![Erythrina flabelliformis MHNT](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Erythrina_flabelliformis_MHNT.BOT.2009.13.50.jpg)
''Erythrina'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...
of plants in the pea family,
Fabaceae. It contains about 130
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
, which are distributed in
tropical
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in
the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
and
subtropical regions worldwide. They are
tree
In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...
s, with the larger species growing up to in height. The generic name is derived from the
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
word , meaning "red", referring to the flower color of certain species.
Names
Particularly in
horticulture
Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...
, the name coral tree is used as a collective term for these plants. Flame tree is another vernacular name, but may refer to a number of unrelated plants as well. Many species of ''Erythrina'' have bright red flowers, and this may be the origin of the common name. However, the growth of the branches can resemble the shape of sea
coral
Corals are marine invertebrates within the class Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria. They typically form compact colonies of many identical individual polyps. Coral species include the important reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and ...
rather than the color of ''
Corallium rubrum
Precious coral, or red coral, is the common name given to a genus of marine corals, ''Corallium''. The distinguishing characteristic of precious corals is their durable and intensely colored red or pink-orange skeleton, which is used for m ...
'' specifically, and this is an alternative source for the name. Other popular names, usually local and particular to distinct species, liken the flowers' red hues to those of a
male chicken's
wattles, and/or the flower shape to its leg spurs. Commonly seen
Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
names for any local species are ''bucaré'', ''frejolillo'' or ''porotillo'', and in
Afrikaans
Afrikaans (, ) is a West Germanic language that evolved in the Dutch Cape Colony from the Dutch vernacular of Holland proper (i.e., the Hollandic dialect) used by Dutch, French, and German settlers and their enslaved people. Afrikaans gra ...
some are called ''kafferboom'' (from the species name ''Erythrina caffra''). ''Mullumurikku'' is a widespread name in
Kerala
Kerala ( ; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile regions of Cochin, Malabar, South ...
.
Description and ecology
Not all species of ''Erythrina'' have bright red flowers; the
Wiliwili
Wiliwili (''Erythrina sandwicensis''), is a species of tree in the pea family, Fabaceae, that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It is the only species of ''Erythrina'' that naturally occurs there. It is typically found in Hawaiian tropical dry ...
(''E. sandwicensis'') has extraordinary variation in its flower colour, with orange, yellow, salmon, green and white all being found within natural populations. This striking color
polymorphism is also found in ''
Erythrina lysistemon'' and ''
Erythrina caffra
''Erythrina caffra'', the coast coral tree or African coral tree, is a tree native to southeastern Africa, which is often cultivated and has introduced populations in California and India. All the 17 species of coral tree in the genus ''Erythri ...
''.
All species except the
sterile hybrids ''E.'' × ''sykesii'' and
''E.'' × ''bidwillii'' have
legume-type fruit, sometimes called pods, containing one or more seeds. The resilient
buoyant
Buoyancy (), or upthrust, is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of a partially or fully immersed object. In a column of fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the overlying fluid. Thus the pr ...
seeds are often carried by the sea for large distances and are commonly called "
sea beans".
''Erythrina'' leaves are used as food plants by the
larva
A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
...
e of some
Lepidoptera species including the
swift moth ''
Endoclita damor'' and the
woolly bears ''
Hypercompe eridanus'' and ''
Hypercompe icasia
''Hypercompe icasia'' is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Pieter Cramer in 1777. It is widely distributed in South America and is also found on Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin, Dominica, St. Kitts, Nevis, St. Thomas an ...
''. The
mite
Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods). Mites span two large orders of arachnids, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari, but genetic analysis does not show clear e ...
''
Tydeus munsteri'' is a
pest on the coastal coral tree (''
E. caffra'').
Many
bird
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...
s visit the
nectar-rich ''Erythrina'' flowers. In the
Neotropics
The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone.
Definition
In bioge ...
, these are usually larger
hummingbirds, for example the
swallow-tailed hummingbird
The swallow-tailed hummingbird (''Eupetomena macroura'') is a species in the hummingbird family (Trochilidae), found mainly in east-central South America. Most authorities place it in the genus '' Eupetomena'', although some place it in '' Campy ...
(''Eupetomena macroura'') and the
black-throated (''Anthracothorax nigricollis'') and
green-breasted mangos (''A. prevostii'') – though they seem not to be especially fond of ''
E. speciosa'' at least, which they visit rather opportunistically. In
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainlan ...
