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''Etheostoma'' is a
genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of small
freshwater fish Freshwater fish are those that spend some or all of their lives in fresh water, such as rivers and lakes, with a salinity of less than 1.05%. These environments differ from marine conditions in many ways, especially the difference in levels of s ...
in the
family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
Percidae The Percidae are a family of ray-finned fish, part of the order Perciformes, which are found in fresh and brackish waters of the Northern Hemisphere. The majority are Nearctic, but there are also Palearctic species. The family contains more than ...
native to North America. Most are restricted to the
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
, but species are also found in
Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...
and
Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
. They are commonly known as
darters The darters, anhingas, or snakebirds are mainly tropical waterbirds in the family Anhingidae, which contains a single genus, ''Anhinga''. There are four living species, three of which are very common and widespread while the fourth is rarer and ...
, although the term "darter" is shared by several other genera. Many can produce alarm
pheromone A pheromone () is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to affect the behavio ...
s that serve to warn nearby fish in case of an attack.Smith, R.J.F. (1992): Alarm signals in fishes. ''Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 2 (1): 33-63.''


Species

The 157 recognized species in this genus are: * ''
Etheostoma acuticeps The sharphead darter (''Etheostoma acuticeps'') is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to th ...
'' R. M. Bailey, 1959 (sharphead darter) * ''
Etheostoma akatulo The bluemask darter (''Etheostoma akatulo'') is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the e ...
''
Layman In religious organizations, the laity () consists of all members who are not part of the clergy, usually including any non-ordained members of religious orders, e.g. a nun or a lay brother. In both religious and wider secular usage, a layperson ...
& Mayden, 2009
(bluemask darter) * '' Etheostoma artesiae'' ( O. P. Hay, 1881) (redspot darter) * '' Etheostoma asprigene'' ( S. A. Forbes, 1878) (mud darter) * '' Etheostoma atripinne'' ( D. S. Jordan, 1877) (Cumberland snubnose darter) * '' Etheostoma australe'' D. S. Jordan, 1889 (Conchos darter) * '' Etheostoma autumnale'' Mayden, 2010 (autumn darter) * '' Etheostoma baileyi''
Page Page most commonly refers to: * Page (paper), one side of a leaf of paper, as in a book Page, PAGE, pages, or paging may also refer to: Roles * Page (assistance occupation), a professional occupation * Page (servant), traditionally a young m ...
& Burr, 1982
(emerald darter) * '' Etheostoma barbouri'' Kuehne & J. W. Small, 1971 (teardrop darter) * '' Etheostoma barrenense'' Burr & Page, 1982 (splendid darter) * '' Etheostoma basilare'' Page, Hardman &
Near NEAR or Near may refer to: People * Thomas J. Near, US evolutionary ichthyologist * Near, a developer who created the higan emulator Science, mathematics, technology, biology, and medicine * National Emergency Alarm Repeater (NEAR), a form ...
, 2003
(corrugated darter) * '' Etheostoma bellator'' Suttkus & R. M. Bailey, 1993 (warrior darter) * '' Etheostoma bellum'' Zorach, 1968 (orangefin darter) * '' Etheostoma bison'' Ceas & Page, 1997 (buffalo darter) * '' Etheostoma blennioides''
Rafinesque Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (; October 22, 1783September 18, 1840) was a French 19th-century polymath born near Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ultimat ...
, 1819
(greenside darter) * '' Etheostoma blennius'' C. H. Gilbert & Swain, 1887 (blenny darter) * '' Etheostoma boschungi''
Wall A wall is a structure and a surface that defines an area; carries a load; provides security, shelter, or soundproofing; or, is decorative. There are many kinds of walls, including: * Walls in buildings that form a fundamental part of the supe ...
&
J. D. Williams J.D. Williams (born May 22, 1978) is an American actor known for his starring roles in the HBO television programs '' Oz'' as Kenny Wangler, ''The Wire'' as Bodie Broadus and ''Pootie Tang'' as Froggy, ''Surviving Family'' (2012) as Bobby, ''T ...
, 1974
(slackwater darter) * '' Etheostoma brevirostrum'' Suttkus & Etnier, 1991 (holiday darter) * '' Etheostoma brevispinum'' ( Coker, 1926) (Carolina fantail darter) * '' Etheostoma burri'' Ceas & Page, 1997 (brook darter) * '' Etheostoma caeruleum'' D. H. Storer, 1845 (rainbow darter) * '' Etheostoma camurum'' (
Cope The cope (known in Latin as ''pluviale'' 'rain coat' or ''cappa'' 'cape') is a liturgical vestment, more precisely a long mantle or cloak, open in front and fastened at the breast with a band or clasp. It may be of any liturgical colours, litu ...
