''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of about 450

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition of t ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Orobanchaceae Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many of these genera (e.g., ''Pedicularis'', ''Rhinanthus'', ''Striga'') were formerly included in the ...

(formerly included in the

Scrophulariaceae The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. The plants are annual and perennial herbs, as well as shrubs. Flowers have bilateral (zygomorphic) or rarely radial (actinomorphic) symmetry. The Scr ...

), with a

cosmopolitan distribution In biogeography, cosmopolitan distribution is the term for the range of a taxon that extends across all or most of the world in appropriate habitats. Such a taxon, usually a species, is said to exhibit cosmopolitanism or cosmopolitism. The ext ...

. They are semi-parasitic on

grasses Poaceae () or Gramineae () is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns and ...

and other plants. The common name refers to the plant's use in treating eye

infection An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable dise ...

s. Many species are found in

alpine Alpine may refer to any mountainous region. It may also refer to: Places Europe * Alps, a European mountain range ** Alpine states, which overlap with the European range Australia * Alpine, New South Wales, a Northern Village * Alpine National Pa ...

or sub-alpine meadows where snow is common. Flowers usually are borne terminally, are

zygomorphic Floral symmetry describes whether, and how, a flower, in particular its perianth, can be divided into two or more identical or mirror-image parts. Uncommonly, flowers may have no axis of symmetry at all, typically because their parts are spirall ...

, and have a lower petal shaped like a lip. The most common flower colours are purple, blue-white, and violet. Some species have yellow markings on the lower petal to act as a guide to pollinating insects. Alternative names, mainly in

herbalism Herbal medicine (also herbalism) is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are a basis of traditional medicine. With worldwide research into pharmacology, some herbal medicines have been translated into modern reme ...

, are ''Augentrostkraut, Euphrasiae herba, Herba Euphrasiae'' and ''Herbe d'Euphraise''.

Use in herbalism and medicine

The plant was known to classical

herbalist Herbal medicine (also herbalism) is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are a basis of traditional medicine. With worldwide research into pharmacology, some herbal medicines have been translated into modern remed ...

s, but then was not referred to until mentioned again in 1305.

Nicholas Culpeper Nicholas Culpeper (18 October 1616 – 10 January 1654) was an English botanist, herbalist, physician and astrologer.Patrick Curry: "Culpeper, Nicholas (1616–1654)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004) His boo ...

assigned it to the

Zodiac The zodiac is a belt-shaped region of the sky that extends approximately 8° north or south (as measured in celestial latitude) of the ecliptic, the Sun path, apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of the year. ...

sign Leo, claiming that it strengthened the brain. It was also used to treat bad

memory Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action. If past events could not be remembered, ...

and

vertigo Vertigo is a condition where a person has the sensation of movement or of surrounding objects moving when they are not. Often it feels like a spinning or swaying movement. This may be associated with nausea, vomiting, sweating, or difficulties w ...

. In the Elizabethan era, the plant was used in ales, and

Gervase Markham Gervase (or Jervis) Markham (ca. 1568 – 3 February 1637) was an English poet and writer. He was best known for his work '' The English Huswife, Containing the Inward and Outward Virtues Which Ought to Be in a Complete Woman'', first publishe ...

's ''Countrie Farm'' (1616) said that one should "Drinke everie morning a small draught of Eyebright wine." Herbalists use eyebright as a

poultice A poultice, also called a cataplasm, is a soft moist mass, often heated and medicated, that is spread on cloth and placed over the skin to treat an aching, inflamed, or painful part of the body. It can be used on wounds, such as cuts. 'Poultice' ...

with or without concurrent administration of a tea for the redness, swelling, and visual disturbances caused by

blepharitis Blepharitis is one of the most common ocular conditions characterized by inflammation, scaling, reddening, and crusting of the eyelid. This condition may also cause swelling, burning, itching, or a grainy sensation when introducing foreign objects ...

, and

conjunctivitis Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is inflammation of the conjunctiva, outermost layer of the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelid. It makes the eye appear pink or reddish. Pain, burning, scratchiness, or itchiness may ...

