Eugene Jacques Bullard (born Eugene James Bullard; October 9, 1895 – October 12, 1961) was one of the first black American military pilots, although Bullard flew for France, not the United States. Bullard was one of the few black combat pilots during World War I, along with

William Robinson Clarke Sergeant William Robinson Clarke (4 October 1895 – 26 April 1981) was a Jamaican World War I airman who was the first black pilot to fly for Britain. Early life Clarke was born in Kingston, Jamaica, on 4 October 1895, son of Eugenia Clarke. ...

, a Jamaican who flew for the

Royal Flying Corps "Through Adversity to the Stars" , colors = , colours_label = , march = , mascot = , anniversaries = , decorations ...

, Domenico Mondelli from Italy, and

Ahmet Ali Çelikten Ahmet Ali Çelikten
in the official website of the Naval Air Base Command of the

of the Ottoman Empire. Also a boxer and a jazz musician, he was called "L'Hirondelle noire" in French (literally "Black Swallow").

Early life

Bullard was born in Columbus, Georgia, the seventh of 10 children born to William (Octave) Bullard, a Black man from Stewart County, Georgia, and Josephine ("Yokalee") Thomas, a Black woman said to be of African American and Indigenous (Muscogee Creek) heritage. His paternal ancestors had been enslaved in Georgia and Virginia according to U.S. census records, and his father was born on a property owned by Wiley Bullard, a slave owning planter in Stewart County. Bullard attended the 28th Street School in Columbus from 1901 to 1906 completing the 5th Grade. During his youth, he suffered the trauma of watching a white mob attempt to lynch his father over a workplace dispute. Meanwhile, his father continued to voice the conviction that African-Americans had to maintain their dignity and self-respect in the face of the white prejudice. Despite this, Bullard became enamored with his father's stories of France where slavery had been abolished and blacks were treated the same as whites. When he reached his 11th birthday, Bullard ran away from home with the intent of getting to France. Stopping in Atlanta, he joined a British clan of gypsies known by the surname of Stanley and traveled throughout Georgia tending their horses and learning to race. It was the Stanleys who told him how the racial barriers did not exist in Britain and reset his determination to now get to the United Kingdom. Disheartened that the Stanleys were not scheduled to return to the United Kingdom, Bullard found work with the Turner family in Dawson, Georgia. Because he was hard-working as a stable boy, young Bullard won the Turners' affection and was asked to ride as their jockey in the 1911 County Fair races. In 1912, he made his way to

Norfolk, Virginia Norfolk ( ) is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. Incorporated in 1705, it had a population of 238,005 at the 2020 census, making it the third-most populous city in Virginia after neighboring Virginia Be ...

where he stowed away on the German freighter ''Marta Russ'', hoping to escape racial discrimination. Bullard arrived at Aberdeen, Scotland and made his way first to Glasgow and then London where he

boxed Boxed may refer to: * Boxed.com, a wholesale on-line shopping site. * ''Boxed'' (Eurythmics), an eight album box set * ''Boxed'' (Mike Oldfield album) * Boxed warning In the United States, a boxed warning (sometimes "black box warning", colloq ...

and performed

slapstick Slapstick is a style of humor involving exaggerated physical activity that exceeds the boundaries of normal physical comedy. Slapstick may involve both intentional violence and violence by mishap, often resulting from inept use of props such a ...

in the

Freedman A freedman or freedwoman is a formerly enslaved person who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means. Historically, enslaved people were freed by manumission (granted freedom by their captor-owners), emancipation (granted freedom a ...

Pickaninnies, an African-American troupe. While in London, he trained under the then-famous boxer Dixie Kid who arranged for him to fight in Paris. As a result of that visit to Paris, he decided to settle in France. He continued to box in Paris and also worked in a

music hall Music hall is a type of British theatrical entertainment that was popular from the early Victorian era, beginning around 1850. It faded away after 1918 as the halls rebranded their entertainment as variety. Perceptions of a distinction in Bri ...

until the start of World War I.

