an international assembly held in 1886 in the Swiss city of Bern by ten European countries with the goal to agree on a set of leg ...
. The European Community was reformed as the
European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been des ...
the following year, but the directive is still recognised. The Habitats Directive required national governments to specify areas that are expected to be ensuring the conservation of flora and fauna species. This led to the setting up of a network of
protected area Protected areas or conservation areas are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural, ecological or cultural values. There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the ena ...
s across the EU, along with '
Special Areas of Conservation A Special Area of Conservation (SAC) is defined in the European Union's Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), also known as the ''Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora''. They are to protect the 220 habitats and ap ...
', which together with the existing
Special Protection Area A Special Protection Area (SPA) is a designation under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds. Under the Directive, Member States of the European Union (EU) have a duty to safeguard the habitats of migratory birds and cert ...
s, became the so-called
Natura 2000 Natura 2000 is a network of nature protection areas in the territory of the European Union. It is made up of Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas designated under the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive, respectively ...
network established to protect species and habitats. This directive is one of the main pillars of the European Union's system of wildlife and nature conservation, another being the
Birds Directive The Birds Directive (formally known as Council Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of wild birds) is the oldest piece of EU legislation on the environment and one of its cornerstones which was unanimously adopted in April 1979 as the Dire ...
. The Habitats Directive, together with the Birds Directive, are also called the "nature directives". The Habitats Directive consists of 24 articles of legislation to which all member states must comply. Article 17 of the directive sets the terms and standards for reporting on both the habitats and species listed in the annexes by the individual EU member countries. It stipulates a report from each member country on the state of nature every six years. The first preliminary reports were due in 2001 (but only published in 2004), the first actual assessments were due in 2007 (published 2009), the second in 2013 (published 2015), and the third set of assessment reports were due in 2019 (published 2020). The assessments of conservation status differ markedly from those of the
IUCN Red List The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biol ...
. The aim in the case of the EU conservation status is to assess the distance from a defined favourable situation, as opposed to the distance from extinction. There are three classes of conservation status: favourable (FV), unfavourable-inadequate (U1) and unfavourable-bad (U2). The annexes of the directive outline the protected habitats and species: *Annex I covers habitats, *Annex II species requiring designation of
Special Areas of Conservation A Special Area of Conservation (SAC) is defined in the European Union's Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), also known as the ''Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora''. They are to protect the 220 habitats and ap ...
, *Annex IV species in need of strict protection, and *Annex V species in which member countries may decide for themselves how to manage the population.


History

From 1988 to 1992, the policy was given importance at the national level by policy experts, scientists and ecologists; later on in the 1990s this spawned further political, social and administrative discussions among the relevant countries. Due to differences in nature conservation traditions, national problems have arisen in the implementation of the directive. Since member states in the
south South is one of the cardinal directions or Points of the compass, compass points. The direction is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to both east and west. Etymology The word ''south'' comes from Old English ''sūþ'', from earlier Pro ...
and east of Europe participated less in nature policies, these states experienced problems with the EU provisions. In
Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
,
Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
,
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
and
Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...
, the observation of conflicts between various government layers have caused prolonged delays in the management of nature policies. On the other hand, in member states such as the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...
and
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...
, positive outcomes have developed due to stakeholder involvement, pro-active authorities, agencies responsible for implementation and public participation. According to one 2014 report there are increasing incompatibilities with the Natura 2000 policy on economic development.


Annex I

Annex I lists the specific
habitat In ecology, the term habitat summarises the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species habitat can be seen as the physical ...
s which have been designated as the a
Special Area of Conservation A Special Area of Conservation (SAC) is defined in the European Union's Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), also known as the ''Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora''. They are to protect the 220 habitats and ap ...
, to which a common EU-wide legislation applies. Certain habitats among those are furthermore designated as "priority habitat types". Habitats in the EU are given codes. An area or habitat can combine two habitats, and be designated as for example code 35.2 × 64.1 - Open grassland with ''
Corynephorus ''Corynephorus'' is a genus of European, North African, and Middle Eastern plants in the grass family.Agrostis ''Agrostis'' (bent or bentgrass) is a large and very nearly cosmopolitan genus of plants in the grass family, found in nearly all the countries in the world. It has been bred as a GMO creeping bent grass. Species * '' Agrostis aequivalvi'' ...
'' (35.2), in combination with continental dunes (64.1). Example Annex I habitats are: Open sea and tidal areas *Sea cliffs and shingle or stony beaches *Atlantic and continental salt marshes and salt meadows *
Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the e ...
and thermo-Atlantic salt marshes and salt meadows *Salt and gypsum continental steppes Dunes *Sea dunes of the Mediterranean coast *Continental dunes, old and decalcified Standing and running freshwater *Sections of water courses with natural or semi-natural dynamics (minor, average and major beds) where the water quality shows no significant deterioration Matorral *Mediterranean arborescent
matorral 300px, Springtime in Chilean matorral a few kilometers north of Santiago along the Pan-American Highway Matorral is a Spanish language, Spanish word, along with ''tomillares'', for shrubland, thicket or bushes. It is used in naming and describin ...
*Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-steppe brush * Phrygana Grasslands *Natural grasslands *Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies *Sclerophyllous grazed forests (
dehesa A ''dehesa'' () is a multifunctional, agrosylvopastoral system (a type of agroforestry) and cultural landscape of southern and central Spain and southern Portugal; in Portugal, it is known as a ''montado''. Its name comes from the Latin 'defens ...
s) *Semi-natural tall-herb humid meadows *Mesophile grasslands Bogs, mires and fens *Sphagnum acid bogs *Calcareous fens Rocky areas and caves *Scree, chasmophytic vegetation on rocky slopes *Other rocky habitats Forests - Only (sub-)natural *Forests of temperate Europe *Mediterranean deciduous forests *Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests *Alpine and subalpine coniferous forests *Mediterranean mountainous coniferous forests The full list of habitats is distributed over 9 main categories.


Annex II

Annex II lists species which determine if an area is a
Special Area of Conservation A Special Area of Conservation (SAC) is defined in the European Union's Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), also known as the ''Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora''. They are to protect the 220 habitats and ap ...
. These include:


Animals


Mammals

*
Pyrenean desman The Pyrenean desman also called Iberian desman (''Galemys pyrenaicus'') is a small semiaquatic, globally threatened mammal related to moles and shrews, and, along with the Russian desman (''Desmana moschata''), is one of the two extant members ...
(''Galemys pyrenaicus'') *Bats: ''
Rhinolophus blasii Blasius's horseshoe bat (''Rhinolophus blasii'') is a species of insectivorous bat in the family Rhinolophidae found throughout large parts of the Mediterranean, Middle East and Africa. Taxonomy Blasius's horseshoe bat was described as a new s ...
'', ''R. euryale'', ''R. ferrumequinum'', ''R. hipposideros'', ''R. mehelyi'', ''
Barbastella barbastellus The western barbastelle (''Barbastella barbastellus''), also known as the barbastelle or barbastelle bat, is a European bat in the genus '' Barbastella''. This species is found from Portugal to Azerbaijan and from Sweden to Canary Islands, whe ...
'', ''
Miniopterus schreibersi The common bent-wing bat (''Miniopterus schreibersii''), also known as the Schreibers's long-fingered bat or Schreibers's bat, is a species of insectivorous bat. They appear to have dispersed from a subtropical origin and distributed throughout ...
'', '' Myotis bechsteini'', ''M. blythi'', ''M. capaccinii'', ''M. dasycneme'', ''M. emarginatus'', ''M. myotis'' *Rodents: ''
Spermophilus citellus The European ground squirrel (''Spermophilus citellus''), also known as the European souslik, is a species from the squirrel family, Sciuridae. It is among the few European species in the genus ''Spermophilus''. Like all squirrels, it is a membe ...
'', ''
Castor fiber The Eurasian beaver (''Castor fiber'') or European beaver is a beaver species that was once widespread in Eurasia, but was hunted to near-extinction for both its fur and castoreum. At the turn of the 20th century, only about 1,200 beavers survi ...
'', '' Microtus cabrerae'' *Carnivores: Lynx (''
Lynx lynx The Eurasian lynx (''Lynx lynx'') is a medium-sized wild cat widely distributed from Northern, Central and Eastern Europe to Central Asia and Siberia, the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas. It inhabits temperate and boreal forests up to an eleva ...
''), otter (''
Lutra lutra The Eurasian otter (''Lutra lutra''), also known as the European otter, Eurasian river otter, common otter, and Old World otter, is a semiaquatic mammal native to Eurasia. The most widely distributed member of the otter subfamily (Lutrinae) of th ...
'') and '' Mustela lutreola'' *
Grey seal The grey seal (''Halichoerus grypus'') is found on both shores of the North Atlantic Ocean. In Latin Halichoerus grypus means "hook-nosed sea pig". It is a large seal of the family Phocidae, which are commonly referred to as "true seals" or " ...
and
harbour seal The harbor (or harbour) seal (''Phoca vitulina''), also known as the common seal, is a true seal found along temperate and Arctic marine coastlines of the Northern Hemisphere. The most widely distributed species of pinniped (walruses, eared sea ...
*natural populations of wild goats ('' Capra aegagrus'') *natural populations of wild sheep ('' Ovis ammon musimon'') on
Corsica Corsica ( , Upper , Southern ; it, Corsica; ; french: Corse ; lij, Còrsega; sc, Còssiga) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France. It is the fourth-largest island in the Mediterranean and lies southeast of ...
and
Sardinia Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...
. * ''Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica'' *the dolphin ''
Tursiops truncatus Bottlenose dolphins are Aquatic mammal, aquatic mammals in the genus ''Tursiops.'' They are common, cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan members of the family Delphinidae, the family of oceanic dolphins. molecular biology, Molecular studies ...
'' and the harbour porpoise ''
Phocoena phocoena The harbour porpoise (''Phocoena phocoena'') is one of eight extant species of porpoise. It is one of the smallest species of cetacean. As its name implies, it stays close to coastal areas or river estuaries, and as such, is the most familia ...
''


Reptiles and amphibians

*Land tortoises: ''
Testudo hermanni Hermann's tortoise (''Testudo hermanni'') is a species of tortoise. Two subspecies are known: the western Hermann's tortoise (''T. h. hermanni'' ) and the eastern Hermann's tortoise (''T. h. boettgeri'' ). Sometimes mentioned as a subspecies, ...
'', ''T. graeca'' and ''T. marginata'' *Freshwater turtles: ''
Emys orbicularis The European pond turtle (''Emys orbicularis''), also called commonly the European pond terrapin and the European pond tortoise, is a species of long-living freshwater turtle in the family Emydidae. The species is endemic to the Western Palearc ...
'', '' Mauremys caspica'' and ''M. leprosa'' *Lizards: '' Lacerta monticola'', ''L. schreiberi'', ''Gallotia galloti insulanagae'', ''
Podarcis lilfordi Lilford's wall lizard (''Podarcis lilfordi'' ) is a species of lizard in the family Lacertidae. The species is endemic to the Balearic Islands, Spain. Its natural habitats are temperate Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, rocky areas, and r ...
'', ''P. pityusensis'', '' Chalcides occidentalis'' (a skink) and ''
Phyllodactylus europaeus The European leaf-toed gecko (''Euleptes europaea'') is a species of lizard in the family Sphaerodactylidae. It is found in coastal regions of France, Italy and Tunisia and on Mediterranean islands. Its natural habitats are rocky areas and rocky ...
'' (a gecko) *Snakes: ''
Elaphe quatuorlineata ''Elaphe quatuorlineata'' (common names: four-lined snake, Bulgarian ratsnake) is a member of the family Colubridae. The four-lined snake is a non-venomous species and one of the largest of the European snakes. Description The species' common ...
'', ''E. situla'' and ''
Vipera ursinii :''Common names: meadow viper, Ursini's viper, Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003). ''True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers''. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. . meadow adder,Brown, John Haynes (1973). ''To ...
'' *Salamanders: ''
Chioglossa lusitanica The gold-striped salamander or golden-striped salamander (''Chioglossa lusitanica'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is the only species of the genus ''Chioglossa''. It is found in the north-west of Iberia (in Portugal ...
'', '' Mertensiella luschani'', ''
Salamandrina terdigitata The spectacled salamander (''Salamandrina terdigitata'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. This species is found only in the southern Apennine Range in Italy in humid valleys and shady, overgrown hillsides at altitudes bet ...
'', ''
Triturus cristatus The northern crested newt, great crested newt or warty newt (''Triturus cristatus'') is a newt species native to Great Britain, northern and central continental Europe and parts of Western Siberia. It is a large newt, with females growing up to ...
'',
olm The olm or proteus (''Proteus anguinus'') is an aquatic salamander in the family Proteidae, the only exclusively cave-dwelling chordate species found in Europe. In contrast to most amphibians, it is entirely aquatic, eating, sleeping, and br ...
(''Proteus anguinus''), ''
Speleomantes ambrosii Ambrosi's cave salamander or the Spezia cave salamander (''Speleomantes ambrosii'') is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. Endemic to northwestern Italy, its natural habitats are temperate forests, rocky areas, caves, and subterra ...
'', ''S. flavus'', ''S. genei'', ''S. imperialis'' and ''S. supramontes'' *Toads: ''
Bombina bombina The European fire-bellied toad (''Bombina bombina'') is a species of fire-bellied toad native to eastern parts of mainland Europe, where it can be found near waterbodies such as ponds and marshes. It is known for its red colored belly used to war ...
'' and ''B. variegata'' *Frogs: ''
Rana latastei The Italian agile frog (''Rana latastei''), also known as Lataste's frog, is a species of frog in the family Ranidae (true frogs). The species is native to southern Europe, primarily found in the Po River Basin of Italy. It is one of the most ...
'', ''
Discoglossus jeanneae The Spanish painted frog (''Discoglossus jeanneae''), in Spanish ''sapillo pintojo meridional'', is a species of frog in the family Alytidae (formerly Discoglossidae). It is endemic to Spain. Description The Spanish painted frog is a medium-sized ...
'', ''D. montalentii'' and ''D. sardus''