, 1870)
(bluebreast darter) * '' Etheostoma cervus'' Powers & Mayden, 2003 (Chickasaw darter) * '' Etheostoma chermocki''
Boschung Bushong is a surname found mostly in the United States, derived from the surname Boschung found mainly in Switzerland, but also in the Palatinate and other regions in Western Europe. Surname history The American surname, ''Bushong'' and variant ' ...
, Mayden & Tomelleri, 1992
(vermilion darter) * '' Etheostoma chienense'' Page & Ceas, 1992 (relict darter) * '' Etheostoma chlorobranchium'' Zorach, 1972 (greenfin darter) * '' Etheostoma chlorosomum'' (O. P. Hay, 1881) (bluntnose darter) * '' Etheostoma chuckwachatte'' Mayden & R. M. Wood, 1993 (lipstick darter) * '' Etheostoma cinereum'' D. H. Storer, 1845 (ashy darter) * '' Etheostoma clinton'' Mayden &
Layman In religious organizations, the laity () consists of all members who are not part of the clergy, usually including any non-ordained members of religious orders, e.g. a nun or a lay brother. In both religious and wider secular usage, a layperson ...
, 2012
(beaded darter) * '' Etheostoma collettei''
Birdsong Bird vocalization includes both bird calls and bird songs. In non-technical use, bird songs are the bird sounds that are melodious to the human ear. In ornithology and birding, songs (relatively complex vocalizations) are distinguished by func ...
& L. W. Knapp, 1969
(creole darter) * '' Etheostoma collis'' ( C. L. Hubbs &
Cannon A cannon is a large- caliber gun classified as a type of artillery, which usually launches a projectile using explosive chemical propellant. Gunpowder ("black powder") was the primary propellant before the invention of smokeless powder ...
, 1935)
(Carolina darter) * '' Etheostoma colorosum'' Suttkus & R. M. Bailey, 1993 (coastal darter) * '' Etheostoma coosae'' ( Fowler, 1945) (Coosa darter) * '' Etheostoma corona'' Page & Ceas, 1992 (crown darter) * '' Etheostoma cragini'' C. H. Gilbert, 1885 (Arkansas darter) * '' Etheostoma crossopterum''
Braasch Braasch is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Antje Braasch, middle-distance runner * Gary Braasch (1944–2016), American photographer and writer * Karsten Braasch (born 1967), German tennis player See also * Braasch Biotech, ...
& Mayden, 1985
(fringed darter) * '' Etheostoma davisoni'' O. P. Hay, 1885 (Choctawhatchee darter) * '' Etheostoma denoncourti'' Stauffer & van Snik, 1997 (golden darter) * '' Etheostoma derivativum'' Page, Hardman & Near, 2003 (stone darter) * '' Etheostoma ditrema''
Ramsey Ramsey may refer to: Geography British Isles * Ramsey, Cambridgeshire, a small market town in England * Ramsey, Essex, a village near Harwich, England ** Ramsey and Parkeston, a civil parish formerly called just "Ramsey" * Ramsey, Isle of Man, t ...
& Suttkus, 1965
(coldwater darter) * '' Etheostoma douglasi'' R. M. Wood & Mayden, 1993 (Tuskaloosa darter) * '' Etheostoma duryi'' Henshall, 1889 (black darter) * '' Etheostoma edwini'' ( C. L. Hubbs &
Cannon A cannon is a large- caliber gun classified as a type of artillery, which usually launches a projectile using explosive chemical propellant. Gunpowder ("black powder") was the primary propellant before the invention of smokeless powder ...
, 1935)
(brown darter) * '' Etheostoma erythrozonum'' Switzer & R. M. Wood, 2009 (Meramec saddled darter) * '' Etheostoma etnieri''
Bouchard Bouchard, a Norman name with German elements means "fort" (bourgh) and "brave," "strong" (heard), see Burkhardt. It is also a French nickname for someone with a big mouth, "bouche" being French for mouth. Notable people with the name include: * Se ...
, 1977
(cherry darter) * '' Etheostoma etowahae'' R. M. Wood & Mayden, 1993 (Etowah darter) * '' Etheostoma euzonum'' (C. L. Hubbs & J. D. Black, 1940) (Arkansas saddled darter) * '' Etheostoma exile'' ( Girard, 1859) (Iowa darter) * '' Etheostoma faulkneri'' Sterling & Warren, 2020 (Yoknapatawpha darter) * ''
Etheostoma flabellare The fantail (''Etheostoma flabellare'') is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the Family (biology), family Percidae, which also contains the perches, Gymnocephalus, ruffes and Sander (fis ...
