''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section within the genus '' Mimulus'', and recently returned to generic rank. ''Mimulus'' sect. '' Diplacus'' was segregated from ''Mimulus'' as a separate genus at the same time. ''Mimulus'' remains as a small genus of eastern North America and the Southern Hemisphere. Molecular data show ''Erythranthe'' and ''Diplacus'' to be distinct evolutionary lines that are distinct from ''Mimulus'' as strictly defined, although this nomenclature is controversial. Member species are usually annuals or

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition of t ...

perennials. Flowers are red, pink, or yellow, often in various combinations. A large number of the ''Erythranthe'' species grow in moist to wet soils with some growing even in shallow water. They are not very drought resistant, but many of the species now classified as ''Diplacus'' are. Species are found at elevations from oceanside to high mountains as well as a wide variety of climates, though most prefer wet areas such as riverbanks. The largest concentration of species is in western North America, but species are found elsewhere in the United States and Canada, as well as from Mexico to Chile and eastern Asia. Pollination is mostly by either

bee Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey. Bees are a monophyly, monophyletic lineage within the ...

s or

hummingbird Hummingbirds are birds native to the Americas and comprise the biological family Trochilidae. With about 361 species and 113 genera, they occur from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, but the vast majority of the species are found in the tropics aro ...

s. Member species are widely cultivated and are subject to several pests and diseases. Several species are listed as threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Description

''Erythranthe'' is a highly diverse genus with the characteristics unifying the various species being axile placentation and long

pedicel Pedicle or pedicel may refer to: Human anatomy *Pedicle of vertebral arch, the segment between the transverse process and the vertebral body, and is often used as a radiographic marker and entry point in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty procedures ...

s. Other characteristics of species can vary widely, especially between the sections, and even within some sections. Some species of ''Erythranthe'' are annuals and some are perennials. Flowers are red, pink, purple, or yellow, often in various combinations and shades of those colors. Some species produce copious amounts of aromatic compounds, giving them a musky odor (hence "musk-flowers"). ''Erythranthe'' is used as food by the larvae of some

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...

species, such as the mouse moth (''Amphipyra tragopoginis''), as a main part of their diet. Within the section ''Erythranthe'', stems and leaves range from glabrous to hirsute, and are generally glandular. Leaves can be oblong, elliptical, or oval, with small tooths. Fruiting

s are longer than calyces. Calyces have sharp, definite angles and flat sides. Corollas are deciduous, relatively large (tube-throat long), and strongly red to purplish, magentarose, pink, or white, rarely yellow. ''Erythranthe guttata'' is the most widespread of the genus ''Erythranthe'' and its characteristics are fairly representative of the genus. ''E. guttata'' is tall with disproportionately large long, tubular flowers. Leaves are opposite and oval, long. The species as strictly defined is perennial and spreads with stolons or rhizomes. The stem may be erect or recumbent. In the latter form, roots may develop at lower leaf nodes. Sometimes dwarfed, it may be hairless or have some hairs. Leaves are opposite, round to oval, usually coarsely and irregularly toothed or lobed. The bright yellow flowers are born on a

raceme A raceme ( or ) or racemoid is an unbranched, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing flowers having short floral stalks along the shoots that bear the flowers. The oldest flowers grow close to the base and new flowers are produced as the s ...

, most often with five or more flowers. The

calyx Calyx or calyce (plural "calyces"), from the Latin ''calix'' which itself comes from the Ancient Greek ''κάλυξ'' (''kálux'') meaning "husk" or "pod", may refer to: Biology * Calyx (anatomy), collective name for several cup-like structures ...

has five lobes that are much shorter than the flower. Each flower has bilateral symmetry and has two lips. The upper lip usually has two lobes; the lower, three. The lower lip may have one large to many small red to reddish brown spots. The opening to the flower is hairy. The fruit is a two-valved capsule long, containing many seeds. '' Erythranthe alsinoides'' is similar to several species found in the Pacific Northwest. It is an annual herb that blooms from April–June with a preference for shady and moist dense habitats. The plant is hairy to slightly hairy and grows from tall. The stems are often reddish. The leaves are opposite and have a few prominent upper veins. Blades are long. The petiole is about the same length. The flowers are yellow with reddish-brown spots, usually on the lower lip, and the upper and lower lips have fused, growing . Each flower is attached by a

. The fruits are capsules.

Etymology and taxonomy

The derivation of ''Erythranthe'' is from Greek ἐρυθρός ("''erythros''"), red, with ἄνθος ("''anthos''"), flower. They are called monkey-flowers because some species have flowers shaped like a monkey's face. The widely used generic name, Latin ''mimus'' meaning "mimic actor", from the Greek ''mimos'' meaning "imitator" also alludes to the fancied monkey resemblance. The stem of ''Erythranthe'' can be either smooth or hairy, and this is known in a few species to be a trait determined by a simple

allelic An allele (, ; ; modern formation from Greek ἄλλος ''állos'', "other") is a variation of the same sequence of nucleotides at the same place on a long DNA molecule, as described in leading textbooks on genetics and evolution. ::"The chro ...

difference. At least '' E. lewisii'' is known to possess " flypaper-type" traps and is apparently

protocarnivorous A protocarnivorous plant (sometimes also paracarnivorous, subcarnivorous, or borderline carnivore), according to some definitions, traps and kills insects or other animals but lacks the ability to either directly digest or absorb nutrients from i ...