, the
black drongo (''Dicrurus macrocercus'') which usually does not eat nectar in quantity has been observed feeding on ''
E. suberosa'' flowers, and
myna
The myna (; also spelled mynah) is a bird of the starling family (Sturnidae). This is a group of passerine birds which are native to southern Asia, especially India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Several species have been introduced to areas like ...
s and of course more specialized
nectar feeders also utilize coral tree flowers.
Lorikeet
Loriini is a tribe of small to medium-sized arboreal parrots characterized by their specialized brush-tipped tongues for feeding on nectar of various blossoms and soft fruits, preferably berries. The species form a monophyletic group within the ...
s such as the
collared lory
The collared lory (''Vini solitaria'') is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae. It is endemic to the islands of Fiji. It is the only Fijian rainforest bird to adapt to urban area, urban landscapes and can be found in urban Suva. Measur ...
(''Phigys solitarius'') and the possibly
extinct New Caledonian lorikeet
The New Caledonian lorikeet (''Vini diadema'') is a potentially extinct lorikeet endemic to the Melanesian island of New Caledonia.
Taxonomy
The New Caledonian lorikeet was formerly assigned to the genus ''Charmosyna''. It was moved to the ge ...
(''Charmosyna diadema'') are known to consume (or have consumed) large amounts of ''Erythrina'' nectar.
Use by humans
Some coral trees are used widely in the
tropics
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in
the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referr ...
and
subtropics as street and park trees, especially in drier areas. In some places, such as
Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...
, ''bucaré''s are used as
shade tree
A shade tree is a large tree whose primary role is to provide shade in the surrounding environment due to its spreading canopy and crown, where it may give shelter from sunlight in the heat of the summer for people who seek recreational needs i ...
s for
coffee
Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans. Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has a stimulating effect on humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. It is the most popular hot drink in the world.
Seeds of ...
or
cocoa crops. In the
Bengal
Bengal ( ; bn, বাংলা/বঙ্গ, translit=Bānglā/Bôngô, ) is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal, predom ...
region, they are used for the same purpose in ''
Schumannianthus dichotoma'' plantations. ''
E. lanceolata'' in particular is considered highly suitable as "frame" tree for
vanilla
Vanilla is a spice derived from orchids of the genus ''Vanilla (genus), Vanilla'', primarily obtained from pods of the Mexican species, flat-leaved vanilla (''Vanilla planifolia, V. planifolia'').
Pollination is required to make the p ...
vine
A vine (Latin ''vīnea'' "grapevine", "vineyard", from ''vīnum'' "wine") is any plant with a growth habit of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems, lianas or runners. The word ''vine'' can also refer to such stems or runners themsel ...
s to grow up on.
Native Hawaiians made a number of items from ''
wiliwili
Wiliwili (''Erythrina sandwicensis''), is a species of tree in the pea family, Fabaceae, that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It is the only species of ''Erythrina'' that naturally occurs there. It is typically found in Hawaiian tropical dry ...
'' wood because of its low density, such as ''mouo'' (
fishing net
A fishing net is a Net (device), net used for fishing. Nets are devices made from fibers woven in a grid-like structure. Some fishing nets are also called fish traps, for example #Fyke nets, fyke nets. Fishing nets are usually meshes formed by ...
floats), ''
ama'' (
outrigger canoe
Outrigger boats are various watercraft featuring one or more lateral support floats known as outriggers, which are fastened to one or both sides of the main hull. They can range from small dugout canoes to large plank-built vessels. Outrigger ...
floats, and extremely long ''papa hee nalu'' (
surfboards) called ''olo''. ''Olo'', which averaged , were exclusively ridden by ''
alii'' (royalty). The wood was sometimes used for the ''
waa'' (hull) of outrigger canoes intended to be used near-shore, for recreation, or for training. The shiny orange-red
seed
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiospe ...
s were strung into ''
lei''.
The conspicuous, even dramatic coral trees are widely used as
floral emblem
In a number of countries, plants have been chosen as symbols to represent specific geographic areas. Some countries have a country-wide floral emblem; others in addition have symbols representing subdivisions. Different processes have been used to ...
s. cockspur coral tree (''
E. crista-galli'') is the national flower of
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...
and
Uruguay
Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...
. The coastal coral tree (''
E. caffra'') is the official city tree of
Los Angeles
Los Angeles ( ; es, Los Ángeles, link=no , ), often referred to by its initials L.A., is the List of municipalities in California, largest city in the U.S. state, state of California and the List of United States cities by population, sec ...
,
California
California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the m ...