Fish

*All ''
Eudontomyzon ''Eudontomyzon'' is a genus of lamprey in the family Petromyzontidae. Most species are found in Eastern Europe. Species There are currently seven recognized species in this genus: * '' Eudontomyzon danfordi'' Regan, 1911 (Carpathian lamprey) * ' ...
'' species, ''
Lampetra fluviatilis The European river lamprey (''Lampetra fluviatilis''), also known as the river lamprey or lampern, is a species of freshwater lamprey. Description Adult river lampreys measure from for the sea-going forms and up to for the lake forms. The very ...
'', ''L. planeri'', '' Lethenteron zanandrai'', ''
Petromyzon marinus The sea lamprey (''Petromyzon marinus'') is a parasitic lamprey native to the Northern Hemisphere. It is sometimes referred to as the "vampire fish". Description The sea lamprey has an eel-like body without paired fins. Its mouth is jawless, ...
'' *'' Aphanius iberus'' and ''A. fasciatus'' *only natural populations of ''
Hucho hucho The huchen (''Hucho hucho'') (, from German), also known as Danube salmon or redfish (german: Rotfisch), is a large species of freshwater fish in the salmon family of order Salmoniformes. It is the type species of its genus ''Hucho''. Dist ...
'' *only freshwater populations of salmon (''
Salmo salar The Atlantic salmon (''Salmo salar'') is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae. It is the third largest of the Salmonidae, behind Siberian taimen and Pacific Chinook salmon, growing up to a meter in length. Atlantic salmon are ...
''), the trout ''S. marmoradus'' and ''S. macrostigma'' *the
cyprid A barnacle is a type of arthropod constituting the subclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacea, and is hence related to crabs and lobsters. Barnacles are exclusively marine, and tend to live in shallow and tidal waters, typically in erosive ...
fish ''
Alburnus vulturius ''Alburnus'' is a genus of fish in the family Cyprinidae, the carps and minnows. They are known commonly as bleaks. A group of species in the genus is known as shemayas. The genus occurs in the western Palearctic realm, and the center of divers ...
'', ''A. albidus'', ''
Anaecypris hispanica ''Anaecypris hispanica'', the Spanish minnowcarp, is a small species of ray-finned fish species in the family Cyprinidae. It is the only living member of the genus ''Anaecypris''. It is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and is found in the basin of ...
'', '' Aspius aspius'', ''
Barbus plebejus The Italian barbel (''Barbus plebejus'') is a species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae, nearly related to the common barbel ''Barbus barbus''. The name barbel derived from the Latin barba, meaning beard, a reference to the two pairs ...
'', ''B. meridionalis'', ''B. capito'', ''B. comiza'', '' Chalcalburnus chalcoides'', '' Chondrostoma soetta'', ''Ch. polylepis'', ''Ch. genei'', ''Ch. lusitanicum'', ''Ch. toxostoma'', '' Gobio albipinnatus'', ''G. uranoscopus'', '' Iberocypris palaciosi'', '' Leuciscus lucomonis'', ''L. souffia'', all species of ''
Phoxinellus ''Phoxinellus'' is a genus of cyprinid fishes found in the Balkans The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region tak ...
'', ''
Rutilus pigus The pigoKottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol, Switzerland. 646 p. (''Rutilus pigus'') is a species of freshwater fish in the roach genus ''Rutilus'' of the family Cyprinidae. The ...
'', ''R. rubilio'', ''R. arcasii'', ''R. macrolepidotus'', ''R. lemmingii'', ''R. friesii meidingeri'', ''R. alburnoides'', ''Rhodeus sericeus amarus'', ''
Scardinius graecus ''Scardinius graecus'', also called the Greek rudd or Yliki rudd, is a species of cyprinid fish, only known from a single lake, Lake Yliki, in Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast ...
'' *the
Cobitidae Cobitidae, also known as the True loaches, is a family of Old World freshwater fish. They occur throughout Eurasia and in Morocco, and inhabit riverine ecosystems. Today, most "loaches" are placed in other families (see below). The family includ ...
loaches '' Cobitis conspersa'', ''C. larvata'', ''C. trichonica'', ''C. taenia'', ''
Misgurnis fossilis The weatherfish (''Misgurnus fossilis'') is a species of true loach that has a wide range in Europe and some parts of Asia. It is an omnivorous scavenger bottom feeder, using its sensitive barbels to find edible items. The diet mostly consists o ...
'', ''
Sabanejewia aurata ''Sabanejewia aurata'' is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Cobitidae. It is found in Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Iran, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, ; uz, Ozbekist ...
'' *of the perches: '' Gymnocephalus schraetzer'' and all ''
Zingel ''Zingel'' is a genus of fish in the family Percidae. They are long and slender, reaching 12 to 48 cm in length. They are found in rivers and streams in Europe. They feed mainly on aquatic invertebrates such as crustaceans and insect larvae ...
'' species except ''Z. asper'' and ''Z. zingel'' *
Gobiidae Gobiidae or gobies is a family of bony fish in the order Gobiiformes, one of the largest fish families comprising more than 2,000 species in more than 200 genera. Most of gobiid fish are relatively small, typically less than in length, and the ...
: '' Pomatoschistus canestrini'', '' Padogobius panizzai'', ''P. nigricans'' *the freshwater sculpins '' Cottus ferruginosus'', ''C. gobio'', ''C. petiti'' *all ''
Alosa ''Alosa'' is a genus of fish, the river herrings, in the family (biology), family Clupeidae. Along with other genera in the subfamily Alosinae, they are generally known as shads. tp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/ac482e/ac482e27.pdf Subfamily A ...
'' species, the river herrings or scads. *Aristotle's catfish (''Silurus aristotelis'')


Crustaceans

*the freshwater crayfish ''Austropotamobius pallipes''


Insects

*the beetles ''Buprestis splendens'', ''Cerambyx cerdo'', ''Cucujus cinnaberinus'', ''Dytiscus latissimus'', ''Graphoderus bilineatus'', ''Limoniscus violaceus'', ''
Lucanus cervus ''Lucanus cervus'', known as the European stag beetle, or the greater stag beetle, is one of the best-known species of stag beetle (family Lucanidae) in Western Europe, and is the eponymous example of the genus. ''L. cervus'' is listed as Near ...
'' and '' Morimus funereus'' *the butterflies '' Coenonympha oedippus'', ''
Erebia calcaria ''Erebia calcaria'', or Lorkovic's brassy ringlet, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Alps. The species inhabits southern exposed slopes with alpine grassland interspersed with rocks. Screes without vegetation or only a ...
'', ''E. christi'', '' Eriogaster catax'', ''
Euphydryas aurinia The marsh fritillary (''Euphydryas aurinia'') is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. Commonly distributed in the Palearctic region, the marsh fritillary's common name derives from one of its several habitats, marshland. The prolonged larval s ...
'', ''
Graellsia isabellae ''Graellsia isabellae'', the Spanish moon moth, is in the silkmoth family Saturniidae. It is the only species in the monotypic genus ''Graellsia''. The species was first described by Mariano de la Paz Graells y de la Agüera in 1849 and the genu ...
'', '' Hypodryas maturna'', '' Lycaena dispar'', '' Maculinea nausithous'', ''M. teleius'', '' Melanagria arge'', ''
Papilio hospiton ''Papilio hospiton'', the Corsican swallowtail, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It is found only in Corsica and Sardinia in the Mediterranean Sea. A medium-sized butterfly with a wingspan of , ''Papilio hospiton'' is a shor ...
'', ''
Plebicula golgus ''Polyommatus golgus'', the Sierra Nevada blue, is a species of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is endemic to Spain with habitat in the Sierra Nevada in Andalusia ( Granada and Almería provinces), and is an endangered species. It is ...
'' *the praying mantis ''
Apteromantis aptera ''Apteromantis aptera'' is a species of praying mantis endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. It was first described by José María Hugo de la Fuente Morales in 1894. It was previously considered to be endangered by the IUCN, but has been downgrad ...
'' *the dragonflies ''
Coenagrion hylas ''Coenagrion'' is a genus of damselflies in the family Coenagrionidae, commonly called the Eurasian Bluets (although three species are found in North America: '' Coenagrion angulatum'', '' Coenagrion interrogatum'', and '' Coenagrion resolutum' ...
'', ''C. mercuriale'', '' Cordulegaster trinacriae'', '' Gomphus graslinii'', '' Leucorrhina pectoralis'', '' Lindenia tetraphylla'', '' Macromia splendens'', '' Ophiogomphus cecilia'', ''
Oxygastra curtisii The orange-spotted emerald (''Oxygastra curtisii'') is a dragonfly in the family Corduliidae. It is the only species in its genus. The orange-spotted emerald is about long. It has bright green eyes and a bronzy-green body with yellow spots al ...
'' *the grasshopper '' Baetica ustulata''


Molluscs

*
Gastropods The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. Ther ...
(snails): ''
Caseolus calculus ''Caseolus calculus'' (common name: Madeiran land snail) is a species of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies. Distribution and conservation stat ...
'', ''C. commixta'', ''C. sphaerula'', '' Discula leacockiana'', ''D. tabellata'', '' Discus defloratus'', ''D. guerinianus'', ''
Elona quimperiana ''Elona quimperiana'', common name the escargot de Quimper ("Quimper snail"), is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Elonidae. ''Elona'' is a monotypic genus, i.e. it contains only on ...
'', ''
Geomalacus maculosus The Kerry slug or Kerry spotted slug (''Geomalacus maculosus'') is a species of terrestrial, pulmonate, gastropod mollusc. It is a medium-to-large sized, air-breathing land slug in the family of roundback slugs, Arionidae. Adult Kerry slugs g ...
'', ''
Geomitra moniziana ''Geomitra moniziana'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae. This species is endemic to Madeira, Portugal. It is mentioned in annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive ...
'', '' Idiomela subplicata'' (as ''Helix subplicata''), ''
Leiostyla abbreviata ''Leiostyla abbreviata'' is an extinct species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lauriidae. It is one of several species sometimes referred as Madeiran land snail. It is mentioned in ann ...
'', ''L. cassida'', ''L. corneocostata'', ''L. gibba'', ''L. lamellosa'', ''
Vertigo angustior ''Vertigo angustior'', the narrow-mouthed whorl snail, is a species of minute land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Vertiginidae, the whorl snails. MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Verti ...
'', ''V. genesii'', ''V. geyeri'', ''V. moulinsiana'' *Bivalves: ''
Margaritifera margaritifera The freshwater pearl mussel (''Margaritifera margaritifera'') is an endangered species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusc in the family Margaritiferidae. Although the name "freshwater pearl mussel" is often used for this species, ...
'' and ''
Unio crassus ''Unio crassus'', the thick shelled river mussel, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788. Accessed through: ...
''