World War I

Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion

World War I began in August 1914. On October 19, 1914, Bullard enlisted and was assigned to the 3rd Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion (R.M.L.E.), as foreign volunteers were allowed only to serve in the Foreign Legion. By 1915, Bullard was a machine gunner and saw combat on the Somme front in Picardy. In May and June, he was at Artois, and in the fall of that year fought in the Second Battle of Champagne (September 25November 6, 1915) along the Meuse River.Carnes, Mark C. American National Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 53–55.Sutherland, Jonathan. ''African Americans at War: An Encyclopedia''. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2004, Vol. 1, p. 86–87. He was assigned to the

3rd Marching Regiment of the 1st Foreign Regiment The 3rd Marching Regiment of the 1st Foreign Regiment, (french: 3e régiment de marche du 1er étranger, 3eR.M. 1erR.E) was a French Military unit of the Legion which formed the Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion (R.M.L.E) and existed epheme ...

. On July 13, he joined the 2nd Marching Regiment of the 1st Foreign Regiment and also served with the . The 2nd Marching Regiment of the 1st Foreign Regiment and the

2nd Marching Regiment of the 2nd Foreign Regiment The 2nd Marching Regiment of the 2nd Foreign Regiment, (french: 2e Régiment de Marche du 2e étranger, 2eR.M. 2eR.E) was a French Military regiment in the Legion which formed the Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion (R.M.L.E) and existed ephe ...

were serving as part of the 1st Moroccan Division. Commanded initially by Hubert Lyautey, Resident-General of Morocco at the outbreak of World War I, the division was a mix of the Metropolitan and Colonial French troops, including Legionnaires,

zouave The Zouaves were a class of light infantry regiments of the French Army serving between 1830 and 1962 and linked to French North Africa; as well as some units of other countries modelled upon them. The zouaves were among the most decorated unit ...

s and tirailleurs. Towards the end of the war, the 1st Moroccan Division became one of the most decorated units in the French Army. The Foreign Legion suffered high casualties in 1915. It started the year with 21,887 soldiers, NCOs, and officers, but ended with only 10,683. As a result, the Foreign Legion units fighting on the

Western front Western Front or West Front may refer to: Military frontiers *Western Front (World War I), a military frontier to the west of Germany *Western Front (World War II), a military frontier to the west of Germany *Western Front (Russian Empire), a majo ...

were put in reserve for reinforcement and reorganization. On November 11, 1915, 3,316 survivors from the 1^e and the 2^e ''Étranger'' were merged into one unit — the Marching Regiment of the Foreign Legion (), which in 1920 became the 3rd Foreign Regiment of the Foreign Legion. Bullard participated in the fighting on the Somme, Champagne, and Verdun, where he was severely wounded on March 5, 1916. As for the Americans and other volunteers, they were allowed to transfer to the Metropolitan French Army units, including the 170th French Infantry Regiment. The 170th had a reputation of crack troops, being nicknamed (in English, 'The Swallows of Death'). Bullard opted to serve in the 170th Infantry Regiment and the 170 military insignia is displayed on his uniform collar. In the beginning of 1916, the 170th Infantry along with the , to which the regiment belonged from February 1915 to December 1916, was sent to Verdun. During his convalescence, Bullard was cited for acts of valor at the orders of the regiment on July 3, 1917, and was awarded the

croix de guerre The ''Croix de Guerre'' (, ''Cross of War'') is a military decoration of France. It was first created in 1915 and consists of a square-cross medal on two crossed swords, hanging from a ribbon with various degree pins. The decoration was first awa ...

Aviation

While serving with the 170th Infantry, Bullard was seriously wounded in action in March 1916 at the Battle of Verdun.Venzon, Anne Cipriano. The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Pub, 1995, p. 110. While recuperating he learned to fly on a bet. After recovering, he volunteered on October 2, 1916, for the

French Air Service The French Air and Space Force (AAE) (french: Armée de l'air et de l'espace, ) is the air and space force of the French Armed Forces. It was the first military aviation force in history, formed in 1909 as the , a service arm of the French Army ...