, where it is referred to simply as the "coral tree". The state trees of
Mérida and
Trujillo in
Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...
are ''bucaré ceibo'' (''
E. poeppigiana'') and purple coral tree (''bucaré anauco,
E. fusca''), respectively.
Yonabaru, Okinawa
is a town in Shimajiri District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. It is located at the southern end of Okinawa Island, on the east coast, overlooking Nakagusuku Bay.
As of 2015, the town has a population of 18,410 and a population density of 3,502 ...
as well as the
Okinawa Prefecture,
Quanzhou, Fujian Province and
Pathum Thani Province have the Indian coral tree (''
E. variegata'') as floral emblems. Known as ''thong lang'' in
Thailand
Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...
, the latter species is also one of the ''thong'' ("trees") referred to in the name of
Amphoe Chom Thong, Chiang Mai Province. In a similar vein,
Zumpahuacán
Zumpahuacán is the municipal seat of Zumpahuacán Municipality.
It is a town in the State of Mexico. The name "Zumpahuacán" comes from the Nahuatl "Tzompanhuahcān", which means "place of coral trees" (''Erythrina coralloides''). Another pos ...
in
Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
derives its name from
Nahuatl ''tzompahuacá'', "place of the ''
Erythrina americana
''Erythrina america'' (coral tree, colorines, colorín, or pemoches), is a flowering plant of the genus ''Erythrina'' which is native to Mexico. Colorín (plural colorines) is the name of a type of tree, ''Erythrina americana'' also called Tzomp ...
''". In
Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...
, people use the leaves of ''E. variegata'' to wrap ''nem'' (a kind of fermented pork).
In
Hinduism
Hinduism () is an Indian religion or '' dharma'', a religious and universal order or way of life by which followers abide. As a religion, it is the world's third-largest, with over 1.2–1.35 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global p ...
, the ''mandara'' tree in
Indra's garden in
Svarga is held to be ''
E. stricta''. The same motif is found in
Tibetan Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism (also referred to as Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Lamaism, Lamaistic Buddhism, Himalayan Buddhism, and Northern Buddhism) is the form of Buddhism practiced in Tibet and Bhutan, where it is the dominant religion. It is also in majo ...
, where the ''man da ra ba'' growing in
Sukhavati
Sukhavati (IAST: ''Sukhāvatī''; "Blissful") is a pure land of Amitābha in Mahayana Buddhism. It is also called the Land of Bliss or Western Pure Land, and is the most well-known of Buddhist pure lands, due to the popularity of Pure Land Budd ...
is identified as an Indian coral tree (''E. variegata''). The concept of the
Five Trees of
Paradise
In religion, paradise is a place of exceptional happiness and delight. Paradisiacal notions are often laden with pastoral imagery, and may be cosmogonical or eschatological or both, often compared to the miseries of human civilization: in parad ...
is also found in Christian
Gnosticism
Gnosticism (from grc, γνωστικός, gnōstikós, , 'having knowledge') is a collection of religious ideas and systems which coalesced in the late 1st century AD among Jewish and early Christian sects. These various groups emphasized pe ...
. Though as none of the trees is identified as an ''Erythrina'' here, the concept might not be as directly related to the Asian religions as some presume.
The seeds of at least one-third of the species contain potent
erythrina alkaloids, and some of these are used for medicinal and other purposes by indigenous peoples. They are all toxic to some degree, however, and the seeds of some can cause fatal poisoning. The chemical compounds found in plants in this genus include
alkaloid
Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar ...
s such as
scoulerine
Scoulerine, also known as discretamine and aequaline, is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) that is derived directly from (''S'')-reticuline through the action of berberine bridge enzyme. It is a precursor of other BIAs, notably berberine, nosc ...
,
erysodin,
erysovin (namely in ''
E. flabelliformis''), and the putative
anxiolytic
An anxiolytic (; also antipanic or antianxiety agent) is a medication or other intervention that reduces anxiety. This effect is in contrast to anxiogenic agents which increase anxiety. Anxiolytic medications are used for the treatment of anxiet ...
erythravine (isolated from
Mulungu, ''E. mulungu'').
Erysodienone is a precursor in the
biosynthesis of many of these alkaloids.
As food
Root tubers of ''Erythrina'' species have been traditional food for
aborigines of the
Northern Territory
The Northern Territory (commonly abbreviated as NT; formally the Northern Territory of Australia) is an Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia. The Northern Territory shares its borders with Western Aust ...
of Australia.