'' Rafinesque, 1819 (fantail darter) * '' Etheostoma flavum'' Etnier & R. M. Bailey, 1989 (saffron darter) * '' Etheostoma fonticola'' (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1886) (fountain darter) * '' Etheostoma forbesi'' Page & Ceas, 1992 (barrens darter) * '' Etheostoma fragi'' Distler, 1968 (strawberry darter) * '' Etheostoma fricksium''
Hildebrand Hildebrand is a character from Germanic heroic legend. ''Hildebrand'' is the modern German form of the name: in Old High German it is ''Hiltibrant'' and in Old Norse ''Hildibrandr''. The word ''hild'' means "battle" and ''brand'' means "sword". ...
, 1923
(savannah darter) * '' Etheostoma fusiforme'' (Girard, 1854) (swamp darter) * '' Etheostoma gore'' Mayden &
Layman In religious organizations, the laity () consists of all members who are not part of the clergy, usually including any non-ordained members of religious orders, e.g. a nun or a lay brother. In both religious and wider secular usage, a layperson ...
, 2012
(Cumberland darter) * '' Etheostoma gracile'' (Girard, 1859) (slough darter) * '' Etheostoma grahami'' (Girard, 1859) (Rio Grande darter) * '' Etheostoma gutselli'' (Hildebrand, 1932) (Tuckasegee darter) * '' Etheostoma histrio'' D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1887 (harlequin darter) * '' Etheostoma hopkinsi'' (Fowler, 1945) (Christmas darter) * '' Etheostoma inscriptum'' (D. S. Jordan & Brayton, 1878) (turquoise darter) * '' Etheostoma jessiae'' (D. S. Jordan & Brayton, 1878) (blueside darter) * '' Etheostoma jimmycarter'' Mayden & Layman, 2012 (bluegrass darter) * ''
Etheostoma jordani The greenbreast darter (''Etheostoma jordani'') is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the ...
'' C. H. Gilbert, 1891 (greenbreast darter) * '' Etheostoma juliae''
Meek Meekness is an attribute of human nature and behavior that has been defined as an amalgam of righteousness, inner humility, and patience. Meekness has been contrasted with humility alone insomuch as humility simply refers to an attitude towards o ...
, 1891
(yoke darter) * '' Etheostoma kanawhae'' ( Raney, 1941) (Kanawha darter) * '' Etheostoma kantuckeense'' Ceas & Page, 1997 (Highland Rim darter) * '' Etheostoma kennicotti'' ( Putnam, 1863) (stripetail darter) * '' Etheostoma lachneri'' Suttkus & R. M. Bailey, 1994 (Tombigbee darter) * '' Etheostoma lawrencei'' Ceas & Burr, 2002 (headwater darter) * '' Etheostoma lemniscatum'' Blanton, 2008 (tuxedo darter) * '' Etheostoma lepidum'' (S. F. Baird & Girard, 1853) (greenthroat darter) * '' Etheostoma longimanum'' D. S. Jordan, 1888 (longfin darter) * '' Etheostoma lugoi'' S. M. Norris &
W. L. Minckley Wendell Lee Minckley (November 13, 1935 – June 22, 2001) was a college professor and leading expert on fish. He spent most of his career at Arizona State University. In 1963, he with Robert Rush Miller discovered and named the northern platy ...
, 1997
(tufa darter) * '' Etheostoma luteovinctum'' C. H. Gilbert & Swain, 1887 (redband darter) * '' Etheostoma lynceum'' O. P. Hay, 1885 (brighteye darter) * '' Etheostoma maculatum'' Kirtland, 1840 (spotted darter) * '' Etheostoma mariae'' (Fowler, 1947) (pinewoods darter) * '' Etheostoma marmorpinnum'' Blanton & R. E. Jenkins, 2008 (marbled darter) * '' Etheostoma maydeni'' Powers & Kuhajda, 2012 (redlips darter) * '' Etheostoma microperca'' D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1888 (least darter) * '' Etheostoma mihileze'' Mayden, 2010 (sunburst darter) * '' Etheostoma moorei'' Raney & Suttkus, 1964 (yellowcheek darter) * '' Etheostoma nebra'' Near & M. R. Thomas, 2015 (buck darter) Near, T.J. & Thomas, M.R. (2015): A New Barcheek Darter Species from Buck Creek (Cumberland River System), Kentucky (Percidae: Etheostomatinae: ''Catonotus'': ''Oopareia''). ''Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 56 (2): 127–146.'' * '' Etheostoma neopterum'' W. M. Howell & Dingerkus, 1978 (lollipop darter) * '' Etheostoma nianguae'' C. H. Gilbert &
Meek Meekness is an attribute of human nature and behavior that has been defined as an amalgam of righteousness, inner humility, and patience. Meekness has been contrasted with humility alone insomuch as humility simply refers to an attitude towards o ...