(french: Aéronautique Militaire) as an air gunner. He was accepted and underwent training at the Aerial Gunnery School in Cazaux,

Gironde Gironde ( US usually, , ; oc, Gironda, ) is the largest department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of Southwestern France. Named after the Gironde estuary, a major waterway, its prefecture is Bordeaux. In 2019, it had a population of 1,62 ...

. Following this, he went through his initial flight training at Châteauroux and Avord, and received pilot's license number 6950 from the Aéro-Club de France on May 5, 1917. Like many other American aviators, Bullard hoped to join the famous squadron Escadrille Americaine N.124, the Lafayette Escadrille, but after enrolling 38 American pilots in the spring and summer of 1916, it stopped accepting applicants. After further training at Avord, BullardHall, James Norman, Charles Nordhoff, and Edgar G. Hamilton. ''The Lafayette Flying Corps''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1920, Volume II, p. 324. joined 269 American aviators at the Lafayette Flying Corps on November 15, 1916, which was a designation for all American pilots who served with the French Air Service, rather than the name of a specific unit. American volunteers flew with French pilots in different pursuit and bomber/reconnaissance aero squadrons on the Western Front. Edmund L. Gros, who facilitated the incorporation of American pilots in the French Air Service, listed in the October 1917 issue of ''Flying'', an official publication of the Aero Club of America, Bullard's name is on the member roster of the Lafayette Flying Corps. On June 28, 1917, Bullard was promoted to corporal. On August 27, he was assigned to Escadrille N.93 (french: Escadrille SPA 93), based at Beauzée-sur-Aire south of Verdun, where he stayed until September 13. The squadron was equipped with Nieuport and Spad aircraft that displayed a flying stork as the squadron insignia. Bullard's service record also includes Squadron N.85 (french: Escadrille SPA 85), September 13, 1917 – November 11, 1917, which had a bull insignia.Hall, James Norman, Charles Nordhoff, and Edgar G. Hamilton. The Lafayette Flying Corps. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1920, Volume II, p. 330. He took part in over twenty combat missions, and he is sometimes credited with shooting down one or two German aircraft (sources differ). However, the French authorities could not confirm Bullard's victories. When the United States entered the war, the United States Army Air Service convened a medical board to recruit Americans serving in the Lafayette Flying Corps for the Air Service of the American Expeditionary Forces. Bullard went through the medical examination, but he was not accepted, as only white pilots were chosen. Some time later, while on a short break from duty in Paris, Bullard allegedly got into an argument with a French commissioned officer and was punished by being transferred to the service battalion of the French 170th Infantry Regiment in January 1918. He served beyond the Armistice, not being discharged until October 24, 1919.

Interwar years

For his World War I service, the French government awarded Bullard the ''

Croix de guerre The ''Croix de Guerre'' (, ''Cross of War'') is a military decoration of France. It was first created in 1915 and consists of a square-cross medal on two crossed swords, hanging from a ribbon with various degree pins. The decoration was first awa ...

'', Médaille militaire,

Croix du combattant volontaire 1914–1918 Croix (French for "cross") may refer to: Belgium * Croix-lez-Rouveroy, a village in municipality of Estinnes in the province of Hainaut France * Croix, Nord, in the Nord department * Croix, Territoire de Belfort, in the Territoire de Belfort depa ...