Plants

Mosses and liverworts: '' Bruchia vogesiaca'', ''
Buxbaumia viridis ''Buxbaumia viridis'', also known as the green shield-moss, is a rare bryophyte found sporadically throughout the northern hemisphere. The gametophyte of this moss is not macroscopically visible; the large, distinct sporophyte of ''B. viridis'' i ...
'', '' Dichelyma capillaceum'', ''
Dicranum viride ''Dicranum viride'' is a species of moss belonging to the family Dicranaceae. It is native to Northern Hemisphere The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is ...
'', ''
Distichophyllum carinatum ''Distichophyllum carinatum'' is a species of moss in the family Daltoniaceae. It is native to Europe and Asia, where it has a disjunct distribution. It is known to occur in Germany, China, and Japan. It is also known from Austria and Switzerland ...
'', '' Drepanocladus vernicosus'', '' Jungermannia handelii'', '' Mannia triandra'', '' Meesia longiseta'', '' Nothothylas orbicularis'', '' Orthotrichum rogeri'', ''
Petalophyllum ralfsii ''Petalophyllum ralfsii'', the petalwort, is a liverwort of the order Fossombroniales.Crandall-Stotler, B.J., Stotler, R.E. and Long, D.G. 2009. Phylogeny and classification of the Marchantiophyta. Edinburgh Journal of Botany, vo. 66, no. 1, p. ...
'', '' Riccia breidleri'', '' Riella helicophylla'', '' Scapania massolongi'', '' Sphagnum pylaisii'', '' Tayloria rudolphiana'' Ferns and allies *the ferns '' Asplenium jahandiezii'', ''
Culcita macrocarpa ''Culcita macrocarpa'', the woolly tree fern, is a species of fern in the family Culcitaceae native to Macaronesia and parts of the Iberian Peninsula, where it might have been introduced. Description ''Culcita macrocarpa'' is a large plant tha ...
'', '' Trichomanes speciosum'' and ''
Woodwardia radicans ''Woodwardia radicans'', the chain fern, European chain fern or rooting chainfern, is a species of fern in the family Blechnaceae, mainly found in Macaronesia and southwestern Europe, but is also found in southern Italy and Crete. Growing to tal ...
'' *the water ferns '' Marsilea batardae'', ''M. quadrifolia'' and ''M. strigosa'' *''
Botrychium simplex ''Botrychium simplex'', the little grapefern, is a species of fern in the family Ophioglossaceae that is native to North America and Greenland. It is a perennial. Conservation status in the United States It is listed as a special concern specie ...
'' and ''
Ophioglossum polyphyllum ''Ophioglossum'', the adder's-tongue ferns, is a genus of about 50 species of ferns in the family Ophioglossaceae. The name ''Ophioglossum'' comes from the Greek meaning "snake-tongue".
'' *the squillworts ''
Isoetes boryana ''Isoetes'', commonly known as the quillworts, is the only extant genus of plants in the family Isoetaceae, which is in the class of Lycopodiopsida, lycopods. There are currently 192 recognized species, with a cosmopolitan distribution but with t ...
'' and ''I. malinverniana'' Monocots *
Alismataceae The water-plantains (Alismataceae) are a family of flowering plants, comprising 19 genera (17 extant and 2 fossil) and 117 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest number of species in temperate regions of the Northe ...
: '' Caldesia parnassifolia'' and ''
Luronium natans ''Luronium natans'' is a species of aquatic plant commonly known as the floating water-plantain. It is the only recognized species in the genus ''Luronium'', native to western and central Europe, from Spain to Britain to Norway east to Ukraine. ...
'' *'' Allium grosii'' *'' Eleocharis carniolica'' *''
Juncus valvatus ''Juncus'' is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants, commonly known as rushes. It is the largest genus in the family Juncaceae, containing around 300 species. Description Rushes of the genus ''Juncus'' are herbaceous plants that superfici ...
'' *'' Hyacinthoides vicentina'' *'' Leucojum nicaeense'' *Daffodils: '' Narcissus asturiensis'', ''N. calcicola'', ''N. cyclamineus'', ''N. fernandesii'', ''N. humilis'', ''N. pseudonarcissus'' subsp. ''nobilis'', ''N. scaberulus'', ''N. triandrus'' subsp. ''capax'' and ''N. viridiflorus'' *Grasses: '' Avenula hackelii'', '' Bromus grossus'', '' Coleanthus subtilis'', ''
Festuca brigantina ''Festuca'' (fescue) is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the grass family Poaceae (subfamily Pooideae). They are evergreen or herbaceous perennial tufted grasses with a height range of and a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on ev ...
'', ''F. duriotagana'', ''F. elegans'', ''F. henriquesii'', ''F. sumilusitanica'', ''
Gaudinia hispanica ''Gaudinia'' is a genus of Mediterranean plants in the grass family. The genus name is a tribute to Swiss botanist Jean François Aimé Théophile Philippe Gaudin (1766-1833). ; Species * ''Gaudinia coarctata'' - Azores * ''Gaudinia fragilis'' ...
'', ''Holcus setiglumis'' subsp. ''duriensis'', '' Micropyropsis tuberosa''. '' Pseudarrhenatherum pallens'' and '' Puccinellia pungens'' *Orchids: ''
Cypripedium calceolus ''Cypripedium calceolus'' is a lady's-slipper orchid, and the type species of the genus ''Cypripedium''. It is native to Europe and Asia. Taxonomy ''Cypripedium'' comes from the Greek Κυπρισ πεδιον (''Kupris pedion''), meaning Venus' ...
'' and ''
Liparis loeselii ''Liparis loeselii'', the fen orchid, yellow widelip orchid, or bog twayblade, is a species of orchid. It is native to Europe, northern Asia, the eastern United States, and eastern Canada. It grows in fens, bogs and dune A dune is a la ...
'' *Cretan date palm (''
Phoenix theophrasti ''Phoenix theophrasti'', the Cretan date palm, is a palm native to the eastern Mediterranean, with a very restricted distribution, confined to southern Greece, a few sites on Crete and nearby islands, as well as some places on the Turkish coast. ...
'') Dicots *
Apiaceae Apiaceae or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus ''Apium'' and commonly known as the celery, carrot or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants ...
: '' Angelica palustris'', '' Apium repens'', '' Athamanta cortiana'', ''
Eryngium alpinum ''Eryngium alpinum'', the alpine sea holly, alpine eryngo or queen of the Alps, is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Apiaceae. Description ''Eryngium alpinum'' is a hemicryptophyte, its overwintering buds are situated just below the so ...
'', '' Petagnia saniculifolia'', '' Rouya polygama'' and '' Thorella verticillatinundata'' *'' Aldrovanda vesiculosa'' *
Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae w ...
: '' Centaurea corymbosa'', ''C. gadorensis'', ''C. kartschiana'', ''Centaurea micrantha'' subsp. ''herminii'', ''C. pulvinata'', ''C. rothmalerana'', ''C. vicentina'', '' Crepis granatensis'', '' Erigeron frigidus'', '' Hymenostemma pseudanthemis'', '' Leontodon microcephalus'', ''L. boryi'', ''
Leuzea longifolia ''Rhaponticum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Cardueae within the family Asteraceae. Description ''Rhaponticum'' species are perennial herbaceous plants with simple, rarely branched stems. The leaves are simple to pinnatifid. ...
'', ''
Ligularia sibirica ''Ligularia sibirica'' is the type species for the genus ''Ligularia''. It is a 0.3-1.3 m tall perennial plant, perennial herbaceous plant, native to fens and damp grassy meadows in Siberia, Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe. Once fairly ...
'', ''
Santolina impressa ''Santolina impressa'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, endemic to southwest Portugal specifically the area between Setúbal and Sines Sines () is a city and a municipality in Portugal. The municipality, divided into t ...
'', ''S. semidentata'' and '' Senecio nevadensis'' *
Boraginaceae Boraginaceae, the borage or forget-me-not family, includes about 2,000 species of shrubs, trees and herbs in 146, to 156 genera with a worldwide distribution. The APG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single family of the order ...
: '' Myosotis lusitanica'', ''M. rehsteineri'', ''M. retusifolia'', '' Omphalodes kuzinskyana'' and '' Solenanthus albanicus'' *
Brassicaceae Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The le ...
: ''
Alyssum pyrenaicum ''Alyssum'' is a genus of over a hundred species of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean region. The genus comprises annual and perenni ...
'', ''
Arabis sadina ''Arabis sadina'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is endemic to Portugal. Distribution and habitat ''Arabis sadina'' is endemic to the centre-west of Portugal, occurring in the districts of Leiria, Santarém, Li ...
'', '' Biscutella vincentina'', '' Boleum asperum'', '' Brassica glabrescens'', ''B. insularis'', ''
Coincya cintrana ''Coincya cintrana'' is a flowering plant of the family Brassicaceae. It is a hemicryptophyte plant, and it grows on walls, in steep areas and in rocky slopes. It flowers from April until June. The species authority is (Cout.) P.Silva, and was p ...
'', '' Diplotaxis ibicensis'', ''D. vicentina'', '' Erucastrum palustre'', ''Iberis procumbens'' subsp. ''microcarpa'', '' Ionopsidium savianum'', '' Sisymbrium cavanillesianum'' and ''S. supinum'' *
Campanulaceae The family Campanulaceae (also bellflower family), of the order Asterales, contains nearly 2400 species in 84 genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, often with milky sap. Among them are several familiar garden plants belon ...
: ''
Asyneuma giganteum ''Asyneuma'' is a genus of flowering plants in the bellflower family, Campanulaceae. They are native to North Africa and Eurasia.''Jasione crispa'' subsp. ''serpentinica'' and ''J. lusitanica'' *
Caryophyllaceae Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family of flowering plants. It is included in the dicotyledon order Caryophyllales in the APG III system, alongside 33 other families, including Amaranthaceae, Cactacea ...
: '' Arenaria provincialis'', ''Dianthus cintranus'' subsp. ''cintranus'', ''D. marizii'', ''D. rupicola'', '' Herniaria algarvica'', ''H. berlengiana'', ''H. maritima'', '' Moehringia tommasinii'', ''
Petrocoptis grandiflora ''Petrocoptis'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae. Its native range is Pyrenees The Pyrenees (; es, Pirineos ; french: Pyrénées ; ca, Pirineu ; eu, Pirinioak ; oc, Pirenèus ; an, Pirineus) is a mount ...
'', ''P. montsicciana'', ''P. pseudoviscosa'', '' Silene cintrana'', ''S. hifacensis'', ''S. longicilia'' and ''S. mariana'' *''
Centranthus trinervis ''Centranthus trinervis'' is a species of plant in the family Caprifoliaceae. It is endemic to Corsica, France where there is a single sub-population of which the only 140 of the individual plants remain. The common name of the plant is ''Centra ...
'' *
Cistaceae The Cistaceae are a small family of plants (rock-rose or rock rose family) known for their beautiful shrubs, which are profusely covered by flowers at the time of blossom. This family consists of about 170(-200) species in nine genera that are ...
: '' Cistus palhinhae'', ''
Halimium verticillatum ''Halimium'' (rockrose, false sun-rose, or halimium) is a genus of 12 species of evergreen or semi-evergreen subshrubs in the family Cistaceae, closely related to ''Cistus''. They are native to Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor, with the centre ...
'', '' Helianthemum alypoides'' and ''H. caput-felis'' *'' Daphne petraea'' *'' Erodium paularense'' *'' Euphorbia transtagana'' *
Fabaceae The Fabaceae or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomenc ...
: ''
Anthyllis hystrix ''Anthyllis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. This genus contains both herbaceous and shrubby species and is distributed in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The most widespread and familiar species is '' A. vulnera ...
'', '' Astragalus centralpinus'', ''A. tremolsianus'', '' Genista dorycnifolia'', ''G. holopetala'', ''Melilotus segetalis'' subsp. ''fallax'' and '' Trifolium saxatile'' *
Gentianaceae Gentianaceae is a family of flowering plants of 103 genera and about 1600 species. Etymology The family takes its name from the genus '' Gentiana'', named after the Illyrian king Gentius. Distribution Distribution is cosmopolitan. Characteri ...
: '' Gentiana ligustica'' and '' Gentianella angelica'' *
Lamiaceae The Lamiaceae ( ) or Labiatae are a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint, deadnettle or sage family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs like basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory ...
: '' Dracocephalum austriacum'', '' Nepeta dirphya'', ''
Origanum dictamnus ''Origanum dictamnus'', the dittany of Crete, Cretan dittany or hop marjoram, is a tender perennial plant that grows 20–30 cm high. It is known in Greek as ''δίκταμο'' (''díktamo'', cf. " dittany") or in the Cretan dialect as ''έ ...
'', ''Sideritis incana'' subsp. ''glauca'', ''S. javalambrensis'', ''S. serrata'', '' Teucrium lepicephalum'', ''T. turredanum'' and '' Thymus carnosus'' *
Malvaceae Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ...
: ''
Kosteletzkya pentacarpos ''Kosteletzkya pentacarpos'', the seashore mallow, also known as the saltmarsh mallow, sweat weed, Virginia saltmarsh mallow, or hibiscus à cinq carpelles, is an herb found in marshes along the eastern seashore of North America, parts of coast ...
'' *''
Najas flexilis ''Najas flexilis'' is an aquatic annual plant native to parts of North America and Europe. It is native to northern and central Europe from Norway to Ireland to Switzerland, and from there across Russia (including Siberia). It is also considered ...
'' *
Paeoniaceae The peony or paeony is a flowering plant in the genus ''Paeonia'' , the only genus in the family Paeoniaceae . Peonies are native to Asia, Europe and Western North America. Scientists differ on the number of species that can be distinguished, ...
: ''
Paeonia cambessedesii ''Paeonia cambessedesii'' is a Perennial plant, perennial Herbaceous plant, herbaceous species of peony about 45 cm high. It has pink flowers. The stems, major veins and undersides of the leaves remain purple red, while the upper surface of ...
'', ''P. parnassica'' and ''P. clusii'' subsp. ''rhodia'' *'' Pinguicula nevadensis'' *'' Plantago algarbiensis'' and ''P. almogravensis'' *
Plumbaginaceae Plumbaginaceae is a family of flowering plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The family is sometimes referred to as the leadwort family or the plumbago family. Most species in this family are perennial herbaceous plants, but a few grow as ...
: ''
Armeria berlengensis ''Armeria berlengensis'' is a flowering plant, a member of a mostly Mediterranean group including the thrifts and sea pinks. It is endemic to the Berlengas, a Portuguese archipelago, where it occurs on the rocky granitic slopes of the islands. I ...
'', ''A. negleta'', ''A. pseudarmeria'', ''A. soleirolii'', ''A. velutina'', ''Limonium dodartii'' subsp. ''lusitanicum'', ''L. lanceolatum'' and ''L. multiflorum'' *
Polygonaceae The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants known informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The name is based on the genus ''Polygonum'', and was first used by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 ...
: '' Polygonum praelongum'' and '' Rumex rupestris '' *
Primulaceae The Primulaceae , commonly known as the primrose family (but not related to the Onagraceae, evening primrose family), are a family (biology), family of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous and woody flowering plants including some favourite garden plants ...
: '' Androsace mathildae'', ''A. pyrenaica'', ''
Primula palinuri ''Primula'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose ('' P. vulgaris''), a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are '' P. auricula'' (auricula), '' P. veris'' (cow ...
'' and '' Soldanella villosa'' *
Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae (buttercup or crowfoot family; Latin "little frog", from "frog") is a family of over 2,000 known species of flowering plants in 43 genera, distributed worldwide. The largest genera are ''Ranunculus'' (600 species), ''Delphinium' ...
: '' Adonis distorta'', '' Aquilegia bertolonii'', ''A. kitaibelii'' and ''
Pulsatilla patens ''Pulsatilla patens'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to Europe, Russia, Mongolia, and China. Common names include Eastern pasqueflower and cutleaf anemone. Taxonomy It was first formally named in 1753 as '' ...
'' *
Rosaceae Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera. The name is derived from the type genus ''Rosa''. Among the most species-rich genera are ''Alchemilla'' (270), ''Sorbus ...
: '' Potentilla delphinensis'' *
Saxifragaceae Saxifragaceae is a family of herbaceous perennial flowering plants, within the core eudicot order Saxifragales. The taxonomy of the family has been greatly revised and the scope much reduced in the era of molecular phylogenetic analysis. The f ...
: '' Saxifraga berica'', ''S. florulenta'', ''S. hirculus'' and ''S. tombeanensis'' *
Scrophulariaceae The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scr ...
: '' Antirrhinum charidemi'', ''Chaenorrhinum serpyllifolium'' subsp. ''lusitanicum'', '' Euphrasia marchesettii'', ''
Linaria algarviana ''Linaria algarviana'' is a species of toadflax in the plantain family Plantaginaceae, endemic to southern Portugal, specifically the western portion of the Algarve The Algarve (, , ; from ) is the southernmost NUTS II region of continental ...
'', ''L. coutinhoi'', ''L. flava'', ''L. tonzigii'', ''
Odontites granatensis ''Odontites'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae. Phylogeny The phylogeny of the genera of Rhinantheae has been explored using molecular characters. ''Odontites'' belongs to the core Rhinantheae. It is the sister genus to ...
'', '' Verbascum litigiosum'' and '' Veronica micrantha'' *'' Thesium ebracteatum'' *'' Viola jaubertiana'' *Willow: ''Salix salviifolia'' subsp. ''australis'' *''
Zelkova abelicea ''Zelkova abelicea'' is a species of tree in the family Ulmaceae. It is referred to by the common names Cretan zelkova, and on Crete proper as abelitsia (αμπελιτσιά). It is endemism, endemic to Crete. It is found in small numbers and is ...
''