, 1887
(Niangua darter) * '' Etheostoma nigripinne'' Braasch & Mayden, 1985 (blackfin darter) * ''
Etheostoma nigrum The johnny darter (''Etheostoma nigrum'') is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is native to shallow wa ...
'' Rafinesque, 1820 (johnny darter) * ''
Etheostoma nuchale The watercress darter (''Etheostoma nuchale'') is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish, a darter from the subfamily Etheostomatinae, part of the family Percidae, which also contains the perches, ruffes and pikeperches. It is endemic to the e ...
'' W. M. Howell & R. D. Caldwell, 1965 (watercress darter) * '' Etheostoma obama'' Mayden & Layman, 2012 (spangled darter) * '' Etheostoma obeyense''
Kirsch Kirschwasser (, ; , German for "cherry water") or kirsch is a clear, colorless brandy traditionally made from double distillation of morello cherries, a dark-colored cultivar of the sour cherry. It is now also made from other kinds of cherries. ...
, 1892
(barcheek darter) * '' Etheostoma occidentale'' Powers & Mayden, 2007 (West Rim darter) * '' Etheostoma okaloosae'' (Fowler, 1941) (Okaloosa darter) * '' Etheostoma olivaceum''
Braasch Braasch is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Antje Braasch, middle-distance runner * Gary Braasch (1944–2016), American photographer and writer * Karsten Braasch (born 1967), German tennis player See also * Braasch Biotech, ...
& Page, 1979
(sooty darter) * '' Etheostoma olmstedi'' D. H. Storer, 1842 (tessellated darter) * '' Etheostoma oophylax'' Ceas &
Page Page most commonly refers to: * Page (paper), one side of a leaf of paper, as in a book Page, PAGE, pages, or paging may also refer to: Roles * Page (assistance occupation), a professional occupation * Page (servant), traditionally a young m ...
, 1992
(guardian darter) * '' Etheostoma orientale'' Powers & Mayden, 2007 (East Rim darter) * '' Etheostoma osburni'' ( C. L. Hubbs & Trautman, 1932) (candy darter) * '' Etheostoma pallididorsum'' Distler & Metcalf, 1962 (paleback darter) * '' Etheostoma parvipinne'' C. H. Gilbert & Swain, 1887 (goldstripe darter) * '' Etheostoma percnurum'' R. E. Jenkins, 1994 (duskytail darter) * '' Etheostoma perlongum'' C. L. Hubbs & Raney, 1946) (Waccamaw darter) * '' Etheostoma phytophilum''
Bart Bart is a masculine given name, usually a diminutive of Bartholomew, sometimes of Barton, Bartolomeo, etc. Bart is a Dutch and Ashkenazi Jewish surname, and derives from the name ''Bartholomäus'', a German form of the biblical name ''Barthol ...
& M. S. Taylor, 1999
(rush darter) * '' Etheostoma planasaxatile'' Powers & Mayden, 2007 (duck darter) * '' Etheostoma podostemone'' D. S. Jordan & O. P. Jenkins, 1889 (riverweed darter) * '' Etheostoma pottsii'' (Girard, 1859) (Chihuahua darter) * '' Etheostoma proeliare'' (O. P. Hay, 1881) (cypress darter) * '' Etheostoma pseudovulatum'' Page & Ceas, 1992 (egg-mimic darter) * '' Etheostoma punctulatum'' ( Agassiz, 1854) (stippled darter) * '' Etheostoma pyrrhogaster'' R. M. Bailey & Etnier, 1988 (firebelly darter) * '' Etheostoma radiosum'' (C. L. Hubbs & J. D. Black, 1941) (orangebelly darter) * '' Etheostoma rafinesquei'' Burr & Page, 1982 (Kentucky darter) * '' Etheostoma ramseyi'' Suttkus & R. M. Bailey, 1994 (Alabama darter) * '' Etheostoma raneyi'' Suttkus & Bart, 1994 (Yazoo darter) * '' Etheostoma rubrum'' Raney & Suttkus, 1966 (bayou darter) * '' Etheostoma rufilineatum'' (Cope, 1870) (redline darter) * '' Etheostoma rupestre'' C. H. Gilbert & Swain, 1887 (rock darter) * '' Etheostoma sagitta'' (D. S. Jordan & Swain, 1883) (arrow darter) * '' Etheostoma saludae'' (C. L. Hubbs & Cannon, 1935) (saluda darter) * '' Etheostoma scotti'' Bauer, Etnier & Burkhead, 1995 (Cherokee darter) * '' Etheostoma segrex'' S. M. Norris &
W. L. Minckley Wendell Lee Minckley (November 13, 1935 – June 22, 2001) was a college professor and leading expert on fish. He spent most of his career at Arizona State University. In 1963, he with Robert Rush Miller discovered and named the northern platy ...