, supplementing its

nutrient A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Nutrients can be incorporated into cells for metabolic purposes or excret ...

s with small insects. Variations in color largely reflect concentrations of

anthocyanin Anthocyanins (), also called anthocyans, are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that, depending on their pH, may appear red, purple, blue, or black. In 1835, the German pharmacist Ludwig Clamor Marquart gave the name Anthokyan to a chemical compo ...

s. The species that are

subshrub A subshrub (Latin ''suffrutex'') or dwarf shrub is a short shrub, and is a woody plant. Prostrate shrub is a related term. "Subshrub" is often used interchangeably with "bush".Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon; A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Der ...

s with woody stems were originally placed in the section ''Diplacus'', and this was subsequently made a separate genus. ''Diplacus'' is clearly derived from within ''Mimulus,'' broadly defined, and was not usually considered to be a separate genus. The French botanist

Édouard Spach Édouard Spach (23 November 1801 – 18 May 1879) was a French botanist. The son of a merchant in Strasbourg, in 1824 he went to Paris, where he studied botany with René Desfontaines (1750–1831) and Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu (1748–1836). ...

established ''Erythranthe'' as a separate genus with just the type species ''Erythranthe cardinalis''. In 1885, American botanist Edward Lee Greene classified ''Erythranthe'' as a section of '' Mimulus'' while adding ''E. lewisii'' and ''E. parishii''. In the 2012 restructuring of ''Mimulus'' by Barker ''et al''., based largely upon DNA evidence, seven species were left in ''Mimulus'' as strictly defined; ''Erythranthe'' was greatly enlarged to include 111 species, based upon axile placentation and long pedicels, 46 placed into ''Diplacus'' (species with parietal placentation and sessile flowers), two placed in '' Uvedalia'', and one each placed in '' Elacholoma'', '' Mimetanthe'', and ''

Thyridia ''Thyridia'' is a monotypic genus of clearwing ( ithomiine) butterflies, named by Jacob Hübner in 1816. Its only species is ''Thyridia psidii'', the Melantho tigerwing or clapping ticlear. It is in the brush-footed butterfly family, Nymphalidae ...

''. All of the American genera are still referred to as "monkey-flowers". Views on the evolutionary position of the monkey-flower species have changed. It was long considered to be in the family Scrophulariaceae, but is now placed in Phyrmaceae, primarily on the basis of DNA evidence. The genus '' Phryma'' (comprising only a single species), for which the family is named, is considerably different in morphology from all of the monkey-flowers.. Attempts at crossing species, whether from different sections or within the same section, of ''Erythranthe'' are not always successful. '' E. peregrina'' is an example of a successful naturally occurring hybrid that not only arose independently in two different locations, but is also a rare example of evolutionary recent allopolyploidization, complete chromosomal inheritance. Charles Darwin's 1876 study of inbreeding depression and self-fertility in South American species was a progenitor for the study of ''Erythranthe'' biology. The genus has become a model system "for studies of evolutionary and ecological functional genomics ...

s it S, or s, is the nineteenth letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''ess'' (pronounced ), plural ''esses''. History ...

... contains a wide array of phenotypic, ecological and genomic diversity." Species under intense genomic study are mostly among the section ''Simiolus'' (''E. guttata'' and relatives) and the section ''Erythranthe'' (including ''E. lewisii'', ''E. cardinalis'', ''E. parishii'', and others). The

genome sequence In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding gen ...

of ''E. guttata'' was released in late spring, 2007. Many issues remain in ''Erythranthe'' taxonomy. ''E. guttata'' is highly complex, with many variations apparently reflecting differences in geographic environment and elevation. Molecular geneticists regard the species broadly as including both perennial and annual populations, but there is rationale for treating this complex as several distinct species (perennials are ''E. guttata'', ''E. grandis'', and ''E. corallina''; annuals are ''E. microphylla'' and others). The perennials and annuals differ as groups from each other by an inversion sequence on chromosome 8. Evidence tentatively indicates that the perennials evolved from annual ancestors, although some evidence has been interpreted to indicate that ''E. nasuta'' evolved from ''E. guttata'' in central California between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago and since then become primarily a self-pollinator. Relationships among the apparently closely related ''E. tilingii'', ''E. minor'', and ''E. caespitosa'' are not clearly understood. Some currently recognized species may be just variants of other species: ''E. arenicola'', ''E. brachystylis'', ''E. regni''. Chromosomal issues may affect the classification of some species: ''E. corallina'', ''E. guttata'', ''E. nasuta'', ''E. tilingii'', and ''E. utahensis''.