Priority species

There are also a number of priority species:


Animals

* Dutch tundra vole (''Microtus oeconomus arenicola'') *Wolf (''Canis lupus''): Spanish populations: only those south of the
Duero The Douro (, , ; es, Duero ; la, Durius) is the highest-flow river of the Iberian Peninsula. It rises near Duruelo de la Sierra in Soria Province, central Spain, meanders south briefly then flows generally west through the north-west part of ...
; Greek populations: only those south of the 39th parallel) *Brown bear *
Iberian lynx The Iberian lynx (''Lynx pardinus'') is a wild cat species endemic to the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. In the 20th century, the Iberian lynx population had declined because of overhun ...
*Monk seal (''
Monachus monachus The Mediterranean monk seal (''Monachus monachus'') is a monk seal belonging to the family Phocidae. , it is estimated that fewer than 700 individuals survive in three or four isolated subpopulations in the Mediterranean, (especially) in the Ae ...
'') *
Corsican red deer The Corsican red deer (''Cervus elaphus corsicanus''), also known simply as the Corsican deer or Sardinian deer, is a population of red deer (''Cervus elaphus'') found on the Mediterranean islands of Sardinia (Italy) and Corsica (France). Chara ...
(''Cervus elaphus corsicanus'') *Pyrenean ibex ('' Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica'') *Apennine chamois ('' Rupicarpa ornata'') *
Loggerhead sea turtle The loggerhead sea turtle (''Caretta caretta'') is a species of oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world. It is a marine reptile, belonging to the family Cheloniidae. The average loggerhead measures around in carapace length when fully ...
(''Caretta caretta'') *the lizard ''
Gallotia simonyi ''Gallotia simonyi'', also known as Simony's lizard, is a species of lacertid (wall lizard) that was found on many of the Canary Islands. The species was once present throughout much of the islands, but one of the two subspecies is extinct, whil ...
'' *the viper '' Vipera schweizeri'' *Fire salamander ( ''Salamandra salamandra aurorae'') *Majorcan midwife toad ('' Alytes muletensis'') *the frog ''Pelobates fuscus insubricus'' *the sturgeons ''
Acipenser naccarii The Adriatic sturgeon (''Acipenser naccarii'') is a species of fish in the family Acipenseridae. It is native to the Adriatic Sea and large rivers which flow in it of Albania, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slove ...
'' and ''
Acipenser sturio The European sea sturgeon (''Acipenser sturio''), also known as the Atlantic sturgeon or common sturgeon, is a species of sturgeon native to Europe. It was formerly abundant, being found in coastal habitats all over Europe. It is anadromous and b ...
'' *the fish '' Valencia hispanica'' *some of the
anadromous Fish migration is mass relocation by fish from one area or body of water to another. Many types of fish migrate on a regular basis, on time scales ranging from daily to annually or longer, and over distances ranging from a few metres to thousan ...
populations in certain sectors of the North Sea of '' Coregonus oxyrhynchus'' *the
cyprid A barnacle is a type of arthropod constituting the subclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacea, and is hence related to crabs and lobsters. Barnacles are exclusively marine, and tend to live in shallow and tidal waters, typically in erosive ...
fish '' Ladigesocypris ghigii'' *the beetles '' Carabus olympiae'', ''
Osmoderma eremita ''Osmoderma eremita'', the hermit beetle or Russian leather beetle, is a species of European beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. Adults reach between 28 and 32 mm in length. Distribution ''Osmoderma eremita'' can be found everywhere in Europ ...
'' and '' Rosalia alpina'' *the butterfly ''
Euplagia quadripunctaria ''Euplagia quadripunctaria'', the Jersey Tiger, or Spanish Flag, is a day-flying moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus in 1761. The adult wingspan is , and they fly from July to September, dep ...
'' (under the synonym ''Callimorpha quadripunctata'')


