erlking

In European folklore and myth, the Erlking is a sinister elf who lingers in the woods. He stalks children who stay in the woods for too long, and kills them by a single touch.

The name "Erlking" (german: Erlkönig, lit=alder-king) is a name used in German Romanticism for the figure of a spirit or "king of the fairies". It is usually assumed that the name is a derivation from the ''ellekonge'' (older ''elverkonge'', i.e. "Elf-king") in Danish folklore. The name is first used by Johann Gottfried Herder in his ballad "Erlkönigs Tochter" (1778), an adaptation of the Danish '' Hr. Oluf han rider'' (1739), and was taken up by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in his poem "Erlkönig" (1782), which was set to music by Schubert, among others. In English translations of Goethe's poem, the name is sometimes rendered as ''Erl-king''.

Origin

According to Jacob Grimm, the term originates with a Scandinavian (Danish) word, ''ellekonge'' "king of the elves", or for a female spirit ''elverkongens datter'' "the elven king's daughter", who is responsible for ensnaring human beings to satisfy her desire, jealousy or lust for revenge.Lorraine Byrne, ''Schubert's Goethe Settings'', pp. 222-228. The ''New Oxford American Dictionary'' follows this explanation, describing the Erlking as "a bearded giant or goblin who lures little children to the land of death", mistranslated by Herder as ''Erlkönig'' in the late 18th century from ''ellerkonge''. The correct German word would have been or , afterwards used under the modified form of by Christoph Martin Wieland in his 1780 poem ''Oberon''.

Alternative suggestions have also been made; in 1836, Halling suggested a connection with a Turkic and Mongolian god of death or psychopomp, known as '' Erlik Chan''.Karl Halling, "Orientalisch, besonders persischer Ursprung deutscher Sagen",

In German romantic literature

''The Erlking's Daughter''

Johann Gottfried von Herder introduced this character into German literature in "Erlkönigs Tochter", a ballad published in his 1778 volume ''Stimmen der Völker in Liedern''. It was based on the Danish folk ballad " Hr. Oluf han rider" "Sir Oluf he rides" published in the 1739 ''Danske Kæmpeviser''. Herder undertook a free translation where he translated the Danish ''elvermø'' ("elf maid") as ''Erlkönigs Tochter''; according to Danish legend old burial mounds are the residence of the ''elverkonge'', dialectically ''elle(r)konge'', the latter has later been misunderstood in Denmark by some antiquarians as "alder king", cf Danish ''elletræ'' "alder tree". It has generally been assumed that the mistranslation was the result of error, but it has also been suggested (Herder does actually also refer to elves in his translation) that he was imaginatively trying to identify the malevolent sprite of the original tale with a woodland old man (hence the alder king).John R. Williams, ''The Life of Goethe: A Critical Biography'', pp. 86-88. Blackwell Publishing, 2001.

The story portrays Sir Oluf riding to his marriage but being entranced by the music of the elves. An elf maiden, in Herder's translation the Elverkonge's daughter, appears and invites him to dance with her. He refuses and spurns her offers of gifts and gold. Angered, she strikes him and sends him on his way, deathly pale. The following morning, on the day of his wedding, his bride finds him lying dead under his scarlet cloak.

Goethe's ''Erlkönig''

Although inspired by Herder's ballad, Goethe departed significantly from both Herder's rendering of the Erlking and the Scandinavian original. The antagonist in Goethe's "Der Erlkönig" is the Erlking himself rather than his daughter. Goethe's Erlking differs in other ways as well: his version preys on children, rather than adults of the opposite sex, and the Erlking's motives are never made clear. Goethe's Erlking is much more akin to the Germanic portrayal of elves and valkyries – a force of death rather than simply a magical spirit.

Reception in English literature

In Angela Carter's short story "The Erl-King", contained within the 1979 collection ''The Bloody Chamber'', the female protagonist encounters a male forest spirit. Though she becomes aware of his malicious intentions, she is torn between her desire for him and her desire for freedom. In the end, she forms a plan to kill him in order to escape his power.

Charles Kinbote, the narrator of Vladimir Nabokov's 1962 novel, ''Pale Fire'', alludes to "alderkings". One allusion is in his commentary to line 275 of fellow character John Shade's eponymous poem. In the case of this commentary, the word invokes homosexual ancestors of the last king of Zembla, Kinbote's ostensible homeland. The novel contains at least one other reference by Kinbote to alderkings.

In Jim Butcher's ''The Dresden Files'', there is a character called the Erlking, modeled after the leader of the Wild Hunt, Herne the Hunter.

In the author John Connolly's short story collection ''Nocturnes'' (2004), there is a character known as the Erlking who attempts to abduct the protagonist.

J.K. Rowling's ''Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them'' lists a creature named an Erkling, very similar to the Erlking, as one of the many that inhabit the Wizarding World. Erklings are also present in the videogame ''Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire'', set in the same universe.

''The New Yorker''s "20 Under 40" issue of July 5, 2010 included the short story "The Erlking" by Sarah Shun-lien Bynum.

References

External links

Music by Schubert - free recording (complete) and free score

Danish text of ''Hr. Oluf han rider''

{{Authority control

Germanic mythology
Scandinavian folklore
Mythic humanoids
Elves
Characters in poems