Species

Species alphabetically

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched in March 2017 with the ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants by ...

accepted the following species and hybrids: * ''

Erythranthe acutidens ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe alsinoides'' (Douglas ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – chickweed monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California) * ''

Erythranthe ampliata ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe androsacea'' (Curran ex Greene) N.S.Fraga – rockjasmine monkey-flower (California) * '' Erythranthe arenaria'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe arenicola ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe arvensis ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe austrolatidens'' G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe barbata'' (Greene) N.S.Fraga * ''

Erythranthe bhutanica ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family (biology), family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regar ...

'' (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * ''

Erythranthe bicolor ''Erythranthe bicolor'', the yellow and white monkeyflower, is a species of flowering plant in the lopseed family ( Phrymaceae). It is endemic to California, United States. It was formerly known as ''Mimulus bicolor''. Description It is an annua ...

'' (Hartw. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – yellow and white monkey-flower (California) * ''

Erythranthe bodinieri ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (Vaniot) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * '' Erythranthe brachystylis'' (Edwin) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe bracteosa'' (P.C.Tsoong) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * '' Erythranthe breviflora'' (Piper) G.L.Nesom – (British Columbia to California to Wyoming) * '' Erythranthe brevinasuta'' G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe breweri ''Erythranthe breweri'' is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name Brewer's monkeyflower. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to California to Colorado, where it grows in moist spots in several habitat types. Th ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Brewer's monkey-flower (British Columbia to California to Colorado) * '' Erythranthe bridgesii'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom – (South America) * ''

Erythranthe caespitosa ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe calcicola'' N.S.Fraga * '' Erythranthe calciphila'' (Gentry) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe cardinalis ''Erythranthe cardinalis'', the scarlet monkeyflower, is a flowering perennial in the family Phrymaceae. Together with other species in ''Mimulus'' section ''Erythranthe'', it serves as a model system for studying pollinator-based reproductive i ...

'' (Douglas ex Benth.) Spach – scarlet monkey-flower (southwestern United States and Baja California) * '' Erythranthe carsonensis'' N.S.Fraga – Carson Valley monkey-flower (California and Nevada) * '' Erythranthe charlestonensis'' G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe chinatiensis'' G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe cinnabarina'' G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe corallina'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe cordata'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe cuprea ''Erythranthe cuprea'' is a species of monkeyflower also known by the common name ''flor de cobre'' (Eng: copper flower). It was formerly known as ''Mimulus cupreus''. Its characteristics in nectar and petal shape are markedly different from oth ...

'' (Dombrain) G.L.Nesom – ''Flor de cobre'' (Eng: copper flower) (central and southern Chile) * ''

Erythranthe decora ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe dentata ''Erythranthe dentata'' is a species of monkeyflower known by the common names coastal monkeyflower and toothleaf monkeyflower. It is native to the western coast of North America from British Columbia to northern California, where it grows in moi ...

'' (Nutt. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom – toothleaf monkey-flower, coastal monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California) * '' Erythranthe dentiloba'' (B.L.Rob. & Fernald) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe depressa'' (Phil.) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe diffusa'' (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga * '' Erythranthe diminuens'' G.L.Nesom – (Sonora, Mexico) * '' Erythranthe discolor'' (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga * ''

Erythranthe eastwoodiae ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section w ...

'' (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga * '' Erythranthe erubescens'' G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe exigua'' (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – San Bernardino Mountains monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California) * ''

Erythranthe filicaulis ''Erythranthe filicaulis'', known by the common name slender-stemmed monkeyflower, is a species of monkeyflower. It was formerly known as ''Mimulus filicaulis''. Distribution ''Erythranthe filicaulis'' is endemic to California, where it is known ...

'' (S.Watson) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – slender-stemmed monkey-flower (California) * '' Erythranthe filicifolia'' (Sexton, K.G.Ferris & Schoenig) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe flammea ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family (biology), family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regar ...

'' G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe floribunda'' (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – manyflowered monkey-flower (western Canada, Pacific Coast, Rocky Mountains, northern Mexico) * '' Erythranthe gemmipara'' (W.A.Weber) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Rocky Mountain monkey-flower (Colorado) * '' Erythranthe geniculata'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe geyeri'' (Torr.) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe glabrata ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (Kunth) G.L.Nesom – roundleaf monkey-flower (widespread in North America, Mesoamerica and South America) * '' Erythranthe glaucescens'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom – shieldbract monkey-flower (California) * '' Erythranthe gracilipes'' (B.L.Rob.) N.S.Fraga – slenderstalk monkey-flower (California) * ''

Erythranthe grandis ''Erythranthe grandis'', the magnificent monkeyflower, is a species of plant in the family Phrymaceae. Description ''Erythranthe grandis'' is a coastal perennial species closely related to ''E. guttata''. Prior to flowering and during winter m ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe grayi ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe guttata'' (Fisch. ex DC.) G.L.Nesom – common large monkey-flower, common monkey-flower, stream monkey-flower, seep monkey-flower (AK, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, ID, MI, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, NY, OR, PA, SD, UT, WA, WY; Canada: BC, Yukon; Mexico to Guatemala; naturalized in Britain) * '' Erythranthe hallii'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe hardhamiae'' N.S.Fraga * ''

Erythranthe howaldiae ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section w ...