[ NTFlora Northern Territory Flora online:]
''Flora of the Darwin Region: Fabaceae.''
Retrieved 10 June 2018
Selected species
* ''
Erythrina abyssinica
''Erythrina abyssinica'' (lucky bean or flame tree) is a tree species of the genus '' Erythrina'' belonging to the plant family of the Fabaceae (or Leguminosae) described by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1825. This leguminous tree species is ...
''
Lam. ex
DC.
Augustin Pyramus (or Pyrame) de Candolle (, , ; 4 February 17789 September 1841) was a Swiss botanist. René Louiche Desfontaines launched de Candolle's botanical career by recommending him at a herbarium. Within a couple of years de Candolle ...
(
East Africa)
* ''
Erythrina acanthocarpa''
* ''
Erythrina americana
''Erythrina america'' (coral tree, colorines, colorín, or pemoches), is a flowering plant of the genus ''Erythrina'' which is native to Mexico. Colorín (plural colorines) is the name of a type of tree, ''Erythrina americana'' also called Tzomp ...
''
Mill.
Philip Miller FRS (1691 – 18 December 1771) was an English botanist and gardener of Scottish descent. Miller was chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden for nearly 50 years from 1722, and wrote the highly popular ''The Gardeners Dictio ...
– ''Colorín'', ''Tzompāmitl''
(
Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
)
* ''
Erythrina ankaranensis''
Du Puy & Labat (
Madagascar
Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...
)
* ''
Erythrina atitlanensis''
Krukoff & Barneby
* ''
Erythrina berteroana''
Urb.
* ''
Erythrina burana''
Chiov.
__NOTOC__
''Emilio Chiovenda'' (18 May 1871 – 19 February 1941) was an Italian botanist.
Chiovenda was born in Rome in 1871 to a family originating from rural Piedmont. He was educated at the Collegio Rosmini in Stresa and Domodossola College b ...
(
Ethiopia
Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the ...
)
* ''
Erythrina caffra
''Erythrina caffra'', the coast coral tree or African coral tree, is a tree native to southeastern Africa, which is often cultivated and has introduced populations in California and India. All the 17 species of coral tree in the genus ''Erythri ...
''
Thunb.
Carl Peter Thunberg, also known as Karl Peter von Thunberg, Carl Pehr Thunberg, or Carl Per Thunberg (11 November 1743 – 8 August 1828), was a Swedish naturalist and an "apostle" of Carl Linnaeus. After studying under Linnaeus at Uppsala Un ...
– Coastal coral tree (Southeastern Africa)
* ''
Erythrina corallodendron''
L. (
Hispaniola,
Jamaica
Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of His ...
)
* ''
Erythrina coralloides
''Erythrina coralloides'' (flame coral tree, naked coral tree) is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae, that is native to eastern Mexico. It ranges from Tamaulipas south to Oaxaca, and some taxonomists believe it is also native ...
''
D.C. – Flame coral tree, naked coral tree (
Arizona
Arizona ( ; nv, Hoozdo Hahoodzo ; ood, Alĭ ṣonak ) is a state in the Southwestern United States. It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is part of the Fou ...
in the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
,
Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
)
* ''
Erythrina crista-galli
''Erythrina crista-galli'', often known as the cockspur coral tree, is a flowering tree in the family Fabaceae, native to Argentina, Uruguay, southern Brazil and Paraguay. It is widely planted as a street or garden tree in other countries, no ...
''
L. – Cockspur coral tree, ''ceibo, seíbo, bucaré'' (
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...
,
Uruguay
Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...
,
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
,
Paraguay
Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to th ...
)
* ''
Erythrina decora''
Harms
* ''
Erythrina edulis
''Erythrina edulis'' (basul) is a nitrogen fixing tree that is native to the Andean region from western Venezuela to southern Bolivia. Nowadays it is known in Venezuela as "frijol mompás", in Bolivia, Peru and Northwest Argentina as "psonay", "p ...
''
Micheli Micheli is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Khatlyn Micheli, Italian-American Mineral Policy Specialist
* Amanda Micheli, American filmmaker
* Blessed Clotilde Micheli (1849-1911), Italian Roman Catholic professed reli ...
– Basul (
Andes
The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S ...
)
* ''
Erythrina eggersii''
Krukoff & Moldenke – Cock's-spur, ''espuela de gallo, piñón espinoso'' (
United States Virgin Islands
The United States Virgin Islands,. Also called the ''American Virgin Islands'' and the ''U.S. Virgin Islands''. officially the Virgin Islands of the United States, are a group of Caribbean islands and an unincorporated and organized territory ...