Plants

*the fern ''
Dryopteris corleyi :''The moth genus ''Dryopteris'' is now considered a junior synonym of ''Oreta. ''Dryopteris'' , commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns (referring in particular to ''Dryopteris filix-mas''), or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dry ...
'' *the moss '' Bryoerythrophyllum machadoanum'' *the liverwort '' Marsupella profunda'' *the spruce ''
Abies nebrodensis ''Abies nebrodensis'', the Sicilian fir, is a fir native to the Madonie mountains in northern Sicily. Taxonomy It is closely related to silver fir, ''Abies alba'', which replaces it in the Apennine Mountains of Italy and elsewhere further nort ...
'' *'' Androcymbium rechingeri'' *'' Asphodelus bento-rainhae'' *'' Muscari gussonei'' *the daffodil ''
Narcissus nevadensis ''Narcissus nevadensis'' is a species of the genus ''Narcissus (plant), Narcissus'' (daffodils) in the family Amaryllidaceae. It is classified in Section ''Nevadensis''. It is native to the Baetic System in Spain. It is considered an endangered ...
'' *'' Carex panormitana'' *''
Dioscorea chouardii ''Dioscorea chouardii'' (synonym: ''Borderea chouardii'') is a herbaceous plant in the family Dioscoreaceae. It is endemic to a single cliff located in the Pyrenees of Aragon, Spain. History A previously unknown species, ''Dioscorea chouardii ...
'' (as ''Borderea chouardii'') *Grasses: '' Stipa austroitalica'', ''S. bavarica'' and ''S. veneta'' *Orchids: '' Cephalanthera cucullata'' and '' Ophrys lunulata'' *
Apiaceae Apiaceae or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus ''Apium'' and commonly known as the celery, carrot or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants ...
: '' Angelica heterocarpa'', ''
Apium bermejoi ''Helosciadium bermejoi'', synonym ''Apium bermejoi'', is a critically endangered species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae. Taxonomy It is not closely related to the wild form of celery, ''A. graveolens'', being more properly placed i ...
'', ''
Bupleurum capillare ''Bupleurum'' is a large genus of annual or perennial herbs or woody shrubs, with about 190 species, belonging to the family Apiaceae. The full size of its species may vary between a few cm to up to 3 m high. Their compound umbels of sm ...
'', ''B. kakiskalae'', '' Eryngium viviparum'', '' Laserpitium longiradium'', '' Naufraga balearica'', '' Oenanthe conioides'' and '' Seseli intricatum'' *
Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae w ...
: '' Anthemis glaberrima'', ''
Artemisia granatensis Artemisia may refer to: People * Artemisia I of Caria (fl. 480 BC), queen of Halicarnassus under the First Persian Empire, naval commander during the second Persian invasion of Greece * Artemisia II of Caria (died 350 BC), queen of Caria under th ...
'', '' Aster pyrenaeus'', ''A. sorrentinii'', '' Carduus myriacanthus'', '' Centaurea alba'' subsp. ''heldreichii'' and subsp. ''princeps'', ''C. attica'' subsp. ''megarensis'', ''C. balearica'', ''C. borjae'', ''C. citricolor'', ''C. horrida'', ''C. kalambakensis'', ''C. lactiflora'', ''C. niederi'', ''C. peucedanifolia'', ''C. pinnata'', '' Crepis crocifolia'', '' Jurinea cyanoides'', ''J. fontqueri'', '' Lamyropsis microcephala'', '' Leontodon siculus'' and '' Senecio elodes'' *''
Atropa baetica ''Atropa baetica'' is one of Europe's rarest wildflowers. A close relative of the infamous deadly nightshade ('' Atropa belladonna'') its specific name derives from that of the Roman province of Hispania Baetica, while its common name refers to ...
'' *'' Bassia saxicola'' *
Boraginaceae Boraginaceae, the borage or forget-me-not family, includes about 2,000 species of shrubs, trees and herbs in 146, to 156 genera with a worldwide distribution. The APG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single family of the order ...
: '' Anchusa crispa'', '' Lithodora nitida'', '' Omphalodes littoralis'' and '' Symphytum cycladense'' *
Brassicaceae Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The le ...
: '' Biscutella neustriaca'', ''
Brassica macrocarpa ''Brassica'' () is a genus of plants in the cabbage and mustard family (Brassicaceae). The members of the genus are informally known as cruciferous vegetables, cabbages, or mustard plants. Crops from this genus are sometimes called ''cole cr ...
'', '' Coincya rupestris'', '' Coronopus navasii'', ''
Diplotaxis siettiana ''Diplotaxis siettiana'', known in Spanish as ', is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is endemism, endemic to Isla de Alborán, Alborán Island in the western Mediterranean Sea, where it grows only around the helipad. Th ...
'', ''
Iberis arbuscula ''Iberis'' , commonly called candytuft, is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae. It comprises annuals, evergreen perennials and subshrubs native to the Old World. The name "candytuft" is not related to candy, but deri ...
'' and '' Ionopsidium acaule'' *'' Campanula sabatia'' *
Caryophyllaceae Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family of flowering plants. It is included in the dicotyledon order Caryophyllales in the APG III system, alongside 33 other families, including Amaranthaceae, Cactacea ...
: '' Arenaria nevadensis'', '' Gypsophila papillosa'', ''Herniaria latifolia'' subsp. ''litardierei'', '' Silene hicesiae'', ''S. holzmanii'', ''S. orphanidis'', ''S. rothmaleri'' and ''S. velutina'' *
Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae (), commonly called the bindweeds or morning glories, is a family of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species. These species are primarily herbaceous vines, but also include trees, shrubs and herbs. The tubers of several spec ...
: '' Convolvulus argyrothamnus'' and ''C. fernandesii'' *
Cistaceae The Cistaceae are a small family of plants (rock-rose or rock rose family) known for their beautiful shrubs, which are profusely covered by flowers at the time of blossom. This family consists of about 170(-200) species in nine genera that are ...
: ''
Tuberaria major ''Tuberaria'' is a genus of about 12 species of annual or perennial plants in the rockrose family Cistaceae, native to western and southern Europe. They occur on dry, stony sites, often close to the sea. The leaves are in a rosette at the base ...
'' *'' Daphne rodriguezii'' *'' Euphorbia margalidiana'' *
Fabaceae The Fabaceae or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomenc ...
: '' Astragalus algarbiensis'', ''A. aquilanus'', ''A. maritimus'', ''A. verrucosus'', '' Cytisus aeolicus'', '' Ononis hackelii'' and '' Vicia bifoliolata'' *
Gentianaceae Gentianaceae is a family of flowering plants of 103 genera and about 1600 species. Etymology The family takes its name from the genus '' Gentiana'', named after the Illyrian king Gentius. Distribution Distribution is cosmopolitan. Characteri ...
: '' Centaurium rigualii'' and ''C. somedanum'' *
Geraniaceae Geraniaceae is a family of flowering plants placed in the order Geraniales. The family name is derived from the genus ''Geranium''. The family includes both the genus ''Geranium'' (the cranesbills, or true geraniums) and the garden plants called ...
: '' Erodium astragaloides'' and ''E. rupicola'' *'' Euphorbia margalidiana'' *'' Hypericum aciferum'' *
Lamiaceae The Lamiaceae ( ) or Labiatae are a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint, deadnettle or sage family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs like basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory ...
: '' Micromeria taygetea'', '' Nepeta sphaciotica'', '' Thymus camphoratus'' and ''T. cephalotos'' *'' Linum muelleri'' *'' Lythrum flexuosum'' *
Plumbaginaceae Plumbaginaceae is a family of flowering plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The family is sometimes referred to as the leadwort family or the plumbago family. Most species in this family are perennial herbaceous plants, but a few grow as ...
: '' Armeria helodes'', ''A. rouyana'', '' Limonium insulare'', ''L. pseudolaetum'' and ''L. strictissimum'' *
Primulaceae The Primulaceae , commonly known as the primrose family (but not related to the Onagraceae, evening primrose family), are a family (biology), family of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous and woody flowering plants including some favourite garden plants ...
: '' Primula apennina'' *
Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae (buttercup or crowfoot family; Latin "little frog", from "frog") is a family of over 2,000 known species of flowering plants in 43 genera, distributed worldwide. The largest genera are ''Ranunculus'' (600 species), ''Delphinium' ...
: '' Aconitum corsicum'', ''Aquilegia pyrenaica'' subsp. ''cazorlensis'', '' Consolida samia'' and '' Ranunculus weyleri'' *'' Reseda decursiva'' *'' Ribes sardum'' a currant from Saridnia *
Rubiaceae The Rubiaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules ...
: '' Galium litorale'' and ''G. viridiflorum'' *'' Salicornia veneta'' *
Scrophulariaceae The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scr ...
: '' Euphrasia genargentea'', '' Globularia stygia'', '' Linaria ficalhoana'', ''L. hellenica'', ''L. ricardoi'', ''L. tursica'' and '' Veronica oetaea'' *'' Viola hispida''


Macaronesia

There is a separate list for plants from
Macaronesia Macaronesia (Portuguese: ''Macaronésia,'' Spanish: ''Macaronesia'') is a collection of four volcanic archipelagos in the North Atlantic, off the coasts of Africa and Europe. Each archipelago is made up of a number of List of islands in the At ...
. *'' Isoestes azorica'' *'' Marsilea azorica'' *'' Carex malato-belizii'' *Grasses: ''
Deschampsia maderensis ''Deschampsia'' is a genus of plants in the grass family, commonly known as hair grass or tussock grass. The genus is widespread across many countries.
'', '' Phalaris maderensis'' *'' Scilla maderensis'' *'' Semele maderensis'' *Orchids: '' Goodyera macrophylla'' *
Apiaceae Apiaceae or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus ''Apium'' and commonly known as the celery, carrot or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants ...
: ''
Ammi trifoliatum ''Ammi trifoliatum'' is a species of flowering plant in the celery family Apiaceae, endemic to the Azores. It inhabits sloping areas, craters, ravines and Juniperus Junipers are coniferous trees and shrubs in the genus ''Juniperus'' () of the ...
'', '' Bupleurum handiense'', ''
Chaerophyllum azoricum ''Chaerophyllum azoricum'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, endemic to the Azores. It inhabits ''Erica'' and ''Calluna'' shrubland, natural meadows of altitude, cliffs and slopes, woods of ''Pittosporum ''Pittosporum'' ...
'', '' Ferula latipinna'', '' Melanoselinum decipiens'', '' Monizia edulis'', '' Oenanthe divaricata'' and '' Sanicula azorica'' *''
Arceuthobium azoricum ''Arceuthobium azoricum'' (Portuguese: espigos-de-cedro) is a species of dwarf mistletoe endemic to the Azores. The population is restricted to the ''Grupo Central'' (central group) of the archipelago on Faial, Pico, São Jorge and Terceira i ...
'' *
Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae w ...
: '' Andryala crithmifolia'', '' Argyranthemum thalassophylum''. ''A. winterii'', '' Atractylis preauxiana'', '' Calendula maderensis'', ''
Cheirolophus duranii ''Cheirolophus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae first described as a genus in 1827. The genus is native to the western Mediterranean (Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Algeria, Morocco, Malta Malta ( , , ), offici ...
'', ''Ch. ghomerytus'', ''Ch. junonianus'', ''Ch. massonianus'', '' Cirsium latifolium'', '' Helichrysum gossypinum'', ''H. oligocephala'', '' Phagnalon benettii'', '' Stemmacantha cynaroides'' and '' Sventenia bupleuroides'' *''
Beta patula ''Beta patula'' is a species of wild beet in the family Amaranthaceae, native to Madeira. It is a close relative of ''Beta vulgaris''. There are about 3000 individuals alive in the wild, distributed on two uninhabited islets; Ilhéu Chão, and I ...
'' *'' Caralluma burchardii'' *
Boraginaceae Boraginaceae, the borage or forget-me-not family, includes about 2,000 species of shrubs, trees and herbs in 146, to 156 genera with a worldwide distribution. The APG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single family of the order ...
: '' Echium candicans'', ''
Myosotis azorica ''Myosotis azorica'', common name Azorean mouse-ear or Azorean forget-me-not, is a plant species endemic to the Azores Islands in the North Atlantic Ocean. Description ''Myosotis azorica'' is a perennial herb with decumbent stems up to 30  ...
'' and ''M. maritima'' *
Brassicaceae Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The le ...
: '' Crambe laevigata'' and ''
Sinapidendron rupestre ''Sinapidendron'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae. Its native range is Madeira. Species: *''Sinapidendron angustifolium'' *''Sinapidendron frutescens'' *''Sinapidendron gymnocalyx'' *''Sinapidendron rupes ...
'' *
Campanulaceae The family Campanulaceae (also bellflower family), of the order Asterales, contains nearly 2400 species in 84 genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, often with milky sap. Among them are several familiar garden plants belon ...
: ''
Musschia aurea ''Musschia aurea'', is a species of flowering plant in the Campanulaceae family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purp ...
'' *
Cistaceae The Cistaceae are a small family of plants (rock-rose or rock rose family) known for their beautiful shrubs, which are profusely covered by flowers at the time of blossom. This family consists of about 170(-200) species in nine genera that are ...
: ''
Cistus chinamadensis ''Cistus chinamadensis'' is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae, with purple-pink flowers, first described in 1991. It is endemic to the Canary Islands, where three subspecies occur on three separate islands (Tenerife, La ...
'' *
Crassulaceae The Crassulaceae (from Latin ''crassus'', thick), also known as the stonecrop family or the orpine family, are a diverse family of dicotyledon flowering plants characterized by succulent leaves and a unique form of photosynthesis, known as Crass ...
: '' Aeonium gomeraense'', ''A. saundersii'', '' Aichryson dumosum'', ''
Monanthes wildpretii ''Monanthes'' is a genus of small, succulent, subtropical plants of the family Crassulaceae. The about ten species are mostly endemic to the Canary Islands and Savage Islands, with some found on Madeira. Its center of diversity is Tenerife, with ...
'' and '' Sedum brissemoretii'' *
Caryophyllaceae Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family of flowering plants. It is included in the dicotyledon order Caryophyllales in the APG III system, alongside 33 other families, including Amaranthaceae, Cactacea ...
: '' Spergularia azorica'' *''
Erica azorica ''Erica azorica'' ( Portuguese: ''urze'') is a species of heath endemic to the Azores ) , motto =( en, "Rather die free than subjected in peace") , anthem= ( en, "Anthem of the Azores") , image_map=Locator_map_of_Azores_in_EU.svg , map_alt= ...
'' *''
Euphorbia lambii ''Euphorbia bourgaeana'' is a species of flowering plant in the Euphorbia, spurge family Euphorbiaceae. It is native to Tenerife in the Canary Islands. Description It can grow to a height of 6–10 feet (1.82-3.04 metres), but if potted, it can ...
'' and ''E. stygiana'' *
Fabaceae The Fabaceae or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomenc ...
: ''
Anthyllis lemanniana ''Anthyllis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. This genus contains both herbaceous and shrubby species and is distributed in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The most widespread and familiar species is '' A. vuln ...
'', '' Lotus callis-viridis'' and '' Vicia dennesiana'' *'' Frangula azorica'' *'' Kunkeliella subsucculenta'' *
Lamiaceae The Lamiaceae ( ) or Labiatae are a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint, deadnettle or sage family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs like basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory ...
: '' Sideritis infernalis'', ''S. marmorea'', '' Teucrium abutiloides'' and ''T. betonicum'' *''
Maytenus umbellata ''Maytenus umbellata'' is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. Common names include Buxo-da-rocha and Madeira shrubby bittersweet."Maytenus umbellata (R. Br.) Mabb." José do Canto Botanical Garden. Accessed 9 April 2021/ref> It is End ...
'' *
Oleaceae Oleaceae, also known as the olive family, is a taxonomic family of flowering shrubs, trees, and a few lianas in the order Lamiales, It presently comprises 28 genera, one of which is recently extinct.Peter S. Green. 2004. "Oleaceae". pages 296-30 ...
: ''
Jasminum azoricum ''Jasminum azoricum'', the lemon-scented jasmine, is a species of flowering plant in the olive family. It is an evergreen twining vine native to the Portuguese island of Madeira. The compound leaves consist of 3 bright green leaflets. The fragran ...
'' and ''
Picconia azorica ''Picconia azorica'', locally known as pau-branco, is a species of ''Picconia'' common to the majority of islands of the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores, where it is endemic. It can grow to a medium-sized tree, though it is usually found in ...
'' *'' Plantago malato-belizii'' *
Plumbaginaceae Plumbaginaceae is a family of flowering plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The family is sometimes referred to as the leadwort family or the plumbago family. Most species in this family are perennial herbaceous plants, but a few grow as ...
: '' Limonium dendroides'' *''
Rumex azoricus ''Rumex azoricus'' is a species of sorrel in the family Polygonaceae. It is endemic to the Azores, Portugal. Distribution and habitat ''Rumex azoricus'' has been observed in five of the nine Azorean islands, specifically in São Miguel, Tercei ...
'' *
Rosaceae Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera. The name is derived from the type genus ''Rosa''. Among the most species-rich genera are ''Alchemilla'' (270), ''Sorbus ...
: '' Bencomia sphaerocarpa'', '' Dendriopterium pulidoi'', '' Marcetella maderensis'', ''Prunus lusitanica'' subsp. ''azorica'' and '' Sorbus maderensis'' *''
Scabiosa nitens ''Scabiosa nitens'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Caprifoliaceae endemic to the Azores. It is found in coastal cliffs, but also rocks and steep slopes inland. It is present in Santa Maria Island, Santa Maria, São Miguel Island, S ...
'' *
Scrophulariaceae The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scr ...
: '' Euphrasia grandiflora'', '' Isoplexis isabelliana'', '' Odontites holliana'' and '' Sibthorpia peregrina'' *'' Viola paradoxa''