'' G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe hymenophylla'' (Meinke) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe inamoena'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe inconspicua'' (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – (syns. ''Mimulus acutidens'' and ''M. grayi'') * '' Erythranthe inflata'' (Miq.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * ''

Erythranthe inflatula ''Erythranthe inflatula'', synonyms ''Mimulus inflatulus'' and ''Mimulus evanescens'', is a rare species of monkeyflower known by the common name disappearing monkeyflower. It is native to the western United States, where it is known from about ten ...

'' (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe jungermannioides'' (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe karakormiana'' (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * '' Erythranthe laciniata'' (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe lagunensis'' G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe latidens ''Erythranthe latidens'', Synonym (taxonomy), synonym ''Mimulus latidens'', is a species of Erythranthe, monkeyflower known by the common name broadtooth monkeyflower. It is native to the valleys and coastal mountains of Northern through Souther ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom – broadtooth monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California) * ''

Erythranthe lewisii ''Erythranthe lewisii'' (Lewis' monkeyflower, great purple monkeyflower) is a perennial plant in the family Phrymaceae. It is named in honor of explorer Meriwether Lewis. Together with other species in ''Erythranthe'', it serves as a model syste ...

'' (Pursh) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – great purple monkey-flower, Lewis' monkey-flower (Alaska to California to Colorado) * '' Erythranthe linearifolia'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga * ''

Erythranthe lutea ''Erythranthe lutea'' is a species of monkeyflower Monkey flower can refer to: *Several genera of plant family Phrymaceae, including: ** ''Diplacus'' ** ''Erythranthe'' ** ''Mimulus'' *Various snapdragon-like Lamiales, including: ** ''Linaria v ...

'' (L.) G.L.Nesom – yellow monkey-flower, monkey musk, blotched monkey-flower, and blood-drop-emlets (North and South America, naturalized in Britain) * '' Erythranthe madrensis'' (Seem.) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe marmorata ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe michiganensis'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom – Michigan monkey-flower (Michigan) * '' Erythranthe microphylla'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe minima ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (C.Bohlen) J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores– (Michoacan, Mexico) * ''

Erythranthe minor ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section w ...

'' (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe montioides'' (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – montia-like monkey-flower (California, Nevada) * ''

Erythranthe moschata ''Erythranthe moschata'' is a species of monkeyflower known by the common names muskflower, musk monkeyflower, and formerly as the common musk, eyebright and musk plant. It was formerly known as ''Mimulus moschatus''. Distribution and habitat It ...

'' (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – (North and South America, naturalized in Britain and Finland) * ''

Erythranthe naiandina ''Erythranthe naiandina'', the Chilean monkey flower ( Spanish: ''berro rosado''), is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Phrymaceae. It is native to Chile. This plant has been awarded the Award of Garden Merit by the Royal Hort ...

'' (J.M.Watson & C.Bohlen) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe nasuta ''Erythranthe nasuta'' is a species of monkeyflower. It was formerly known as ''Mimulus nasutus''. ''Erythranthe nasuta'' evolved from ''Erythranthe guttata'' in central California between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago and since then has become ...

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe nelsonii'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – In 2014 Nesom lists as a synonym of ''Erythranthe verbenacea'' * '' Erythranthe nepalensis'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom (Asia) * '' Erythranthe norrisii'' (Heckard & Shevock) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe nudata'' (Curran ex Greene) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe orizabae'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom – (Mexico) * '' Erythranthe pallens'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe palmeri'' (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Palmer's monkey-flower (central California south to Baja California) * ''

Erythranthe pardalis ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family (biology), family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regar ...

'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe parishii'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Parish's monkey-flower (southern California, western Nevada, Baja California) * '' Erythranthe parvula'' (Wooton & Standl.) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe patula'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe pennellii ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (Gentry) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe percaulis ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family (biology), family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regar ...

'' G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe platyphylla'' (Franch.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * '' Erythranthe plotocalyx'' G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe primuloides ''Erythranthe primuloides'' is a Western United States perennial plant in the lopseed family ( Phrymaceae), known by the common name primrose monkeyflower.Sierra Nevada Wildflowers, Karen Wiese, 2nd Ed., 2013, p. 134 It was formerly known as ''M ...