, and Médaille de Verdun, along with several others. After his discharge, Bullard returned again to Paris. Bullard found work for four years as a jazz drummer in a nightclub named "Zelli's", which was owned by Joe Zelli. Bullard worked with Robert Henri, a lawyer and friend, to secure a club license, which allowed Zelli's to stay open past midnight. This led to Zelli's becoming the most celebrated nightclub in Montmartre, as most other area cabarets still closed at midnight. Following his time at Zelli's, Bullard departed for Alexandria, Egypt where he performed with a jazz ensemble at Hotel Claridge and fought two prize fights. He also hired musicians for private parties with Paris' social elites, worked as a masseur, and an exercise trainer. Bullard later managed a nightclub "Le Grand Duc", where he hired the American poet, Langston Hughes. Around 1928, Bullard was able to buy "Le Grand Duc" from

Ada "Bricktop" Smith Ada Beatrice Queen Victoria Louise Virginia Smith (August 14, 1894 – February 1, 1984), better known as Bricktop, was an American dancer, jazz singer, vaudevillian, and self-described saloon-keeper who owned the nightclub Chez Bricktop in ...

. As a popular jazz venue, "Le Grand Duc" gained him many famous friends, including Josephine Baker,

Louis Armstrong Louis Daniel Armstrong (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971), nicknamed "Satchmo", "Satch", and "Pops", was an American trumpeter and vocalist. He was among the most influential figures in jazz. His career spanned five decades and several era ...

Langston Hughes James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1901 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. One of the earliest innovators of the literary art form called jazz poetry, Hug ...

, and French flying ace

Charles Nungesser Charles Eugène Jules Marie Nungesser (15 March 1892 – presumably on or after 8 May 1927) was a French ace pilot and adventurer. Nungesser was a renowned ace in France, ranking third highest in the country with 43 air combat victories during Wo ...

. He eventually became the owner of another nightclub, "L'Escadrille". Bullard's Montmartre fame was such that Ernest Hemingway based a minor character on Bullard in "The Sun Also Rises." Bullard also opened Bullard's Athletic Club which was a gymnasium offering physical culture, boxing, massage, ping pong and hydrotherapy. He also worked as a trainer for noted boxers Panama Al Brown and Young Perez. On 17 July 1923, he married Marcelle Eugénie Henriette Straumann, (b. 8 July 1901) a milliner from Paris' second arrondissement. The marriage ended in divorce on 5 December 1935, with Straumann abandoning custody of their two surviving children, Jacqueline Ginette and Lolita Joséphine, to Bullard upon her departure. When World War II began in September 1939, Bullard, who also spoke German, agreed to a request from the French government to spy on the German citizens who still frequented his nightclub.

World War II

Following the

German invasion German invasion may refer to: Pre-1900s * German invasion of Hungary (1063) World War I * German invasion of Belgium (1914) * German invasion of Luxembourg (1914) World War II * Invasion of Poland * German invasion of Belgium (1940) ...

of France in May 1940, Bullard volunteered and served with the 51st Infantry Regiment (french: 51^e Régiment d'Infanterie) in defending Orléans on June 15, 1940. Bullard was wounded, but he escaped to neutral Spain, and in July 1940 he returned to the United States. Bullard spent some time in a New York hospital and never fully recovered from his wound. Moreover, he found the fame he enjoyed in France had not followed him to the United States. He worked as a perfume salesman, a security guard, and as an interpreter for Louis Armstrong, but a back injury severely restricted him. In 1945, he attempted to regain his nightclub in Paris, but it had been destroyed during the war. He received a financial settlement from the French government and was able to buy an apartment in Harlem, New York City.

Peekskill riots

In 1949, a concert held by Black entertainer and activist Paul Robeson in Peekskill, New York to benefit the Civil Rights Congress resulted in the Peekskill riots. These were caused in part by members of the local

Veterans of Foreign Wars The Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW), formally the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States, is an organization of US war veterans, who, as military service members fought in wars, campaigns, and expeditions on foreign land, waters, or a ...

and

American Legion The American Legion, commonly known as the Legion, is a non-profit organization of U.S. war War is an intense armed conflict between states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups such as mercenaries, insurgents, and militi ...