. The herb is also used for

eyestrain Eye strain, also known as asthenopia (from Greek ''a-sthen-opia'', grc, ἀσθενωπία, ), is a common eye condition that manifests through non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, pain in or around the eyes, blurred vision, headache, and ...

and to relieve inflammation caused by

colds The common cold or the cold is a virus, viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the Respiratory epithelium, respiratory mucosa of the human nose, nose, throat, Paranasal sinuses, sinuses, and larynx. Si ...

cough A cough is a sudden expulsion of air through the large breathing passages that can help clear them of fluids, irritants, foreign particles and microbes. As a protective reflex, coughing can be repetitive with the cough reflex following three pha ...

sinus infection Sinusitis, also known as rhinosinusitis, is inflammation of the mucous membranes that line the sinuses resulting in symptoms that may include thick nasal mucus, a plugged nose, and facial pain. Other signs and symptoms may include fever, headac ...

sore throat Sore throat, also known as throat pain, is pain or irritation of the throat. Usually, causes of sore throat include * viral infections * group A streptococcal infection (GAS) bacterial infection * pharyngitis (inflammation of the throat) * tonsi ...

s, and

hay fever Allergic rhinitis, of which the seasonal type is called hay fever, is a type of inflammation in the nose that occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air. Signs and symptoms include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, red, i ...

. Parts used include the leaf, the stem, and small pieces of the flowers. Typical preparations include a

warm compress A warm compress is a method of applying heat to the body. Heating sources can include warm water, microwaveable pads, wheat packs and electrical or chemical pads. Some unorthodox methods can include warmed potatoes, uncooked rice, and hard-boiled ...

, or tea. Eyebright preparations are also available as an extract or capsule. A 2010 report from the

European Medicines Agency The European Medicines Agency (EMA) is an agency of the European Union (EU) in charge of the evaluation and supervision of medicinal products. Prior to 2004, it was known as the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products or Euro ...

on the efficacy of Euphrasia remedies states:

From the presence of secondary metabolites, an astringent and anti-inflammatory activity can be hypothesized for Euphrasia preparations. The ocular use of Euphrasia is based upon tradition. However, since the efficacy of the claimed ocular uses is undocumented and external eye application is not hygienic, therapeutic use cannot be recommended.

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of the genera of

Rhinantheae Rhinantheae is a tribe with less than 20 genera of herbaceous plants in the family Orobanchaceae. Phylogeny The phylogeny of the genera of Rhinantheae has been explored using DNA markers. Three assemblages can be distinguished in this tribe: * ...

has been explored using molecular characters. ''Euphrasia'' belongs to the core Rhinantheae. ''Euphrasia'' is the sister genus to ''

Odontites ''Odontites'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae. Phylogeny The phylogeny of the genera of Rhinantheae has been explored using molecular characters. ''Odontites'' belongs to the core Rhinantheae. It is the sister genus to ...

'', '' Bellardia'', ''

Tozzia ''Tozzia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants within the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. It contains a unique species, ''Tozzia alpina''. While the plant in its young, vegetative stage is holoparasite, it becomes hemiparasite in its flowe ...

'', and ''

Hedbergia ''Hedbergia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants, initially classified in Scrophulariaceae, and now within the broomrape family Orobanchaceae. It contains a unique species, ''Hedbergia abyssinica''. It is an afromontane genus, widespread in ...

''. In turn, these five genera share phylogenetic affinities with ''

Bartsia ''Bartsia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae. Bartsia grows in damp places, such as marshes and wet meadows, in several parts of the west of England and Wales and in southwest Scotland. Etymology ''Bartsia'' was name ...

''.

Taxonomy and identification

The genus ''Euphrasia'' is taxonomically complicated due to many species being interfertile and prone to hybridisation. Despite there having been a number of taxonomic revisions the appropriate rank of many taxa, as well as the relationships between them, remains unclear.

Selected species

* ''

Euphrasia × aequalis ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' * ''

Euphrasia alpina ''Euphrasia alpina'' is a plant from the genus ''Euphrasia'', in the family Orobanchaceae. Three subspecies are recognized: ''E. a. alpina, E. a cantabrica, E. a. pulchra.'' Like all ''Euphrasia'' species, ''E. alpina'' is hemiparasitic. Dist ...