'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – primrose monkey-flower (WA, OR, CA, ID, NV, UT, AZ, MT, NM) * ''

Erythranthe procera ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * '' Erythranthe ptilota'' G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe pulsiferae'' (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – candelabrum monkey-flower (Washington to northern California) * '' Erythranthe purpurea'' (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga – little purple monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California) * '' Erythranthe regni'' G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe rhodopetra'' N.S.Fraga * '' Erythranthe rubella'' (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – little redstem monkey-flower (CA, NV, UT, WY, CO, NM, TX) * '' Erythranthe rupestris'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga * '' Erythranthe scouleri'' (Hook.) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe serpentinicola'' D.J.Keil * '' Erythranthe sessilifolia'' (Maxim.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * '' Erythranthe shevockii'' (Heckard & Bacig.) N.S.Fraga – Kelso Creek monkey-flower ( Kern County, California) * ''

Erythranthe sierrae ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' N.S.Fraga * ''

Erythranthe sinoalba ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * ''

Erythranthe sookensis ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a secti ...

'' B.G. Benedict – newly discovered 2012, originally named ''M. sookensis'' (British Columbia to northern California) * '' Erythranthe stolonifera'' (Novopokr.) G.L.Nesom – (Russia) * '' Erythranthe suksdorfii'' (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Suksdorf's monkey-flower and miniature monkey-flower (Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico) * '' Erythranthe szechuanensis'' (Pai) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * '' Erythranthe taylorii'' G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe tenella'' (Bunge) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * ''

Erythranthe thermalis ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom – (Yellowstone National Park) * '' Erythranthe tibetica'' (P.C.Tsoong & H.P.Yang) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) * ''

Erythranthe tilingii ''Erythranthe tilingii'' is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name Tiling's monkeyflower. It was formerly known as ''Mimulus tilingii''. Distribution It is native to much of western North America, from Alaska to California to New Me ...

'' (Regel) G.L.Nesom – large mountain monkey-flower, Tiling's monkey-flower (Alaska to New Mexico) * '' Erythranthe trinitiensis'' G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe unimaculata'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe utahensis'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe verbenacea'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga * '' Erythranthe veronicifolia'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom * ''

Erythranthe visibilis ''Erythranthe'', the monkey-flowers and musk-flowers, is a diverse plant genus with more than 120 members (as of 2022) in the family Phrymaceae. ''Erythranthe'' was originally described as a separate genus, then generally regarded as a section ...

'' G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe washingtonensis'' (Gand.) G.L.Nesom * '' Erythranthe willisii'' G.L.Nesom Hybrids: * ''Erythranthe'' × ''burnetii'' (S.Arn.) Silverside * ''Erythranthe'' × ''hybrida'' (Voss) Silverside * ''Erythranthe'' × ''maculosa'' (T.Moore) Mabb. * ''Erythranthe'' × ''robertsii'' (Silverside) G.L.Nesom, syn. '' Erythranthe peregrina'' (M. Vallejo-Marin) G.L.Nesom – newly discovered 2012, originally named ''M. peregrinus'' (Scotland)

Species sectionally

In a 2014 paper, G. L. Nesom and N. S. Fraga placed ''Erythranthe'' members into the following 12 sections (unless listed below as "newly discovered"). Names accepted are from Plants of the World Online. *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Simiolus'' :''

'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe brachystylis'' (Edwin) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe brevinasuta'' G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe calciphila'' (Gentry) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe charlestonensis'' G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe chinatiensis'' G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe corallina'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe cordata'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe diminuens'' G.L.Nesom – newly discovered in 2017 and added to this list (Sonora, Mexico) :'' Erythranthe dentiloba'' (B.L.Rob. & Fernald) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe filicifolia'' (Sexton, K.G.Ferris & Schoenig) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe geyeri'' (Torr.) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Kunth) G.L.Nesom – roundleaf monkey-flower (widespread in North America, Mesoamerica and South America) :'' Erythranthe glaucescens'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom – shieldbract monkey-flower (California) :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe guttata'' (Fisch. ex DC.) G.L.Nesom – common large monkey-flower, common monkey-flower, stream monkey-flower, seep monkey-flower (AK, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, ID, MI, MT, ND, NE, NM, NV, NY, OR, PA, SD, UT, WA, WY; Canada: BC, Yukon; Mexico to Guatemala; naturalized in Britain) :'' Erythranthe hallii'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe inamoena'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe laciniata'' (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe lagunensis'' G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe madrensis'' (Seem.) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe michiganensis'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom – Michigan monkey-flower (Michigan) :'' Erythranthe microphylla'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (C.Bohlen) J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores – (Michoacan, Mexico) :''

'' (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe nudata'' (Curran ex Greene) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe pallens'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe parvula'' (Wooton & Standl.) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Gentry) G.L.Nesom :''

'' G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe peregrina'' M. Vallejo-Marin, synonym of ''Erythranthe'' × ''robertsii'' – newly discovered 2012, originally named ''M. peregrinus'' (Scotland) :'' Erythranthe regni'' G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe scouleri'' (Hook.) G.L.Nesom :''

'' B.G. Benedict – originally named ''M. sookensis'' (British Columbia to northern California) :''