posts, who considered Robeson a communist sympathizer.Robeson, Susan. ''The Whole World in His Hands: A Pictorial Biography of Paul Robeson.'' Secaucus, N.J.: Citadel Press, 1981. Chapter 5, ''The Politics of Persecution'', p. 181–183. The concert was scheduled to take place on August 27 at Lakeland Acres, north of Peekskill. Before Robeson arrived, however, a mob attacked the concert-goers with baseball bats and stones. Thirteen people were seriously injured before police put an end to it. The concert was then postponed until September 4. The rescheduled concert took place without incident, but as concert-goers drove away, they passed through long lines of hostile locals, who threw rocks through their windshields. Bullard was among those attacked after the concert. He was knocked to the ground and beaten by an angry mob, which included members of the state and local law enforcement. The attack was captured on film and can be seen in the 1970s documentary '' The Tallest Tree in Our Forest'' and the Oscar-winning documentary narrated by

Sidney Poitier Sidney Poitier ( ; February 20, 1927 – January 6, 2022) was an American actor, film director, and diplomat. In 1964, he was the first black actor and first Bahamian to win the Academy Award for Best Actor. He received two competitive ...

, '' Paul Robeson: Tribute to an Artist''. None of the assailants were prosecuted. Graphic pictures of Bullard being beaten by two policemen, a state trooper, and a concert goer were published in Susan Robeson's biography of her grandfather, ''The Whole World in His Hands: a Pictorial Biography of Paul Robeson''.

Later life and death

In the 1950s, Bullard was a relative stranger in his own homeland. His daughters had married, and he lived alone in his apartment, which was decorated with pictures of his famous friends and a framed case containing his 14 French war medals. His final job was as an elevator operator at the Rockefeller Center, where his fame as the "Black Swallow of Death" was unknown. On December 22, 1959, he was interviewed on NBC's '' Today Show'' by Dave Garroway and received hundreds of letters from viewers. Bullard wore his elevator operator uniform during the interview. Bullard died in New York City of

stomach cancer Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a cancer that develops from the lining of the stomach. Most cases of stomach cancers are gastric carcinomas, which can be divided into a number of subtypes, including gastric adenocarcinomas. Lymph ...

on October 12, 1961, at the age of 66. He was buried with military honors in the French War Veterans' section of Flushing Cemetery in the New York City borough of Queens. His friend

is buried in the same cemetery.

Honors

Eugene Bullard at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Paris (1954)

Eugene Jacques Bullard statue, Museum of Aviation

Bullard received 14 decorations and medals from the government of France. In 1954, the French government invited Bullard to Paris to be one of the three men chosen to rekindle the everlasting flame at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier under the

Arc de Triomphe The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile (, , ; ) is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, France, standing at the western end of the Champs-Élysées at the centre of Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly named Place de l'Étoile—the ''étoile'' ...

. In 1959, he was made a ''Chevalier'' (Knight) of the '' Légion d'honneur'' by General

Charles de Gaulle Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (; ; (commonly abbreviated as CDG) 22 November 18909 November 1970) was a French army officer and statesman who led Free France against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government ...

, who called Bullard a "''véritable héros français''" ("true French hero"). He also was awarded the Médaille militaire, another high military distinction. In 1989 he was posthumously inducted into the inaugural class of the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame. On August 23, 1994 – 33 years after his death, and 77 years to the day after the physical that should have allowed him to fly for his own country — Bullard was posthumously commissioned a

second lieutenant Second lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer military rank in many armed forces, comparable to NATO OF-1 rank. Australia The rank of second lieutenant existed in the military forces of the Australian colonies and Australian Army until ...

in the United States Air Force. On October 9, 2019, the Museum of Aviation in Warner Robins, Georgia erected a statue in Bullard's honor. There is a sign in Columbus, Georgia, near the site of the house where he grew up, which describes his early life.