,
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (; abbreviated PR; tnq, Boriken, ''Borinquen''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( es, link=yes, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico), is a Caribbean island and unincorporated ...
)
* ''
Erythrina elenae''
Howard & Briggs (
Cuba
Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...
)
* ''
Erythrina euodiphylla''
Hassk. ex Backh. (
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
)
* ''
Erythrina falcata''
Benth.
George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studie ...
– Brazilian coral tree (Brazil)
* ''
Erythrina flabelliformis''
Kearney
* ''
Erythrina fusca''
Lour. – Purple coral tree, ''bois immortelle, bucaré anauco, bucayo, gallito'' (
Pantropical
A pantropical ("all tropics") distribution is one which covers tropical regions of both hemispheres. Examples of species include caecilians, modern sirenians and the plant genera ''Acacia'' and ''Bacopa''.
''Neotropical'' is a zoogeographic term ...
)
* ''
Erythrina haerdii''
Verdc. (
Tanzania
Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands ...
)
* ''
Erythrina hazomboay''
Du Puy & Labat (
Madagascar
Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...
)
* ''
Erythrina herbacea''
L. – Coral bean, Cherokee bean, red cardinal, cardinal spear (
Southeastern United States
The Southeastern United States, also referred to as the American Southeast or simply the Southeast, is a geographical region of the United States. It is located broadly on the eastern portion of the southern United States and the southern por ...
, Northeastern
Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
)
* ''
Erythrina humeana''
Spreng.
Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel (3 August 1766 – 15 March 1833) was a German botanist and physician who published an influential multivolume history of medicine, ''Versuch einer pragmatischen Geschichte der Arzneikunde'' (1792–99 in four vo ...
– Natal coral tree, dwarf coral tree, dwarf kaffirboom, dwarf erythrina (South Africa)
* ''
Erythrina lanceolata''
Standl.
* ''
Erythrina latissima''
E.Mey.
* ''
Erythrina lysistemon''
Hutch.
John Hutchinson, Officer of the Order of the British Empire, OBE, Fellow of the Royal Society, FRS (7 April 1884 Blindburn, Northumberland – 2 September 1972 London) was an English botanist, taxonomist and author.''A Botanist in Southern Afric ...
– Common coral tree, Transvaal kaffirboom, lucky bean tree (
South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the ...
)
* ''
Erythrina madagascariensis''
Du Puy & Labat (
Madagascar
Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...
)
* ''
Erythrina megistophylla'' (
Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ' ...
)
* ''
Erythrina mexicana
''Erythrina'' is a genus of plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. It contains about 130 species, which are distributed in Tropics, tropical and Subtropics, subtropical regions worldwide. They are trees, with the larger species growing up to in h ...
'' (
Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
)
* ''
Erythrina mulungu''
Diels Diels is the last name of several people:
* Rudolf Diels (1900–1957), German politician
* Otto Diels (1876–1954), German scientist noted for his work on the Diels–Alder reaction
* Ludwig Diels (1874–1945), German botanist
* Hermann Diels
...
Mart. – Mulungu (Brazil)
* ''
Erythrina orophila''
Ghesq.
* ''
Erythrina perrieri''
R.Viguier (Madagascar)
* ''
Erythrina poeppigiana''
( Walp.) O.F.Cook – ''bucare ceibo''
* ''
Erythrina polychaeta''
Harms (
Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ' ...
)
* ''
Erythrina rubrinervia''
Kunth
Carl Sigismund Kunth (18 June 1788 – 22 March 1850), also Karl Sigismund Kunth or anglicized as Charles Sigismund Kunth, was a German botanist. He is known for being one of the first to study and categorise plants from the American continents, ...
* ''
Erythrina sacleuxii''
Hua (
Kenya
)
, national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"()
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Nairobi
, coordinates =
, largest_city = Nairobi
...
, Tanzania)
* ''
Erythrina sandwicensis
Wiliwili (''Erythrina sandwicensis''), is a species of tree in the pea family, Fabaceae, that is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It is the only species of ''Erythrina'' that naturally occurs there. It is typically found in Hawaiian tropical dry ...
''
O.Deg. – ''Wiliwili'' (
Hawaii
Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only state ...
)
* ''
Erythrina schimpffii''
Diels Diels is the last name of several people:
* Rudolf Diels (1900–1957), German politician
* Otto Diels (1876–1954), German scientist noted for his work on the Diels–Alder reaction
* Ludwig Diels (1874–1945), German botanist
* Hermann Diels
...