'' (A. Nelson) G.L.Nesom – (Yellowstone National Park) :''

'' (Regel) G.L.Nesom – large mountain monkey-flower, Tiling's monkey-flower (Alaska to New Mexico) :'' Erythranthe unimaculata'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe utahensis'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom :''

'' G.L.Nesom :*(South America) :''Erythranthe acaulis'' (Phil.) G.L.Nesom, synonym of '' Erythranthe depressa'' var. ''depressa'' :''Erythranthe andicola'' (Kunth) G.L.Nesom, synonym of ''

'' :''

'' (Dombrain) G.L.Nesom – ''Flor de cobre'' (Eng: copper flower) (central and southern Chile) :'' Erythranthe depressa'' (Phil.) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe lacerata'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom, synonym of ''

'' var. ''lutea'' :''

'' (L.) G.L.Nesom – yellow monkey-flower, monkey musk, blotched monkey-flower, and blood-drop-emlets (North and South America, naturalized in Britain) :''

'' (J.M.Watson & C.Bohlen) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe parviflora'' (Lindl.) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe pilosiuscula'' (Kunth) G.L.Nesom, synonym of ''

'' *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Erythranthe'' :''

'' (Douglas ex Benth.) Spach – scarlet monkey-flower (southwestern United States and Baja California) :'' Erythranthe cinnabarina'' G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga :'' Erythranthe erubescens'' G.L.Nesom :''

'' :''

'' (Pursh) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – great purple monkey-flower, Lewis' monkey-flower (Alaska to California to Colorado) :'' Erythranthe nelsonii'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – In 2014 Nesom lists as a synonym of ''Erythranthe verbenacea'' :'' Erythranthe parishii'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Parish's monkey-flower (southern California, western Nevada, Baja California) :'' Erythranthe rupestris'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga :'' Erythranthe verbenacea'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Mimulosma'' :''

'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe arenaria'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe austrolatidens'' G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe breviflora'' (Piper) G.L.Nesom – (British Columbia to California to Wyoming) :'' Erythranthe floribunda'' (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – manyflowered monkey-flower (western Canada, Pacific Coast, Rocky Mountains, northern Mexico) :'' Erythranthe geniculata'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe hymenophylla'' (Meinke) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom :''Erythranthe inodora'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom, synonym of ''

'' :'' Erythranthe jungermannioides'' (Suksd.) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom – broadtooth monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California) :''Erythranthe moniliformis'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom, synonym of ''

'' :''

'' (Douglas ex Lindl.) G.L.Nesom – (North and South America, naturalized in Britain and Finland) :'' Erythranthe norrisii'' (Heckard & Shevock) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe patula'' (Pennell) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe pulsiferae'' (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – candelabrum monkey-flower (Washington to northern California) :'' Erythranthe taylorii'' G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe trinitiensis'' G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe washingtonensis'' (Gand.) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe stolonifera'' (Novopokr.) G.L.Nesom – (Russia) *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Achlyopitheca'' :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom :''

'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom :'' Erythranthe inconspicua'' (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom – (syns. ''Mimulus acutidens'' and ''M. grayi'') *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Paradantha'' :'' Erythranthe androsacea'' (Curran ex Greene) N.S.Fraga – rockjasmine monkey-flower (California) :'' Erythranthe barbata'' (Greene) N.S.Fraga :'' Erythranthe calcicola'' N.S.Fraga :'' Erythranthe carsonensis'' N.S.Fraga – Carson Valley monkey-flower (California and Nevada) :'' Erythranthe diffusa'' (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga :'' Erythranthe discolor'' (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga :'' Erythranthe gracilipes'' (B.L.Rob.) N.S.Fraga – slenderstalk monkey-flower (California) :'' Erythranthe hardhamiae'' N.S.Fraga :'' Erythranthe montioides'' (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – montia-like monkey-flower (California, Nevada) :'' Erythranthe palmeri'' (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Palmer's monkey-flower (central California south to Baja California) :'' Erythranthe purpurea'' (A.L.Grant) N.S.Fraga – little purple monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California) :'' Erythranthe rhodopetra'' N.S.Fraga :'' Erythranthe rubella'' (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – little redstem monkey-flower (CA, NV, UT, WY, CO, NM, TX) :'' Erythranthe shevockii'' (Heckard & Bacig.) N.S.Fraga – Kelso Creek monkey-flower ( Kern County, California) :''

'' N.S.Fraga :'' Erythranthe suksdorfii'' (A.Gray) N.S.Fraga – Suksdorf's monkey-flower and miniature monkey-flower (Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico) *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Monantha'' :'' Erythranthe linearifolia'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga :''

'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – primrose monkey-flower (WA, OR, CA, ID, NV, UT, AZ, MT, NM) *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Monimanthe'' :''

'' (Hartw. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – yellow and white monkey-flower (California) :''

'' (Greene) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Brewer's monkey-flower (British Columbia to California to Colorado) :''