Decorations and medals

1st row : * Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (Knight of the Legion of Honor) * Médaille militaire (Military Medal) 2nd row : * Croix de guerre 1914–1918 avec etoile de bronze (War Cross with bronze star) *

(Volunteer Combatant Cross) * Croix du combatant (Combatant's Cross) * Médaille des blessés militaires (Medal for Military Wounded) 3rd row : * Médaille commémorative de la guerre 1914–1918 (World War Service Medal) * Médaille interalliée 1914–1918, dite de la Victoire (Interallied Victory Medal) * Médaille engagé volontaire (Voluntary Enlistment Medal) * Médaille commémorative de la bataille de Verdun (Battle of Verdun Medal) 4th row : * Médaille commémorative de la bataille de la Somme (Battle of the Somme Medal) * Médaille commémorative de la guerre 1939–1945 (World War II Service Medal) * Médaille commémorative des services volontaires de la France libre (Voluntary Service to Free France) * Médaille des volontaires américains avec l'Armée Française (American Volunteer with French Army Medal) In addition to the above awards, Bullard also received the French Pilot's Badge and the fourragere unit award. Note – Bullard was posthumously eligible for the World War I Victory Medal (United States) as he was posthumously commissioned an officer in the United States Army with a date of rank which fell during the eligibility period of the medal.

In popular culture

In 1972, Bullard's exploits as a pilot were retold in a biography, ''The Black Swallow of Death'' by Patrick Carisella and James Ryan. He is also the subject of the nonfiction young adult memoir ''Eugene Bullard: World's First Black Fighter Pilot'' by Larry Greenly. The 2006 movie '' Flyboys'' loosely portrays a fictionalization of Bullard, called 'Eugene Skinner'. In 2012–2014, the French writer Claude Ribbe wrote a book on Bullard and made a television documentary. In the 2012 movie '' Red Tails'', the fictional Col. A.J. Bullard (played by Terrence Howard), a thinly disguised representation of the World War II African American Tuskegee Airmen's main commander,

Lt. Col. Lieutenant colonel ( , ) is a rank of commissioned officers in the armies, most marine forces and some air forces of the world, above a major and below a colonel. Several police forces in the United States use the rank of lieutenant colonel. ...

(later

Gen. The Book of Genesis (from Greek language, Greek ; Hebrew language, Hebrew: בְּרֵאשִׁית ''Bəreʾšīt'', "In hebeginning") is the first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament. Its Hebrew name is the same as its i ...

) Benjamin O. Davis Jr., is given that surname in honor of Eugene Bullard. In 2020 the progressive rock/metal project Telergy released the album ''Black Swallow'' which portrays the life of Eugene Bullard.

Gallery

File:Eugene Bullard in Legionnaire Uniform.jpg, Bullard in his Legionnaire uniform, between 1914 and 1917 File:Bullard.jpg, Bullard in 1917 beside a Nieuport while with Escadrille 93 File:Bullard pose.jpg, Bullard in January 1918 File:Eugene Bullard in the French Air Service.jpg, Bullard beside a Caudron trainer File:Eugene Bullard group photo.jpg, Bullard in a group photo File:Eugene Jacques Bullard group photo.jpg, Bullard in a group photo File:Bullard display.jpg, Bullard exhibit at the National Museum of the United States Air Force File:Eugene Bullard's awards.jpg, Bullard's awards File:Bullard décorations 1.png, Bullard's decorations

References

External links

James Eugene Bullard
Base des Personnels de l'aéronautique militaire, Secrétariat Général pour l'Administration, Ministère de la Defence, France
Eugene Bullard (1895-1961)
New Georgia Encyclopedia
Eugene J. Bullard
Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
Eugene Jacques Bullard
U.S. Air Force Museum

American Volunteers in the French Foreign Legion, 1914–1917 *
'The First Black Fighter Pilot', by Jack Doyle, Jan. 23, 2016
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bullard, Eugene 1895 births 1961 deaths Deaths from stomach cancer Deaths from cancer in New York (state) People from Columbus, Georgia African Americans in World War I African-American boxers American people of Haitian descent American people of Muscogee descent French people of African-American descent French people of Haitian descent French military personnel of World War I Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France) Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France) Lafayette Escadrille Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion Burials at Flushing Cemetery American male boxers Boxers from Georgia (U.S. state) African-American aviators African-American Catholics French Army personnel of World War II 20th-century African-American sportspeople French spies