Macaronesian priority species

*Mosses: '' Echinodium spinosum'' and ''
Thamnobryum fernandesii ''Thamnobryum fernandesii'' is a species of moss in the family Neckeraceae. It is endemic to Madeira in Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is locate ...
'' '' Androcymbium psammophilum'' *
Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae w ...
: ''
Argyranthemum lidii ''Argyranthemum'' (marguerite, marguerite daisy, dill daisy) is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae. Members of this genus are sometimes also placed in the genus ''Chrysanthemum''. The genus is endemic to Macaronesia, ...
'', '' Atractylis arbuscula'', '' Lactuca watsoniana'', '' Onopordum nogalesii'', ''O. carduelinum'', '' Pericallis hadrosoma'' and '' Tanacetum ptarmiciflorum'' *
Boraginaceae Boraginaceae, the borage or forget-me-not family, includes about 2,000 species of shrubs, trees and herbs in 146, to 156 genera with a worldwide distribution. The APG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single family of the order ...
: '' Echium gentianoides'' *
Brassicaceae Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The le ...
: ''
Crambe arborea ''Crambe'' is a genus of annual and perennial flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, native to a variety of habitats in Europe, Turkey, southwest and central Asia and eastern Africa. They carry dense racemes of tiny white or yellow flower ...
'', ''C. sventenii'' and '' Parolinia schizogynoides'' *
Campanulaceae The family Campanulaceae (also bellflower family), of the order Asterales, contains nearly 2400 species in 84 genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, often with milky sap. Among them are several familiar garden plants belon ...
: '' Azorina vidalii'' and ''
Musschia wollastonii ''Musschia wollastonii'' is a species of flowering plant in the Campanulaceae family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The ...
'' *'' Ceropegia chrysantha'' *
Cistaceae The Cistaceae are a small family of plants (rock-rose or rock rose family) known for their beautiful shrubs, which are profusely covered by flowers at the time of blossom. This family consists of about 170(-200) species in nine genera that are ...
: '' Helianthemum bystropogophyllum'' *
Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae (), commonly called the bindweeds or morning glories, is a family of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species. These species are primarily herbaceous vines, but also include trees, shrubs and herbs. The tubers of several spec ...
: '' Convolvulus caput-medusae'', ''C. lopez-socasii'' and ''C. massonii'' *'' Euphorbia handiensis'' *
Fabaceae The Fabaceae or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomenc ...
: '' Anagyris latifolia'', '' Dorycnium spectabile'', '' Lotus azoricus'', '' Lotus kunkelii'', '' Teline rosmarinifolia'' and ''T. salsoloides'' *''
Geranium maderense ''Geranium maderense'', known as giant herb-Robert or the Madeira cranesbill, is a species of flowering plant in the family Geraniaceae, native to the island of Madeira. It is sometimes confused with another Madeira endemic, '' Geranium palmatum ...
'' *
Lamiaceae The Lamiaceae ( ) or Labiatae are a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint, deadnettle or sage family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs like basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory ...
: '' Sideritis cystosiphon'' and ''S. discolor'' *'' Myrica rivas-martinezii'' *''
Pittosporum coriaceum ''Pittosporum coriaceum'' is a species of plant in the Pittosporaceae family. It is endemic to Macaronesia, and due to extinction in the Canary Islands, it is now restricted to the Portuguese Madeira Islands. ''Pittosporum coriaceum'' is a Cri ...
'' *
Plumbaginaceae Plumbaginaceae is a family of flowering plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The family is sometimes referred to as the leadwort family or the plumbago family. Most species in this family are perennial herbaceous plants, but a few grow as ...
: '' Limonium arborescens'', ''L. spectabile'' and ''L. sventenii'' *
Rosaceae Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera. The name is derived from the type genus ''Rosa''. Among the most species-rich genera are ''Alchemilla'' (270), ''Sorbus ...
: '' Bencomia brachystachya'' and '' Chamaemeles coriacea'' *'' Sambucus palmensis'' *'' Solanum lidii'' *
Scrophulariaceae The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scr ...
: '' Euphrasia azorica'', ''
Globularia ascanii ''Globularia ascanii '' is native to Gran Canaria island of the Canary Islands The Canary Islands (; es, :es:Canarias, Canarias, ), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community ...
'', ''G. sarcophylla'' and '' Isoplexis chalcantha''


Annex III

This annex explains the criteria which are used to select sites which are eligible to be recognised as important for Europe, or as
Special Areas of Conservation A Special Area of Conservation (SAC) is defined in the European Union's Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), also known as the ''Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora''. They are to protect the 220 habitats and ap ...
. The process consists of two stages. The first stage is to assess the importance at a national level, based on the habitats and species listed in Annex I and II. The second stage is to assess the importance for Europe as a whole, again based on the two earlier annexes.


Annex IV

Annex IV lists species of interest to Europe which are in need of strict protection.


Mammals

*Insectivores:
Pyrenean desman The Pyrenean desman also called Iberian desman (''Galemys pyrenaicus'') is a small semiaquatic, globally threatened mammal related to moles and shrews, and, along with the Russian desman (''Desmana moschata''), is one of the two extant members ...
(''Galemys pyrenaicus''), ''
Erinaceus algirus The North African hedgehog (''Atelerix algirus'') or Algerian hedgehog, is a mammal species in the family Erinaceidae native to Algeria, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Spain, and Tunisia. Little is known about this hedgehog, even though the most common b ...
'' and '' Crocidura canariensis'' *All species of Microchiroptera *Rodents: Beaver (''
Castor fiber The Eurasian beaver (''Castor fiber'') or European beaver is a beaver species that was once widespread in Eurasia, but was hunted to near-extinction for both its fur and castoreum. At the turn of the 20th century, only about 1,200 beavers survi ...
''), '' Cricetus cricetus'', porcupine ('' Hystrix cristata''), ''
Sicista betulina The northern birch mouse (''Sicista betulina'') is a small rodent about 5 to 8 cm long (without the tail), weighing 5 to 13 g. It lives in northern Europe and Asia in forest and marsh zones. It hibernates in burrows. It eats shoots, grai ...
'', suslik ('' Citellus citellus''), '' Sciurus anomalus'', '' Microtus cabrerae'', Dutch tundra vole (''Microtus oeconomus arenicola''), and all species of Gliridae except ''
Glis glis The European edible dormouse or European fat dormouse (''Glis glis'') is a large dormouse and one of only two living species in the genus ''Glis'', found in most of Europe and parts of western Asia. Its name comes from the Romans, who ate them as ...
'' and ''
Eliomys quercinus The garden dormouse (''Eliomys quercinus'') is a rodent in the dormouse family. Characteristics The garden dormouse is gray or brown, with a whitish underside. It has black eye markings and large ears. Its hair is short, and its tail has a whi ...
'' *Carnivores: Grey wolf (except Spanish populations north of the Duero and Greek populations north of the 39th parallel), brown bear (''
Ursus arctos The brown bear (''Ursus arctos'') is a large bear species found across Eurasia and North America. In North America, the populations of brown bears are called grizzly bears, while the subspecies that inhabits the Kodiak Islands of Alaska is kno ...
''), otter , '' Mustela lutreola'', wild cat (''
Felis silvestris The European wildcat (''Felis silvestris'') is a small wildcat species native to continental Europe, Scotland, Turkey and the Caucasus. It inhabits forests from the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Central and Eastern Europe to the Caucasus. Its fur is ...
''), lynx (''
Lynx lynx The Eurasian lynx (''Lynx lynx'') is a medium-sized wild cat widely distributed from Northern, Central and Eastern Europe to Central Asia and Siberia, the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas. It inhabits temperate and boreal forests up to an eleva ...
''), Iberian lynx ('' Lynx pardinus'') and monk seal (''
Monachus monachus The Mediterranean monk seal (''Monachus monachus'') is a monk seal belonging to the family Phocidae. , it is estimated that fewer than 700 individuals survive in three or four isolated subpopulations in the Mediterranean, (especially) in the Ae ...
'') *Hoofed animals:
Corsican red deer The Corsican red deer (''Cervus elaphus corsicanus''), also known simply as the Corsican deer or Sardinian deer, is a population of red deer (''Cervus elaphus'') found on the Mediterranean islands of Sardinia (Italy) and Corsica (France). Chara ...
(''Cervus elaphus corsicanus''), natural populations of wild goats ('' Capra aegagrus''), natural populations of wild sheep ('' Ovis ammon musimon'') on
Corsica Corsica ( , Upper , Southern ; it, Corsica; ; french: Corse ; lij, Còrsega; sc, Còssiga) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France. It is the fourth-largest island in the Mediterranean and lies southeast of ...
and
Sardinia Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...
, Balcan ( ''Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica'') and Apennine chamois ( ''R. ornata'') *
Cetacean Cetacea (; , ) is an infraorder of aquatic mammals that includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Key characteristics are their fully aquatic lifestyle, streamlined body shape, often large size and exclusively carnivorous diet. They propel them ...
s: All species