'' (S.Watson) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – slender-stemmed monkey-flower (California) *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Alsinimimulus'' :'' Erythranthe alsinoides'' (Douglas ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – chickweed monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California) *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Simigemma'' :'' Erythranthe gemmipara'' (W.A.Weber) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – Rocky Mountain monkey-flower (Colorado) *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Exigua'' :'' Erythranthe exigua'' (A.Gray) G.L.Nesom & N.S.Fraga – San Bernardino Mountains monkey-flower (southern California, Baja California) *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Sinopitheca'' :'' Erythranthe bracteosa'' (P.C.Tsoong) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :'' Erythranthe bridgesii'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom – (South America) :'' Erythranthe platyphylla'' (Franch.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :'' Erythranthe sessilifolia'' (Maxim.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :'' Erythranthe tibetica'' (P.C.Tsoong & H.P.Yang) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) *''Erythranthe'' sect. ''Mimulasia'' :''

'' (Nutt. ex Benth.) G.L.Nesom – toothleaf monkey-flower, coastal monkey-flower (British Columbia to northern California) :'' Erythranthe orizabae'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom – (Mexico) :''

'' (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :''

'' (Vaniot) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :'' Erythranthe inflata'' (Miq.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :'' Erythranthe karakormiana'' (Yamazaki) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :'' Erythranthe nepalensis'' (Benth.) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :''

'' (A.L.Grant) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :''

'' G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :'' Erythranthe szechuanensis'' (Pai) G.L.Nesom – (Asia) :'' Erythranthe tenella'' (Bunge) G.L.Nesom – (Asia)

Reproductive biology

Before recognition of ''E. cinnabarina'' as a species, ''E. lewisii'' was interpreted to be the sister of ''E. cardinalis''. It is now clear that ''E. cinnabarina'' and ''E. cardinalis'' are sister species and that ''E. lewisii'' and ''E. erubescens'' are sister species. In the hypothesized phylogeny, the 'cinnabarina/cardinalis' pair is sister to the 'lewisii/erubescens' pair. ''Erythranthe lewisii'' is a model system for studying pollinator-based

reproductive isolation The mechanisms of reproductive isolation are a collection of evolutionary mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes critical for speciation. They prevent members of different species from producing offspring, or ensure that any offspring ...

. ''E. lewisii'' is pollinated by bees, primarily ''

Bombus A bumblebee (or bumble bee, bumble-bee, or humble-bee) is any of over 250 species in the genus ''Bombus'', part of Apidae, one of the bee families. This genus is the only extant group in the tribe Bombini, though a few extinct related gener ...

'' and ''

Osmia Mason bee is a name now commonly used for species of bees in the genus ''Osmia'', of the family Megachilidae. Mason bees are named for their habit of using mud or other "masonry" products in constructing their nests, which are made in naturally ...

'', which feed on its

nectar Nectar is a sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries or nectarines, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists ...

and transfer its

pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametophyt ...

. Although it is fully interfertile with its sister species ''E. cardinalis'', the two do not interbreed in the wild, a difference ascribed primarily to pollinator differences; ''E. cardinalis'' is pollinated by hummingbirds, especially ''

Calypte anna Anna's hummingbird (''Calypte anna'') is a medium-sized bird species of the family Trochilidae. It was named after Anna Masséna, Duchess of Rivoli. It is native to western coastal regions of North America. In the early 20th century, Anna's hu ...

'' and ''

Selasphorus rufus The rufous hummingbird (''Selasphorus rufus'') is a small hummingbird, about long with a long, straight and slender bill. These birds are known for their extraordinary flight skills, flying during their migratory transits. It is one of nine s ...

''. It was previously reported that evidence strongly linking pollination preference to color differences between the species, but this has been disproven. ''E. erubescens'' is mostly pollinated by ''

Bombus balteatus ''Bombus balteatus'', the golden-belted bumble bee, is a species of bumblebee with a boreal and high altitude distribution in northern Eurasia and North America. Range and distribution This species is found in Finland, northern Sweden, Russia ...

'', '' B. centralis'', '' B. flavifrons'', and '' B. vosnesenskii''. ''Erythranthe parishii'' is also closely related to ''E. lewisii'', but it has evolved in a different direction as a self-pollinated species with small flowers. ''E. eastwoodiae'', ''E. nelsonii'', ''E. rupestris'', and ''E. verbenacea'' are also pollinated by hummingbirds. These four species as well as ''E. cardinalis'' and ''E. nelsonii'' produce

bisexual flowers Plant reproductive morphology is the study of the physical form and structure (the morphology) of those parts of plants directly or indirectly concerned with sexual reproduction. Among all living organisms, flowers, which are the reproductive st ...

and are

self-compatible Self-incompatibility (SI) is a general name for several genetic mechanisms that prevent self-fertilization in sexually reproducing organisms, and thus encourage outcrossing and allogamy. It is contrasted with separation of sexes among individuals ...