'' * ''

Euphrasia alsa ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are p ...

'' F.Muell. * ''

Euphrasia anglica ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' Pugsley * '' Euphrasia arctica'' Lange ex Rostrup **'' Euphrasia arctica'' subsp. ''arctica'' (''E.borealis'' auct. non (F.Towns.) Wettsd.) **'' Euphrasia arctica'' sybsp. ''borealis'' (F.Towns) Yeo * '' Euphrasia arguta'' – believed

extinct Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...

, rediscovered 2008 * ''

Euphrasia azorica ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' * ''

Euphrasia brevipila ''Euphrasia brevipila'' is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Orobanchaceae Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many ...

'' * ''

Euphrasia calida ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' * ''

Euphrasia cambrica ''Euphrasia cambrica'', commonly called the Welsh eyebright, is a plant from the genus ''Euphrasia'', in the family Orobanchaceae. It is endemic to North Wales where it occurs on mountains in the vice-counties of Caernarfonshire and Merionethshir ...

'' Pugsley * ''

Euphrasia campbelliae ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' Pugsley * ''

Euphrasia collina ''Euphrasia collina'' is a perennial herb or subshrub in the genus ''Euphrasia''. Plants grow to between 5 and 60 cm high and have leaves with 1 to 6 teeth per side. The flowers may be white, blue, pink or purple, sometimes blotched with y ...

'' R.Br. – purple eyebright ** ''Euphrasia collina'' ssp. ''muelleri'' – Mueller's eyebright ** ''Euphrasia collina'' ssp. ''osbornii'' – Osborn's eyebright * ''

Euphrasia confusa ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' Pugsley * ''

Euphrasia coreana ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' W.Becker – Korean eyebright * ''

Euphrasia cuneata ''Euphrasia cuneata'', or North Island eyebright, is a perennial herb or subshrub in the genus ''Euphrasia'', native to New Zealand. It grows to 60 cm, with woody stems and white flowers with a yellow lower lip. ''E. cuneata'' is found primarily ...

'' – North Island eyebright * '' Euphrasia crassiuscula'' Gand * ''

Euphrasia fabula ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' * ''

Euphrasia fennica ''Euphrasia rostkoviana'' (synonym ''Euphrasia officinalis''),
in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database also ...

'' * ''

Euphrasia foulaensis ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' F.Towns. ex Wettst * ''

Euphrasia fragosa ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' – shy eyebright, Southport eyebright * ''

Euphrasia frigida ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are p ...

'' Pugsley – cold-weather eyebright * ''

Euphrasia gibbsiae ''Euphrasia gibbsiae'' is a perennial herbaceous plant in the genus ''Euphrasia''. It is native to Victoria and Tasmania in Australia. Species in this genus may be called eyebright. ''Euphrasia gibbsiae'' was formally described by G.E. Du Riet ...

'' ** ''Euphrasia gibbsiae'' subsp. ''psilantherea'' * ''

Euphrasia glabrescens ''Euphrasia micrantha'' is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Orobanchaceae Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many ...

'' * '' Euprasia grandiflora'' * ''

Euphrasia heslop-harrisonii ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' Pugsley * '' Euphrasia hirtella'' * '' Euphrasia hudsoniana'' – Hudson's eyebright * ''

Euphrasia insignis ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' Wettst * ''

Euphrasia kingii ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' * ''

Euphrasia lasianthera ''Euphrasia lasianthera'', commonly known as hairy eyebright, is a perennial herb species in the family ''Orobanchaceae''. It is endemic to Victoria, Australia. Plants grow to 30 cm high and have leaves with margins that may be smooth or too ...

'' – hairy eyebright * ''

Euphrasia marshallii ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' Pugsley * ''

Euphrasia micrantha ''Euphrasia micrantha'' is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Orobanchaceae Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many ...