, 1997
(Río Salado darter) * '' Etheostoma sellare'' (
Radcliffe Radcliffe or Radcliff may refer to: Places * Radcliffe Line, a border between India and Pakistan United Kingdom * Radcliffe, Greater Manchester ** Radcliffe Tower, the remains of a medieval manor house in the town ** Radcliffe tram stop * ...
& W. W. Welsh, 1913)
(Maryland darter) * '' Etheostoma sequatchiense'' Burr, 1979 (Sequatchie darter) * '' Etheostoma serrifer'' (C. L. Hubbs & Cannon, 1935) (sawcheek darter) * '' Etheostoma simoterum'' (Cope, 1868) (snubnose darter) * '' Etheostoma sitikuense'' Blanton, 2008 (Citico darter) * '' Etheostoma smithi'' Page & Braasch, 1976 (slabrock darter) * '' Etheostoma spectabile'' (Agassiz, 1854) (orangethroat darter) * '' Etheostoma spilotum'' C. H. Gilbert, 1887 (Kentucky arrow darter, Cumberland Plateau darter) * '' Etheostoma squamiceps'' D. S. Jordan, 1877 (spottail darter) * '' Etheostoma stigmaeum'' (D. S. Jordan, 1877) (speckled darter) * '' Etheostoma striatulum'' Page & Braasch, 1977 (striated darter) * '' Etheostoma susanae'' (D. S. Jordan & Swain, 1883) (Cumberland darter) * '' Etheostoma swaini'' (D. S. Jordan, 1884) (Gulf darter) * '' Etheostoma swannanoa'' D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1889 (Swannanoa darter) * '' Etheostoma tallapoosae'' Suttkus & Etnier, 1991 (Tallapoosa darter) * '' Etheostoma tecumsehi'' Ceas & Page, 1997 (Shawnee darter) * '' Etheostoma teddyroosevelt'' Mayden & Layman, 2012 (highland darter) * '' Etheostoma tennesseense'' Powers & Mayden, 2007 (Tennessee darter) * '' Etheostoma tetrazonum'' (C. L. Hubbs & J. D. Black, 1940) (Missouri saddled darter) * '' Etheostoma thalassinum'' (D. S. Jordan & Brayton, 1878) (seagreen darter) * '' Etheostoma thompsoni'' Suttkus, Bart & Etnier, 2012 (gumbo darter) * '' Etheostoma tippecanoe'' D. S. Jordan & Evermann, 1890 (Tippecanoe darter) * '' Etheostoma trisella'' R. M. Bailey & W. J. Richards, 1963 (trispot darter) * '' Etheostoma tuscumbia'' C. H. Gilbert & Swain, 1887 (Tuscumbia darter) * '' Etheostoma uniporum'' Distler, 1968 (current darter) * '' Etheostoma variatum'' Kirtland, 1838 (variegated darter) * '' Etheostoma virgatum'' (D. S. Jordan, 1880) (striped darter) * '' Etheostoma vitreum'' (Cope, 1870) (glassy darter) * '' Etheostoma vulneratum'' (Cope, 1870) (wounded darter) * '' Etheostoma wapiti'' Etnier &
J. D. Williams J.D. Williams (born May 22, 1978) is an American actor known for his starring roles in the HBO television programs '' Oz'' as Kenny Wangler, ''The Wire'' as Bodie Broadus and ''Pootie Tang'' as Froggy, ''Surviving Family'' (2012) as Bobby, ''T ...
, 1989
(boulder darter) * '' Etheostoma whipplei'' (Girard, 1859) (redfin darter) * '' Etheostoma zonale'' (Cope, 1868) (banded darter) * '' Etheostoma zonifer'' C. L. Hubbs & Cannon, 1935) (backwater darter) * '' Etheostoma zonistium'' R. M. Bailey & Etnier, 1988 (bandfin darter)


References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2112610 Etheostomatinae * Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Freshwater fish genera