Reptiles and amphibians

Turtles *Tortoises: ''
Testudo hermanni Hermann's tortoise (''Testudo hermanni'') is a species of tortoise. Two subspecies are known: the western Hermann's tortoise (''T. h. hermanni'' ) and the eastern Hermann's tortoise (''T. h. boettgeri'' ). Sometimes mentioned as a subspecies, ...
'', ''T. graeca'' and ''T. marginata'' *Sea turtles: ''
Caretta caretta The loggerhead sea turtle (''Caretta caretta'') is a species of oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world. It is a marine reptile, belonging to the family Cheloniidae. The average loggerhead measures around in carapace length when fully ...
'', ''
Chelonia mydas The green sea turtle (''Chelonia mydas''), also known as the green turtle, black (sea) turtle or Pacific green turtle, is a species of large sea turtle of the Family (biology), family Cheloniidae. It is the only species in the genus ''Chelonia' ...
'', ''
Lepidochelys kempii Kemp's ridley sea turtle (''Lepidochelys kempii''), also called the Atlantic ridley sea turtle, is the rarest species of sea turtle and is the world's most endangered species of sea turtle. It is one of two living species in the genus '' Lepido ...
'', ''
Eretmochelys imbricata The hawksbill sea turtle (''Eretmochelys imbricata'') is a critically endangered sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae. It is the only extant species in the genus ''Eretmochelys''. The species has a global distribution, that is large ...
'' and ''
Dermochelys coriacea The leatherback sea turtle (''Dermochelys coriacea''), sometimes called the lute turtle or leathery turtle or simply the luth, is the largest of all living turtles and the heaviest non-crocodilian reptile, reaching lengths of up to and weights ...
'' *Freshwater turtles: ''
Emys orbicularis The European pond turtle (''Emys orbicularis''), also called commonly the European pond terrapin and the European pond tortoise, is a species of long-living freshwater turtle in the family Emydidae. The species is endemic to the Western Palearc ...
'', '' Mauremys caspica'' and ''M. leprosa'' Lizards *'' Algyroides fitzingeri'', ''A. marchi'', ''A. moreoticus'' and ''A. nigropunctatus'' *''
Chamaeleo chamaeleon ''Chamaeleo'' is a genus of chameleons in the family Chamaeleonidae. Most species of the genus ''Chamaeleo'' are found in sub-Saharan Africa, but a few species are also present in northern Africa, southern Europe, and southern Asia east to Indi ...
'' *'' Gallotia atlantica'', ''G. galloti'' (including specifically the subspecies ''insulanagae''), ''G. simonyi'' and ''G. stehlini'' *Geckoes: '' Cyrtopodion kotschyi'', ''
Phyllodactylus europaeus The European leaf-toed gecko (''Euleptes europaea'') is a species of lizard in the family Sphaerodactylidae. It is found in coastal regions of France, Italy and Tunisia and on Mediterranean islands. Its natural habitats are rocky areas and rocky ...
'', ''
Tarentola angustimentalis The East Canary gecko or Canary wall gecko (''Tarentola angustimentalis'') is a species of lizard in the family Phyllodactylidae. It is endemic to the eastern Canary Islands. Its natural habitats are temperate shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrub ...
'', ''T. boettgeri'', ''T. delalandii'' and ''T. gomerensis''. *''
Lacerta agilis The sand lizard (''Lacerta agilis'') is a Lacertidae, lacertid lizard distributed across most of Europe from France and across the continent to Lake Baikal in Russia. It does not occur in European Turkey. Its distribution is often patchy. In the ...
'', ''L. bedriagae'', ''L. danfordi'', ''L. dugesi'', ''L. graeca'', ''L. horvathi'', ''L. monticola'', ''L. schreiberi'', ''L. trilineata'' and ''L. viridis'' *''
Ophisaurus apodus The sheltopusik (''Pseudopus apodus''), also commonly called Pallas's glass lizard the European legless lizard, or the European glass lizard, is a species of large glass lizard found from Southern Europe to Central Asia. Etymology ''Pseudo ...
'' *''
Ophisops elegans ''Ophisops elegans'', commonly known as the snake-eyed lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Lacertidae. The species is endemic to the Mediterranean region and Central Asia. There are nine recognized subspecies. Description ''O. elegans ...
'' *''
Podarcis erhardii ''Podarcis'' is a genus of lizards in the Family (biology), family Lacertidae. Its members look very similar to lizards of the genus ''Lacerta (genus), Lacerta'', to which they were considered to belong until the 1970s. While similar externally ...
'', ''P. filfolensis'', ''Podarcis hispanica atrata'', ''P. lilfordi'', ''P. melisellensis'', ''P. milensis'', ''P. muralis'', ''P. peloponnesiaca'', ''P. pityusensis'', ''P. sicula'', ''P. taurica'', ''P. tiliguerta'' and ''P. wagleriana'' *Skinks: '' Ablepharus kitaibelli'', ''
Chalcides bedriagai ''Chalcides bedriagai'', commonly known as Bedriaga's skink, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. It usually lives in sandy areas with sparse vegetation and good ground cover. It can al ...
'', ''Ch. occidentalis'', ''Ch. ocellatus'', ''Ch. sexlineatus'', ''Ch. viridianus'' and ''
Ophiomorus punctatissimus The Greek snake skink (''Ophiomorus punctatissimus'') is a species of skink, a lizard in the family Scincidae. Geographic range The skink can be found in Greece and Turkey. Habitat Its natural habitats are temperate grassland and plantation ...
'' *'' Stellio stellio'' Snakes *'' Coluber caspius'', ''C. hippocrepis'', ''C. jugularis'', ''C. laurenti'', ''C. najadum'', ''C. nummifer'' and ''C. viridiflavus'' *''Coronella austriaca'' *''Eirenis modesta'' *''Elaphe longissima'', Elaphe quatuorlineata, ''E. quatuorlineata'' and ''E. situla'' *''Eryx jaculus'' *Natrix natrix, ''Natrix natrix cetti'', Natrix natrix, ''N. natrix corsa'' and Natrix tessellata, ''N. tessellata'' *''Telescopus falax'' *''Vipera ammodytes'', Vipera schweizeri, ''V. schweizeri'', Vipera seoanni, ''V. seoanni'' (except Spanish populations), Vipera ursinii, ''V. ursinii'' and Vipera xanthina, ''V. xanthina'' Salamanders: *''
Chioglossa lusitanica The gold-striped salamander or golden-striped salamander (''Chioglossa lusitanica'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. It is the only species of the genus ''Chioglossa''. It is found in the north-west of Iberia (in Portugal ...
'' *''Euproctus asper'', Euproctus montanus, ''E. montanus'' and Euproctus platycephalus, ''E. platycephalus'' *Olm (''Proteus anguinus'') *''Salamandra atra'', Salamandra salamandra, ''S. salamandra aurorae'', Salamandra lanzai, ''S. lanzai'' and Salamandra luschani, ''S. luschani'' *''
Salamandrina terdigitata The spectacled salamander (''Salamandrina terdigitata'') is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae. This species is found only in the southern Apennine Range in Italy in humid valleys and shady, overgrown hillsides at altitudes bet ...
'' *''
Speleomantes ambrosii Ambrosi's cave salamander or the Spezia cave salamander (''Speleomantes ambrosii'') is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. Endemic to northwestern Italy, its natural habitats are temperate forests, rocky areas, caves, and subterra ...
'', ''S. flavus'', ''S. genei'', ''S. imperialis'', Speleomantes italicus, ''S. italicus'' and ''S. supramontes'' *''Triturus carnifex'', Triturus cristatus, ''T. cristatus'', Triturus italicus, ''T. italicus'', Triturus karelinii, ''T. karelinii'' and Triturus marmoratus, ''T. marmoratus'' Toads and frogs: *''Alytes cisternasii'', Alytes muletensis, ''A. muletensis'' and Alytes obstetricans, ''A. obstetricans'' *''
Bombina bombina The European fire-bellied toad (''Bombina bombina'') is a species of fire-bellied toad native to eastern parts of mainland Europe, where it can be found near waterbodies such as ponds and marshes. It is known for its red colored belly used to war ...
'' and ''B. variegata'' *''Bufo calamita'' and Bufo viridis, ''B. viridis'' *''Discoglossus galganoi'', Discoglossus jeanneae, ''D. jeanneae'', ''D. montalentii'', Discoglossus pictus, ''D. pictus'' and ''D. sardus'' *Treefrogs: ''Hyla arborea'', Hyla meridionalis, ''H. meridionalis'' and Hyla sarda, ''H. sarda'' *''Pelobates cultripes'', Pelobates fuscus, ''P. fuscus'' and Pelobates syriacus, ''P. syriacus'' *''Rana arvalis'', Rana dalmatina, ''R. dalmatina'', Rana graeca, ''R. graeca'', Rana iberica, ''R. iberica'', Rana latastei, ''R. latastei'' and Rana lessonae, ''R. lessonae''


Fish

*Perches: ''Zingel asper'' *Sturgeons: ''
Acipenser naccarii The Adriatic sturgeon (''Acipenser naccarii'') is a species of fish in the family Acipenseridae. It is native to the Adriatic Sea and large rivers which flow in it of Albania, Greece, Italy, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slove ...
'' and Acipenser sturio, ''A. sturio'' *'' Coregonus oxyrhynchus'' (anadromous populations in certain sectors of the North Sea) *'' Valencia hispanica''


Insects

*Beetles: ''Buprestis splendens'', '' Carabus olympiae'', ''Cerambyx cerdo'', ''Cucujus cinnaberinus'', ''Dytiscus latissimus'', ''Graphoderus bilineatus'', ''
Osmoderma eremita ''Osmoderma eremita'', the hermit beetle or Russian leather beetle, is a species of European beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. Adults reach between 28 and 32 mm in length. Distribution ''Osmoderma eremita'' can be found everywhere in Europ ...
'' and '' Rosalia alpina'' *Dragonflies: ''Aeshna viridis'', '' Cordulegaster trinacriae'', '' Gomphus graslinii'', ''Leucorrhina albifrons'', Leucorrhina caudalis, ''L. caudalis'', Leucorrhina pectoralis, ''L. pectoralis'', '' Lindenia tetraphylla'', '' Macromia splendens'', '' Ophiogomphus cecilia'', ''
Oxygastra curtisii The orange-spotted emerald (''Oxygastra curtisii'') is a dragonfly in the family Corduliidae. It is the only species in its genus. The orange-spotted emerald is about long. It has bright green eyes and a bronzy-green body with yellow spots al ...
'', ''Stylurus flavipes'' and ''Sympecma braueri'' *Grasshoppers: '' Baetica ustulata'' and ''Saga pedo'' *Lepidoptera: ''Apatura metis'', ''Coenonympha hero'', Coenonympha oedippus, ''C. oedippus'', ''
Erebia calcaria ''Erebia calcaria'', or Lorkovic's brassy ringlet, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Alps. The species inhabits southern exposed slopes with alpine grassland interspersed with rocks. Screes without vegetation or only a ...
'', ''E. christi'', Erebia sudetica, ''E. sudetica'', '' Eriogaster catax'', ''Fabriciana elisa'', '' Hypodryas maturna'', ''Hyles hippophaes'', ''Lopinga achine'', '' Lycaena dispar'', ''Maculinea arion'', Maculinea nausithous, ''M. nausithous'', ''M. teleius'', Melanagria arge, ''M. arge'', ''Papilio alexanor'', Papilio hospiton, ''P. hospiton'', ''Parnassius apollo'', Parnassius mnemosyne, ''P. mnemosyne'', ''
Plebicula golgus ''Polyommatus golgus'', the Sierra Nevada blue, is a species of butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is endemic to Spain with habitat in the Sierra Nevada in Andalusia ( Granada and Almería provinces), and is an endangered species. It is ...
'', ''Proserpinus proserpina'' and ''Zerynthia polyxena'' *Mantids: ''
Apteromantis aptera ''Apteromantis aptera'' is a species of praying mantis endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. It was first described by José María Hugo de la Fuente Morales in 1894. It was previously considered to be endangered by the IUCN, but has been downgrad ...
''


Spiders

*''Macrothele calpeiana''