'' Rchb. * ''

Euphrasia minima ''Euphrasia minima'' is a plant from the genus ''Euphrasia'', in the family Orobanchaceae. It is native to central and southern Europe where it is found in mountainous, humid areas from the Iberian Peninsula, through the Apennine Mountains to the ...

'' * ''

Euphrasia nemorosa ''Euphrasia nemorosa'', the common eyebright, is a hemiparasitic, annual species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae. It is native to Europe and has been introduced to North America and New Zealand. It is the commonest species of ''Eup ...

'' (Pers.) Wallr. – common eyebright * ''

Euphrasia officinalis coll. ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' – doctor's eyebright, or medical eyebright * ''

Euphrasia officinalis L ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' – ''see'' ''Euphrasia rostkoviana'' * ''

Euphrasia oakesii ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' – Oakes' eyebright * ''

Euphrasia ostenfeldii ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' (Pugsley) Yeo * ''

Euphrasia parviflora ''Euphrasia parviflora'' is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Orobanchaceae Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many ...

'' * ''

Euphrasia pseudokerneri ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants in the family (biology), family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are p ...

'' Pugsley – chalk eyebright * ''

Euphrasia randii ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' – small eyebright * '' Euphrasia rivularis'' Pugsley * ''

Euphrasia rostkoviana ''Euphrasia rostkoviana'' (synonym ''Euphrasia officinalis''),
in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database also ...

'' Hayne – red eyebright, "

figwort The genus ''Scrophularia'' of the family Scrophulariaceae comprises about 200 species of herbaceous flowering plants commonly known as figworts. Species of ''Scrophularia'' all share square stems, opposite leaves and open two-lipped flowers for ...

" **''

Euphrasia rostkoviana ''Euphrasia rostkoviana'' (synonym ''Euphrasia officinalis''),
in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database also ...

'' subsp. ''rostkoviana'' **''

Euphrasia rostkoviana ''Euphrasia rostkoviana'' (synonym ''Euphrasia officinalis''),
in BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database also ...

'' subsp. ''montana'' (Jord.) Wettst. * ''

Euphrasia rotundifolia ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' Pugsley * '' Euphrasia ruptura'' –

* ''

Euphrasia salisburgensis ''Euphrasia salisburgensis'' is a plant in the genus ''Euphrasia'', in the family Orobanchaceae. Characteristics and distribution It has a pan-European distribution occurring widely in base-rich sub-alpine areas. The variety ''hibernica'' has b ...

'' Funk. * ''

Euphrasia scabra ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' R.Br. – rough eyebright * ''

Euphrasia scottica ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' Wettst. * ''

Euphrasia semipicta ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' – peninsula eyebright * ''

Euphrasia striata ''Euphrasia striata'', commonly known as ‘shiny striped eyebright’ is an endemic Tasmanian species, which is a member of the Scrophulariaceae family. The distinctive purple striations on the petals, from which the name was derived, are charac ...

'' R.Br. * '' Euphrasia stricta'' D.Wolff ex J.F.Lehm. * ''

Euphrasia subarctica ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' – arctic eyebright * ''

Euphrasia suborbicularis ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' – roundleaf eyebright * ''

Euphrasia tatrae ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' * ''

Euphrasia tetraquetra ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' (Bréb.) . * ''

Euphrasia vernalis ''Euphrasia vernalis'' is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Orobanchaceae Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. Many o ...

'' * ''

Euphrasia × vestita ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' * ''

Euphrasia vigursii ''Euphrasia vigursii'', also known by its common names of Vigur's eyebright or Cornish eyebright, is an endangered annual of the eyebright family which is endemic to Devon and Cornwall. It is a facultative hemiparasite and needs open conditions a ...

'' Davey * '' Euphrasia × villosa'' * ''

Euphrasia vinacea ''Euphrasia'', or eyebright, is a genus of about 450 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae (formerly included in the Scrophulariaceae), with a cosmopolitan distribution. They are semi-parasitic on grasses and other ...

'' – glacier eyebright * '' Euphrasia zelandica'' * ''Euphrasia'' sp. 'Bivouac Bay' – Bivouac Bay eyebright

Footnotes

References

{{Authority control Orobanchaceae genera Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Parasitic plants