(
Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ' ...
)
* ''
Erythrina schliebenii''
Harms – Lake Latumba Erythrina (Thought to be extinct since 1938, but some individuals, believed to be less than fifty, were recently rediscovered in forest remnants on rocky sites in coastal Tanzania (reported in the UK Guardian newspaper 23 March 2012, from a report in the Journal of East African Natural History.)
* ''
Erythrina senegalensis''
DC.
* ''
Erythrina speciosa''
Andrews (
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
)
* ''
Erythrina stricta
''Erythrina stricta'' is a species of trees in the family Fabaceae identified by William Roxburgh in 1832. It is now placed in the subfamily Faboideae and the tribe Phaseoleae. This species has been recorded from the Indian subcontinent, Indochi ...
''
Roxb. – Mandara (
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainlan ...
)
* ''
Erythrina suberosa''
Roxb.
* ''
Erythrina subumbrans
''Erythrina subumbrans'' is a flowering plant species in the genus ''Erythrina
''Erythrina'' is a genus of plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. It contains about 130 species, which are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. ...
''
Miq.
* ''
Erythrina tahitensis''
Nadeaud (
Tahiti
Tahiti (; Tahitian ; ; previously also known as Otaheite) is the largest island of the Windward group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia. It is located in the central part of the Pacific Ocean and the nearest major landmass is Austra ...
)
* ''
Erythrina tholloniana''
Hua (West-Central Tropical Africa)
* ''
Erythrina tuxtlana''
Krukoff & Barneby (Mexico)
* ''
Erythrina variegata
''Erythrina variegata'', commonly known as tiger's claw or Indian coral tree, is a species of '' Erythrina'' native to the tropical and subtropical regions of eastern Africa, the Indian subcontinent, northern Australia, and the islands of the In ...
''
L. – Indian coral tree, tiger's claw, sunshine tree, roluos tree (Cambodia), ''deigo'' (Okinawa), ''drala'' (Fiji), ''madar'' (Bangladesh), ''man da ra ba'' (Tibet), ''thong lang'' (Thailand), ''vông nem'' (Vietnam)
* ''
Erythrina velutina
''Erythrina velutina'' is a species of legume, leguminous tree. It is indigenous to Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, and Hispaniola and has been introduced to much of the Caribbean, Uganda, and Sri Lanka. It also occurs on the Galápag ...
''
Willd. (
Caribbean,
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sout ...
,
Galápagos Islands
The Galápagos Islands (Spanish: , , ) are an archipelago of volcanic islands. They are distributed on each side of the equator in the Pacific Ocean, surrounding the centre of the Western Hemisphere, and are part of the Republic of Ecuador ...
)
* ''
Erythrina vespertilio''
Benth.
George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studie ...
– Bat's wing coral tree, grey corkwood, "bean tree" (
Australia)
* ''
Erythrina zeyheri''
Harv. – Ploughbreaker
Horticultural
Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...
hybrid
Hybrid may refer to:
Science
* Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding
** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species
** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two dif ...
s:
* ''
Erythrina ×bidwillii''
Lindl.
John Lindley FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist.
Early years
Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley ...
* ''
Erythrina ×sykesii''
Barneby & Krukoff-->
Formerly placed here
* ''
Butea monosperma''
( Lam.) Taub. (as ''E. monosperma''
Lam.)
* ''
Piscidia piscipula''
(L.) Sarg (as ''E. piscipula''
L.)
Legal status
United States
Louisiana
Growing, selling or possessing ''Erythrina'' spp. except for
ornamental purposes, is prohibited by
Louisiana State Act 159
Signed into law June 28, 2005, and effective August 8, 2005, Louisiana State Act No 159 found in, Louisiana RS 40:989.1, outlawed the cultivation, possession or sale of 40 named plants defined as hallucinogenic in the state of Louisiana, US. House ...
(where the genus is misspelled ''Erythina''); the Act covers various known, suspected, or rumored hallucinogenic plants.
See also
*
Mandarava
*
Psychedelic plants
Psychoactive plants are plants, or preparations thereof, that upon ingestion induce psychotropic effects. As stated in a reference work:
Psychoactivity may include sedative, stimulant, euphoric, deliriant, and hallucinogenic effects.
Several ...
*
Victor A. Reko
References
External links
University of Florida−UF Featured Creatures: Moths of ''Erythrina'' plants— from the UF
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1340386
Fabaceae genera
Medicinal plants
Ornamental trees
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus