Ernst Heinrich Krenek (, 23 August 1900 – 22 December 1991) was an Austrian, later American, composer of Czech origin. He explored
atonality
Atonality in its broadest sense is music that lacks a tonal center, or key. ''Atonality'', in this sense, usually describes compositions written from about the early 20th-century to the present day, where a hierarchy of harmonies focusing on a s ...
and other
modern
Modern may refer to:
History
* Modern history
** Early Modern period
** Late Modern period
*** 18th century
*** 19th century
*** 20th century
** Contemporary history
* Moderns, a faction of Freemasonry that existed in the 18th century
Phil ...
styles and wrote a number of books, including ''Music Here and Now'' (1939), a study of
Johannes Ockeghem
Johannes Ockeghem ( – 6 February 1497) was a Franco-Flemish composer and singer of early Renaissance music. Ockeghem was the most influential European composer in the period between Guillaume Du Fay and Josquin des Prez, and he was—with hi ...
(1953), and ''Horizons Circled: Reflections on my Music'' (1974). Krenek wrote two pieces using the pseudonym Thornton Winsloe.
Life
Born Ernst Heinrich Křenek in Vienna (then in
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of ...
), he was the son of a Czech soldier in the Austro-Hungarian army. He studied there and in Berlin with
Franz Schreker before working in a number of German opera houses as conductor. During World War I, Krenek was drafted into the Austrian army, but he was stationed in Vienna, allowing him to go on with his musical studies. In 1922 he met
Alma Mahler
Alma Maria Mahler Gropius Werfel (born Alma Margaretha Maria Schindler; 31 August 1879 – 11 December 1964) was an Austrian composer, author, editor, and socialite. At 15, she was mentored by Max Burckhard. Musically active from her early yea ...
, widow of
Gustav Mahler, and her daughter,
Anna
Anna may refer to:
People Surname and given name
* Anna (name)
Mononym
* Anna the Prophetess, in the Gospel of Luke
* Anna (wife of Artabasdos) (fl. 715–773)
* Anna (daughter of Boris I) (9th–10th century)
* Anna (Anisia) (fl. 1218 to 12 ...
, to whom he dedicated his Symphony No. 2, and whom he married in January 1924. That marriage ended in divorce before its first anniversary.
![Krenek Jonny-spielt-auf Titel](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Krenek_Jonny-spielt-auf_Titel.jpg)
At the time of his marriage to Anna Mahler, Krenek was completing his Violin Concerto No. 1, Op. 29. The
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...
n violinist
Alma Moodie
Alma Mary Templeton Moodie (12 September 18987 March 1943) was an Australian violinist who established an excellent reputation in Germany in the 1920s and 1930s. She was regarded as the foremost female violinist during the inter-war years, and s ...
assisted Krenek, not with the scoring of the violin part, but with getting financial assistance from her Swiss patron
Werner Reinhart Werner Reinhart (19 March 1884 – 29 August 1951) was a Swiss merchant, philanthropist, amateur clarinetist, and patron of composers and writers, particularly Igor Stravinsky and Rainer Maria Rilke. Reinhart knew and corresponded with many artist ...
at a time when there was hyper-inflation in Germany. In gratitude, Krenek dedicated the concerto to Moodie, and she premiered it on January 5, 1925, in
Dessau. Krenek's divorce from Anna Mahler became final a few days after the premiere. Krenek did not attend the premiere, but he did have an affair with Moodie, which has been described as "short-lived and complicated". He never managed to hear her play the concerto, but he did "immortalize some aspects of her personality in the character of Anita in his opera ''
Jonny spielt auf
''Jonny spielt auf'' (''Jonny Strikes Up''), Op. 45, is a German-language with words and music by Austrian composer Ernst Krenek about a jazz violinist. He dedicated the opera to his second wife, Berta Herrmann.[Nazi Party
The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (german: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right politics, far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that crea ...]
; the image of Jonny was distorted to form the centrepiece of the poster advertising the ''
Entartete Musik'' exhibition of so-called 'degenerate' music in 1938. Krenek was frequently named as a Jewish composer during the Third Reich, although he was not, and was intimidated by the regime until his emigration; on March 6, 1933, one day after the last semi-free
election of March 1933, Krenek's incidental music to
Goethe
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as treat ...
's ''Triumph der Empfindsamkeit'' was withdrawn in
Mannheim
Mannheim (; Palatine German: or ), officially the University City of Mannheim (german: Universitätsstadt Mannheim), is the second-largest city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg after the state capital of Stuttgart, and Germany's 2 ...
, and eventually pressure was brought to bear on the
Vienna State Opera
The Vienna State Opera (, ) is an opera house and opera company based in Vienna, Austria. The 1,709-seat Renaissance Revival venue was the first major building on the Vienna Ring Road. It was built from 1861 to 1869 following plans by August ...
, which cancelled the
commissioned premiere of ''
Karl V''.
In 1938 Krenek moved to the United States, where he taught music at various universities, the first being
Vassar College
Vassar College ( ) is a private liberal arts college in Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. Founded in 1861 by Matthew Vassar, it was the second degree-granting institution of higher education for women in the United States, closely follo ...
. He later taught at
Hamline University
Hamline University is a private liberal arts college in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Founded in 1854, Hamline is known for its emphasis on experiential learning, service, and social justice. The university is named after Bishop Leonidas Lent Hamline o ...
in
Saint Paul
Paul; grc, Παῦλος, translit=Paulos; cop, ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ; hbo, פאולוס השליח (previously called Saul of Tarsus;; ar, بولس الطرسوسي; grc, Σαῦλος Ταρσεύς, Saũlos Tarseús; tr, Tarsuslu Pavlus; ...
,
Minnesota
Minnesota () is a state in the upper midwestern region of the United States. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is home to western prairies, now given over to ...
from 1942 to 1947. There he met and married his third wife, the composer
Gladys Nordenstrom, who was his student at the time. He became an American citizen in 1945. He later moved to
Toronto, Ontario
Toronto ( ; or ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the ancho ...
, Canada, where he taught at
The Royal Conservatory of Music
The Royal Conservatory of Music (RCM), branded as The Royal Conservatory, is a non-profit music education institution and performance venue headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1886 by Edward Fisher as The Toronto Con ...
during the 1950s. His students included
Milton Barnes,
Lorne Betts Lorne Matheson Betts (August 2, 1918 – August 5, 1985) was a Canadian composer, conductor, organist, and music critic. A member of the Canadian League of Composers and an associate of the Canadian Music Centre, many of his original scores and ...
,
Roque Cordero
Roque Cordero (August 16, 1917 – December 27, 2008) was a Panamanian composer.De Lerma, Dominique-Rene"African Heritage Symphonic Series" Liner note essay. Cedille Records CDR061.
Life
Born in Panama City, he studied composition under Ern ...
,
Samuel Dolin
Samuel ''Šəmūʾēl'', Tiberian: ''Šămūʾēl''; ar, شموئيل or صموئيل '; el, Σαμουήλ ''Samouḗl''; la, Samūēl is a figure who, in the narratives of the Hebrew Bible, plays a key role in the transition from the bi ...
,
Robert Erickson
Robert Erickson (March 7, 1917 – April 24, 1997) was an American composer.
Education
Erickson was born in Marquette, Michigan. He studied with Ernst Krenek from 1936 to 1947: "I had already studied—and abandoned—the twelve tone sys ...
,
Halim El-Dabh
Halim Abdul Messieh El-Dabh ( ar, حليم عبد المسيح الضبع, ''Ḥalīm ʻAbd al-Masīḥ al-Ḍab''ʻ; March 4, 1921 – September 2, 2017) was an Egyptian-American composer, musician, ethnomusicologist, and educator, who had ...
,
Richard Maxfield
Richard Vance Maxfield (February 2, 1927 – June 27, 1969) was a composer of instrumental, electro-acoustic, and electronic music.
Born in Seattle, Maxfield studied at Stanford University, University of California, Berkeley (with Roger Sessions ...
,
Will Ogdon,
George Perle
George Perle (6 May 1915 – 23 January 2009) was an American composer and music theorist. As a composer, his music was largely atonal, using methods similar to the twelve-tone technique of the Second Viennese School. This serialist style, and ...
,
Virginia Seay
Virginia Claire Seay Ploeser (8 August 1922 - 23 November 2015) was an American composer and musicologist who studied and collaborated with composer Ernst Krenek. She published her works under the name Virginia Seay.
Seay was born in Palo Alto, Ca ...
, and
Hsiung-Zee Wong Hsiung-Zee Wong (born October 24, 1947) is a composer, artist, and designer who was born in Hong Kong. She moved to the United States in 1966, where she worked as a freelance graphic designer and illustrator. Wong studied at the University of Hawaii ...
. Later he moved to
Tujunga, before moving to
Palm Springs, California in 1966. He died there in 1991, aged 91, but was buried at the
Vienna Central Cemetery
The Vienna Central Cemetery (german: Wiener Zentralfriedhof) is one of the largest cemeteries in the world by number of interred, and is the most well-known cemetery among Vienna's nearly 50 cemeteries. The cemetery's name is descriptive of its ...
. In 1998 Gladys Nordenstrom founded the Ernst Krenek Institute; in 2004 the private foundation moved from Vienna to
Krems an der Donau
Krems an der Donau () is a town of 23,992 inhabitants in Austria, in the federal state of Lower Austria. It is the fifth-largest city of Lower Austria and is approximately west of Vienna. Krems is a city with its own statute (or '' Statutarstad ...
, Austria.
Completions of other composers' unfinished works
After meeting Krenek in 1922, Alma Mahler asked him to complete her late husband's
Symphony No. 10. Krenek assisted in editing the first and third movements but went no further. More fruitful was Krenek's response to an approximately contemporary request from his
pianist
A pianist ( , ) is an individual musician who plays the piano. Since most forms of Western music can make use of the piano, pianists have a wide repertoire and a wide variety of styles to choose from, among them traditional classical music, ja ...
and
composer
A composer is a person who writes music. The term is especially used to indicate composers of Western classical music, or those who are composers by occupation. Many composers are, or were, also skilled performers of music.
Etymology and Defi ...
friend
Eduard Erdmann
Eduard Erdmann (5 March 1896 – 21 June 1958) was a Baltic German pianist and composer.
Erdmann was born in Wenden (Cēsis) in the Governorate of Livonia. He was the great-nephew of the philosopher Johann Eduard Erdmann. His first musical ...
, who wished to add Schubert's
''Reliquie'' piano sonata to his repertoire, for completions of that work's fragmentary third and fourth movements. Krenek's completion, dated to 1921 in some sources but to 1922 in his own memory, later found other champions in
Webster Aitken
Webster Aitken (June 17, 1908 in Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada – May 11, 1981 in Santa Fe, New Mexico) was an American pianist. He studied piano in Europe with Artur Schnabel and Emil von Sauer. In 1929, he made his professional debut in ...
in the concert hall and
Ray Lev
Ray Lev (May 8, 1912 – May 20, 1968) was an American classical pianist. One year after her birth in Rostov-on-Don, Russia, her father, a synagogue cantor, and mother, a concert singer, brought her to the United States.
Life
Lev’s early pia ...
;
Friedrich Wührer Friedrich Wührer (29 June 1900 – 27 December 1975) was an Austrian-German pianist and piano pedagogue. He was a close associate and advocate of composer Franz Schmidt, whose music he edited and, in the case of the works for left hand alone, revi ...
; and, more recently,
Stanislav Khristenko
'' Stanislav Khristenko '' ( uk, Станiслав Христенко); born May 25, 1984, in Kharkiv, Ukraine, is a Ukrainian-American concert pianist.
Life
Stanislav Khristenko was born in Kharkiv, Ukraine into a Ukrainian-Jewish family and ...
[Toccata Classics TOCC 0298, CD] on records.
In his notes to the Lev recording, dated July 1947, Krenek offered insights into the challenges of completing another composer's works in general and the Schubert sonata in particular.
Completing the unfinished work of a great master is a very delicate task. In my opinion it can honestly be undertaken only if the original fragment contains all of the main ideas of the unfinished work. In such a case a respectful craftsman may attempt, after an absorbing study of the master's style, to elaborate on those ideas in a way which to the best of his knowledge might have been the way of the master himself. The work in question will probably have analogies among other, completed works of the master, and careful investigation of his methods in similar situations will indicate possible solutions of the problems posed by the unfinished work. Even then the artist who goes about the ticklish task will feel slightly uneasy, knowing from his own experience as a composer that the creative mind does not always follow its own precedents. He is more conscious of the fact that unpredictability is one of the most jealously guarded prerogatives of genius. ... However, scruples of this kind may be set aside once we are certain that the author of the fragment has put forth the essential thematic material that was expected to go into the work. If this is not the case, I feel that no one, not even the greatest genius, should dare to complete the fragments left by another genius.
As an example, Krenek explains that a careful student of Rembrandt's style might be able to complete a painting lacking one or two corners but could never supply two entirely missing paintings from a four-painting series; such an attempt would result only in "more or less successful fakes". Turning to a musical example, Krenek, evidently unaware of the surviving sketch of a third movement, avers that Schubert's own
"Unfinished" Symphony "was left by its creator with only two of its four movements written; of the other two there is no trace. It would be possible to write two or more movements to the symphony in the manner of Schubert, but it would not be Schubert."
Musical style
Krenek's music encompassed a variety of styles and reflects many of the principal musical influences of the 20th century. His early work is in a late-
Romantic idiom, showing the influence of his teacher Franz Schreker, but around 1920 he turned to
atonality
Atonality in its broadest sense is music that lacks a tonal center, or key. ''Atonality'', in this sense, usually describes compositions written from about the early 20th-century to the present day, where a hierarchy of harmonies focusing on a s ...
, under the influence of
Ernst Kurth
Ernst Kurth (1 June 1886, in Vienna – 2 August 1946, in Bern) was a Swiss music theorist of Austrian origin.
Career
Kurth studied musicology with Guido Adler (a student of Bruckner and Hanslick) in Vienna, and earned his Ph.D. (1908) wit ...
's textbook, ''Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts'', and the tenets of
Busoni
Ferruccio Busoni (1 April 1866 – 27 July 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, conductor, editor, writer, and teacher. His international career and reputation led him to work closely with many of the leading musicians, artists and literary f ...
,
Schnabel,
Erdmann, and
Scherchen, amongst others.
[.]
A visit to
Paris
Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...
, during which he became familiar with the work of
Igor Stravinsky
Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (6 April 1971) was a Russian composer, pianist and conductor, later of French (from 1934) and American (from 1945) citizenship. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential composers of the ...
(''Pulcinella'' was especially influential) and
Les Six
"Les Six" () is a name given to a group of six composers, five of them French and one Swiss, who lived and worked in Montparnasse. The name, inspired by Mily Balakirev's '' The Five'', originates in two 1920 articles by critic Henri Collet in '' ...
, led him to adopt a neo-classical style around 1924.
Shortly afterward, he turned to neoromanticism and incorporated
jazz
Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a major ...
influences into his
opera
Opera is a form of theatre in which music is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by singers. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically a collaboration between a composer and a librett ...
''Jonny spielt auf'' (Jonny Strikes Up, 1926) and one-act opera
Schwergewicht (1928). Other neoromantic works of this period were modeled on music of
Franz Schubert
Franz Peter Schubert (; 31 January 179719 November 1828) was an Austrian composer of the late Classical and early Romantic eras. Despite his short lifetime, Schubert left behind a vast ''oeuvre'', including more than 600 secular vocal wor ...
, a prime example being ''Reisebuch aus den österreichischen Alpen'' (1929).
Krenek abandoned the neoromantic style in the late 1920s to embrace
Arnold Schoenberg
Arnold Schoenberg or Schönberg (, ; ; 13 September 187413 July 1951) was an Austrian-American composer, music theorist, teacher, writer, and painter. He is widely considered one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. He was as ...
's
twelve-tone technique
The twelve-tone technique—also known as dodecaphony, twelve-tone serialism, and (in British usage) twelve-note composition—is a method of musical composition first devised by Austrian composer Josef Matthias Hauer, who published his "law o ...
,
the method exclusively employed in Krenek's opera ''
Karl V
Charles V, french: Charles Quint, it, Carlo V, nl, Karel V, ca, Carles V, la, Carolus V (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain ( Castile and Aragon) ...
'' (1931–33) and most of his later pieces. His most uncompromising use of the twelve-tone technique was in his Sixth String Quartet (1936) and his Piano Variations (1937). In the ''Lamentatio Jeremiae prophetae'' (1941–42) Krenek combined twelve-tone writing with techniques of
modal counterpoint
In music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more musical lines (or voices) which are harmonically interdependent yet independent in rhythm and melodic contour. It has been most commonly identified in the European classical tradi ...
of the Renaissance. He used motifs composed by his student
Virginia Seay
Virginia Claire Seay Ploeser (8 August 1922 - 23 November 2015) was an American composer and musicologist who studied and collaborated with composer Ernst Krenek. She published her works under the name Virginia Seay.
Seay was born in Palo Alto, Ca ...
in his works ''Hurricane Variations for Piano, opus 100'' (1944) and Tricks and Trifles 1945), also for piano.
In 1955 he was invited to work in the
Electronic Music Studio at
WDR in
Cologne
Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western States of Germany, state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the List of cities in Germany by population, fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 m ...
, and this experience motivated him to develop a total
serial idiom.
Beginning around 1960 he added to his serial vocabulary some principles of
aleatoric music
Aleatoric music (also aleatory music or chance music; from the Latin word ''alea'', meaning "dice") is music in which some element of the composition is left to chance, and/or some primary element of a composed work's realization is left to the ...
, in works such as ''Horizon Circled'' (1967), ''From Three Make Seven'' (1960–61), and ''Fibonacci-Mobile'' (1964).
In his later years his compositional style became more relaxed, though he continued to use elements of both twelve-tone and total serial techniques.
Works
Decorations and awards
* 1951:
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
The Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (german: Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, or , BVO) is the only federal decoration of Germany. It is awarded for special achievements in political, economic, cultural, intellect ...
* 1955: City of Vienna Prize for Music
* 1960:
Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver (''Grosses Silbernes Ehrenzeichen'')
* 1960: Gold Medal of the City of Vienna
* 1963:
Grand Austrian State Prize for Music
The Grand Austrian State Prize () is a decoration given annually by Austria to an artist for exceptional work. The recipient must be an Austrian citizen with a permanent residence in Austria.
It was originally created in 1950 by then education mi ...
* 1965: Commander's Cross of the
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
The Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (german: Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, or , BVO) is the only federal decoration of Germany. It is awarded for special achievements in political, economic, cultural, intellect ...
(''Großes Verdienstkreuz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland'')
* 1966:
Bach Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg
The Bach Prize of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg has been awarded since 1951, since 1975 every four years. On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the death of Johann Sebastian Bach, the prize was founded in 1950 by the Senate and the ...
* 1970: Honorary Ring of the Vienna
* 1975:
Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
The Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (german: Österreichisches Ehrenzeichen für Wissenschaft und Kunst) is a state decoration of the Republic of Austria and forms part of the Austrian national honours system.
History
The "Austrian D ...
* 1978:
Goethe Medal of Hesse
* 1980: Honorary Citizen of the City of Vienna
* 1984: Honorary Citizen of the City of New Orleans
* 1990: Grand Decoration of Salzburg
On Krenek's 85th birthday, the City of Vienna donated the Ernst Krenek Prize.
Honorary doctorates
* 1944:
Hamline University
Hamline University is a private liberal arts college in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Founded in 1854, Hamline is known for its emphasis on experiential learning, service, and social justice. The university is named after Bishop Leonidas Lent Hamline o ...
, St. Paul
* 1953:
Chapman College
Chapman University is a private research university in Orange, California. It encompasses ten schools and colleges, including Fowler School of Engineering, Dodge College of Film and Media Arts, Fowler School of Law, and Schmid College of Scien ...
, Los Angeles
* 1965:
University of New Mexico
The University of New Mexico (UNM; es, Universidad de Nuevo México) is a public research university in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Founded in 1889, it is the state's flagship academic institution and the largest by enrollment, with over 25,400 ...
, Albuquerque
* 1976:
New England Conservatory
The New England Conservatory of Music (NEC) is a private music school in Boston, Massachusetts. It is the oldest independent music conservatory in the United States and among the most prestigious in the world. The conservatory is located on Hu ...
, Boston
* 1977:
Philadelphia Musical Academy
Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania#Municipalities, largest city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the List of United States cities by population, sixth-largest city i ...
, Philadelphia
Notes
References
Sources
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Further reading
* Bowles, Garrett H. (comp.) (1989). ''Ernst Krenek: A Bio-Bibliography''. New York and London: Greenwood Press.
* Dreyfus, Kay (2003)
"Alma Moodie and the Landscape of Giftedness" ''Australasian Music Research'' 7:1–14. (Subscription access)
*
Lawson, Colin (1995). ''The Cambridge Companion to the Clarinet''.
Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. (cloth) (pbk)
* Purkis, Charlotte (1992b). "Krenek, Ernst". ''
The New Grove Dictionary of Opera
''The New Grove Dictionary of Opera'' is an encyclopedia of opera, considered to be one of the best general reference sources on the subject. It is the largest work on opera in English, and in its printed form, amounts to 5,448 pages in four volu ...
'', ed.
Stanley Sadie
Stanley John Sadie (; 30 October 1930 – 21 March 2005) was an influential and prolific British musicologist, music critic, and editor. He was editor of the sixth edition of the '' Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'' (1980), which was publ ...
, 4 vols. London: Macmillan.
* Taylor-Jay, Claire (2004). ''The Artist Operas of Pfitzner, Krenek and Hindemith: Politics and the Ideology of the Artist''. Aldershot, Hants, England; Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate.
*
Tregear, Peter John (2001). "Musical style and political allegory in Krenek's ''Karl V''". ''Cambridge Opera Journal'', 13, 55–80.
External links
Orel FoundationErnst Krenek – biography, bibliography, works and discography
Art of the States: Ernst KrenekErnst-Krenek-Institut sitecontains an English-language discography, worklist, and details of each work, so only some works and information have been given above
Krenek pagea
Lexikon verfolgter Musiker und Musikerinnen der NS-Zeit January 18, 1986
MSS 713.
NAMM Oral History Interview with Gladys KrenekMarch 25, 2010
Special Collections & Archives UC San Diego Library
Ernst Krenek's Buchla synthesizer, GreatSynthesizers.com
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Krenek, Ernst
1900 births
1991 deaths
20th-century classical composers
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20th-century American male musicians
20th-century Austrian composers
20th-century Austrian male musicians
American opera composers
American male classical composers
Austrian opera composers
Austrian male classical composers
Austrian people of Czech descent
Austrian emigrants to the United States
Czech opera composers
Czech male classical composers
Ballet composers
Expressionist music
Male opera composers
String quartet composers
Twelve-tone and serial composers
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Grand Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Recipients of the Grand Austrian State Prize
Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art
Classical musicians from California
Musicians from Palm Springs, California
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People from Währing
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Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
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