Molluscs

*Gastropods (snails): ''Patella feruginea'', ''
Caseolus calculus ''Caseolus calculus'' (common name: Madeiran land snail) is a species of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Geomitridae, the hairy snails and their allies. Distribution and conservation stat ...
'', ''C. commixta'', ''C. sphaerula'', '' Discula leacockiana'', ''D. tabellata'', Discula testudinalis, ''D. testudinalis'', Discula turricula, ''D. turricula'', '' Discus defloratus'', ''D. guerinianus'', ''
Elona quimperiana ''Elona quimperiana'', common name the escargot de Quimper ("Quimper snail"), is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Elonidae. ''Elona'' is a monotypic genus, i.e. it contains only on ...
'', ''
Geomalacus maculosus The Kerry slug or Kerry spotted slug (''Geomalacus maculosus'') is a species of terrestrial, pulmonate, gastropod mollusc. It is a medium-to-large sized, air-breathing land slug in the family of roundback slugs, Arionidae. Adult Kerry slugs g ...
'', ''
Geomitra moniziana ''Geomitra moniziana'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Geomitridae. This species is endemic to Madeira, Portugal. It is mentioned in annexes II and IV of the Habitats Directive ...
'', ''Helix subplicata'', ''
Leiostyla abbreviata ''Leiostyla abbreviata'' is an extinct species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lauriidae. It is one of several species sometimes referred as Madeiran land snail. It is mentioned in ann ...
'', ''L. cassida'', ''L. corneocostata'', ''L. gibba'' and ''L. lamellosa'' *Bivalves: ''Lithophaga lithophaga'', ''Pinna nobilis'', ''Margaritifera auricularia'' and ''
Unio crassus ''Unio crassus'', the thick shelled river mussel, is a species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Unionidae, the river mussels. MolluscaBase eds. (2023). MolluscaBase. Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788. Accessed through: ...
''


Echinoderms

*''Centrostephanus longispinus''


Plants

Annex IV contains all the plant species listed in Annex II (except the mosses and lichens), plus the plant taxa listed below: *Ferns: ''Asplenium hemionitis'' *''Dracaena draco'' *Iridaceae: ''Crocus etruscus'', ''Iris boissieri'' and Iris marisca, ''I. marisca'' *Liliaceae: ''Androcymbium europeum'', ''Bellevalia hackelli'', ''Colchicum corsicum'', Colchicum cousturieri, ''C. cousturieri'', ''Fritillaria conica'', Fritillaria drenovskii, ''F. drenovskii'', Fritillaria gussichiae, ''F. gussichiae'', Fritillaria obliqua, ''F. obliqua'', Fritillaria rhodocanakis, ''F. rhodocanakis'', ''Ornithogalum reverchonii'', ''Scilla beirana'' and Scilla odorata, ''S. odorata'' *''Narcissus longispathus'' and Narcissus triandrus, ''N. triandrus'' *Orchids: ''Ophrys argolica'', ''Orchis scopulorum'' and ''Spiranthes aestivalis'' *
Apiaceae Apiaceae or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus ''Apium'' and commonly known as the celery, carrot or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants ...
: ''Bunium brevifolium'' *''Aquilegia alpina'' *
Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae w ...
: Argyranthemum pinnatifidum, ''Argyranthemum pinnatifidum'' subsp. ''succulentum'', ''Helichrysum sibthorpii'', ''Picris willkommii'', ''Santolina elegans'', ''Senecio caespitosus'', Senecio lagascanus, ''S. lagascanus'' subsp. ''lusitanicus'' and ''Wagenitzia lancifolia'' *''Berberis maderensis'' *''Campanula morettiana'' and ''Physoplexis comosa'' *''Euphorbia nevadensis'' *Gesneriads: ''Ramonda heldreichii'' (as ''Jankaea heldreichii'') and ''Ramonda serbica'' *
Lamiaceae The Lamiaceae ( ) or Labiatae are a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint, deadnettle or sage family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs like basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory ...
: ''Rosmarinus tomentosus'', ''Teucrium charidemi'', ''Thymus capitellatus'' and Thymus villosus, ''T. villosus'' subsp. ''villosus'' *''Mandragora officinarum'' *''Moehringia fontqueri'' *''Murbeckiella sousae'' *
Primulaceae The Primulaceae , commonly known as the primrose family (but not related to the Onagraceae, evening primrose family), are a family (biology), family of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous and woody flowering plants including some favourite garden plants ...
: ''Androsace cylindrica'', ''Primula glaucescens'' and Primula spectabilis, ''P. spectabilis'' *''Saxifraga cintrana'', Saxifraga portosanctana, ''S. portosanctana'', Saxifraga presolanensis, ''S. presolanensis'', Saxifraga valdensis, ''S. valdensis'' and Saxifraga vayredana, ''S. vayredana'' *
Scrophulariaceae The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scr ...
: ''Antirrhinum lopesianum'' and ''Lindernia procumbens'' *''Sideroxylon marmulano'' *''Thymelaea broterana'' *''Viola athois'', Viola cazorlensis, ''V. cazorlensis'' and Viola delphinanth, ''V. delphinanth''


Annex V

Annex V details the species which are of 'interest' to the European Union, of which the taking or exploitation of wild may be subject to the management decisions of the individual countries concerned. This largely concerns plants or animals in which the hunting or gathering was/is an economic activity. Mammals *Carnivores: golden jackal (European jackal, ''Canis aureus moreoticus''), Spanish populations north of the Duera and Greek populations north of the 39th parallel of the grey wolf, ''Martes martes'', ''Mustela putorius'', all species of Phocidae (seals) not mentioned in Annex IV, ''Genetta genetta'' and ''Herpestes ichneumon'' *Mountain hare (''Lepus timidus'') *Hoofed mammals: ''Capra ibex'', Capra pyrenaica, ''C. pyrenaica'' (except ''C. pyrenaica pyrenaica'') and ''Rupicapra rupicapra'' (except R. rupicapra balcanica and R. ornata) Amphibians *''Rana esculenta'', Rana perezi, ''R. perezi'', Rana ridibunda, ''R. ridibunda'' and Rana temporaria, ''R. temporaria'' Fish *Lampreys: ''
Lampetra fluviatilis The European river lamprey (''Lampetra fluviatilis''), also known as the river lamprey or lampern, is a species of freshwater lamprey. Description Adult river lampreys measure from for the sea-going forms and up to for the lake forms. The very ...
'' and '' Lethenteron zanandrai'' *All sturgeon species not mentioned in Annex IV *Salmonidae: ''Thymallus thymallus'', ''
Hucho hucho The huchen (''Hucho hucho'') (, from German), also known as Danube salmon or redfish (german: Rotfisch), is a large species of freshwater fish in the salmon family of order Salmoniformes. It is the type species of its genus ''Hucho''. Dist ...
'', ''
Salmo salar The Atlantic salmon (''Salmo salar'') is a species of ray-finned fish in the family Salmonidae. It is the third largest of the Salmonidae, behind Siberian taimen and Pacific Chinook salmon, growing up to a meter in length. Atlantic salmon are ...
'' (only when in fresh water) and all ''Coregonus'' spp. (except '' Coregonus oxyrhynchus'' - anadromous populations in certain sectors of the North Sea) *Cyprinids: all ''Barbus'' spp. *Perciformes: '' Gymnocephalus schraetzer'' and ''Zingel zingel'' *All ''
Alosa ''Alosa'' is a genus of fish, the river herrings, in the family (biology), family Clupeidae. Along with other genera in the subfamily Alosinae, they are generally known as shads.[ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/ac482e/ac482e27.pdf Subfamily A ...
'' spp. *Catfish: ''Silurus aristotelis'' Other *Corals: ''Corallium rubrum'' *Molluscs: ''Helix pomatia'', ''
Margaritifera margaritifera The freshwater pearl mussel (''Margaritifera margaritifera'') is an endangered species of freshwater mussel, an aquatic bivalve mollusc in the family Margaritiferidae. Although the name "freshwater pearl mussel" is often used for this species, ...
'', ''Microcondylaea compressa'' and ''Unio elongatulus'' *''Hirudo medicinalis'' *Crabs: ''Astacus astacus'', ''Austropotamobius pallipes'' and Austropotamobius torrentium, ''A. torrentium'' *Lobster: ''Scyllarides latus'' *Moth: ''
Graellsia isabellae ''Graellsia isabellae'', the Spanish moon moth, is in the silkmoth family Saturniidae. It is the only species in the monotypic genus ''Graellsia''. The species was first described by Mariano de la Paz Graells y de la Agüera in 1849 and the genu ...
'' Plants *Red algae: ''Lithothamnium coralloides'' and ''Phymatholithon calcareum'' *Lichens: ''Cladonia'' subgenus ''Cladina'' *Mosses: ''Leucobryum glaucum'', all ''Sphagnum'' species except ''Sphagnum pylasii'' *:Clubmosses: all ''Lycopodium'' spp. (see lycopodium powder) *''Galanthus nivalis'', ''Narcissus bulbocodium'' and Narcissus juncifolius, ''N. juncifolius'' *''Iris lusitanica'' *''Lilium rubrum'' *''Ruscus aculeatus'' *
Asteraceae The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae w ...
: ''Arnica montana'', ''Artemisia eriantha'', Artemisia genipi, ''A. genipi'', Doronicum plantagineum, ''Doronicum plantagineum'' subsp. ''tournefortii'' and ''Leuzea rhaponticoides'' *
Brassicaceae Brassicaceae () or (the older) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The le ...
: ''Alyssum pintadasilvae'', Malcolmia lacera, ''Malcolmia lacera'' subsp. ''graccilima'' and Murbeckiella pinnatifida, ''Murbeckiella pinnatifida'' subsp. ''herminii'' *
Gentianaceae Gentianaceae is a family of flowering plants of 103 genera and about 1600 species. Etymology The family takes its name from the genus '' Gentiana'', named after the Illyrian king Gentius. Distribution Distribution is cosmopolitan. Characteri ...
: ''Gentiana lutea'' *
Lamiaceae The Lamiaceae ( ) or Labiatae are a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint, deadnettle or sage family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs like basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory ...
: Teucrium salviastrum, ''Teucrium salviastrum'' subsp. ''salviastrum'' *
Fabaceae The Fabaceae or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomenc ...
: ''Anthyllis lusitanica'', Dorycnium pentaphyllum, ''Dorycnium pentaphyllum'' subsp. ''transmontana'' and ''Ulex densus'' *
Plumbaginaceae Plumbaginaceae is a family of flowering plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The family is sometimes referred to as the leadwort family or the plumbago family. Most species in this family are perennial herbaceous plants, but a few grow as ...
: ''Armeria sampaio'' *
Rosaceae Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a medium-sized family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera. The name is derived from the type genus ''Rosa''. Among the most species-rich genera are ''Alchemilla'' (270), ''Sorbus ...
: Rubus genevieri, ''Rubus genevieri'' subsp. ''herminii'' *
Scrophulariaceae The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scr ...
: ''Anarrhinum longipedicelatum'', ''Euphrasia mendonçae'', Scrophularia grandiflora, ''Scrophularia grandiflora'' subsp. ''grandiflora'', Scrophularia berminii, ''S. berminii'' and Scrophularia sublyrata, ''S. sublyrata''


Annex VI

This annex compiles the types of capture and killing (i.e. hunting) which are prohibited in the European Community (and now the European Union), as well as prohibited modes of transport (while hunting). These can vary according to form of life. Birds are covered by the older
Birds Directive The Birds Directive (formally known as Council Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of wild birds) is the oldest piece of EU legislation on the environment and one of its cornerstones which was unanimously adopted in April 1979 as the Dire ...
. *Mammals, for example, may not be hunted using explosives, gassing or smoking out burrows, poisons and poisoned or anaesthetic bait, tape recorders, artificial light sources, mirrors and other dazzling devices, blind or mutilated animals used as live decoys, non-selective nets or traps, crossbows and semi-automatic or automatic machine guns with a magazine capable of holding more than two rounds of ammunition. Other prohibited hunting devices are those to illuminate targets, electrical and/or electronic devices capable of killing or stunning and sighting scopes for night shooting with an electronic image magnifier or image converter. *Fish may not be caught using poisons or explosives. It is furthermore illegal to hunt wildlife in the European Union from an aircraft or moving motor vehicle.


See also

*List of European Union directives *Conservation movement *Environmental protection *Environmentalism *Lagoon


References


External links


The Habitats Directive online at the EU's websiteConvention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Bern (1982)The Habitats Directive by Keulen, M. van (2002)
{{Authority control European Union directives European Union and the environment Environmental conservation Environmental law in the European Union 1992 in law 1992 in the environment 1992 in the European Economic Community