. This approximate ratio of insect vs hummingbird pollination holds true for the rest of the genus. There have been two separate transformations to hummingbird pollination. Pollination changes are highly affected by changes in flower morphology. ''E. cardinalis'' and its sister species ''E. cinnabarina'' likely evolved via allopatric speciation. ''Erythranthe guttata'' is pollinated by bees, such as '' Bombus impatiens''. Inbreeding reduces flower quantity and size and pollen quality and quantity. ''E. guttata'' also displays a high degree of self-pollination. ''

'' evolved from ''E. guttata'' in central California between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago and since then has become primarily a self-pollinator.

Distribution and habitat

Over 80% of ''Erythranthe'' species are found in western

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

, especially California, Oregon, and Washington. Genus members are also found in Baja California, Alaska, British Columbia, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and to a lesser extent the midwestern states, northeastern states, Canada, and Latin America. Members of this genus are found in eastern Asia; several species of which have a high degree of similarity with some of the species found in North and South America. A large number of the species grow in moist to wet soils with some growing even in shallow water. They are not very drought resistant, but the species now classified as ''Diplacus'' are. Some species grow in dry areas, others in wet habitats, such as members of the section ''Simiolus'', which are hydrophilic. Both overall plant size and

corolla Corolla may refer to: *Corolla (botany), the petals of a flower, considered as a unit *Toyota Corolla, an automobile model name * Corolla (headgear), an ancient headdress in the form of a circlet or crown * ''Corolla'' (gastropod), a genus of moll ...

size vary greatly throughout the genus. A minimum of 25 of the species are listed as threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Species are found at elevations from oceanside to high mountains as well as a wide variety of climates, though most prefer wet areas such as riverbanks.

Pests and diseases

''Diplacus'', ''Erythranthe'', and ''Mimulus'' are subject to a very similar set of pests and diseases. The pests these genera are susceptible to include: gall midges, golden

mealybug Mealybugs are insects in the family (biology), family Pseudococcidae, unarmored scale insects found in moist, warm habitats. Many species are considered pest (animal), pests as they feed on plant juices of greenhouse plants, house plants and sub ...

s, thrips, and seed bugs. Diseases they are susceptible to include: crown gall, aster yellows phytoplasma, impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), leaf spots, powdery mildew — especially ''

Erysiphe brunneopunctata ''Erysiphe brunneopunctata'' is a plant pathogen that causes powdery mildew on monkey flower Erythranthe, Monkey flower can refer to: *Several genera of plant family Phrymaceae, including: ** ''Diplacus'' ** ''Erythranthe'' ** ''Mimulus'' *Vario ...

'' and '' Erysiphe cichoracearum'', botrytis blight,

pythium root rot ''Pythium'' is a genus of parasitism, parasitic oomycetes. They were formerly classified as fungus, fungi. Most species are plant parasitism, parasites, but ''Pythium insidiosum'' is an important pathogen of animals, causing pythiosis. The feet ...

, rusts,

cucumber mosaic virus ''Cucumber mosaic virus'' (CMV) is a plant pathogenic virus in the family ''Bromoviridae''. This virus has a worldwide distribution and a very wide host range, having the reputation of the widest host range of any known plant virus. It can be tra ...

(CMV), as well as mineral and

nutrient deficiencies Malnutrition occurs when an organism gets too few or too many nutrients, resulting in health problems. Specifically, it is "a deficiency, excess, or imbalance of energy, protein and other nutrients" which adversely affects the body's tissues ...

Human culture

Horticulture

In horticulture, several species, cultivars and hybrids are used. Because of their wide range and many variations, the most important are those derived from ''E. gutatta'' and ''E. lutea''. ''E. cuprea'' alone has at least 10 cultivars and hybrids.

Culinary uses

''Erythranthe'' species tend to concentrate

sodium chloride Sodium chloride , commonly known as salt (although sea salt also contains other chemical salts), is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. With molar masses of 22.99 and 35.45 g ...

and other salts absorbed from the soils in which they grow in their leaves and stem tissues. Native Americans and early travelers in the American West used this plant as a salt substitute to season wild game. The entire plant is edible, but reported to be very salty and bitter unless well cooked. The juice from the leaves was used as a poultice for mild skin irritations and burns. Leaves can be used in salads and soups; flowers taste best before blooming. ''E. lutea'' has been used for cooking in Peru.

Alternative medical use

''Erythranthe'' has been listed as one of the 38 plants that are used to prepare

Bach flower remedies Bach flower remedies (BFRs) are solutions of brandy and water—the water containing extreme dilutions of flower material developed by Edward Bach, an English homeopath, in the 1930s. Bach claimed that the dew found on flower petals retains t ...

, a kind of

alternative medicine Alternative medicine is any practice that aims to achieve the healing effects of medicine despite lacking biological plausibility, testability, repeatability, or evidence from clinical trials. Complementary medicine (CM), complementary and alt ...

promoted for its effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".

References

External links

{{Authority control Lamiales genera Plant models