''Eris militaris'', known commonly as the bronze jumper or bronze lake jumper, is a species of jumping spider, belonging to the Salticidae family. It is found in the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...

and

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...

within both suburban and rural areas. The male and female of this species can be differentiated from their size or by the coloration on their

cephalothorax The cephalothorax, also called prosoma in some groups, is a tagma of various arthropods, comprising the head and the thorax fused together, as distinct from the abdomen behind. (The terms ''prosoma'' and ''opisthosoma'' are equivalent to ''cepha ...

and abdomen. The females have a lighter cephalothorax a slightly darker abdomen with white spots. They are active in the autumn and winter season and can be found in sheltered areas within vegetation. They can also be found living within apple orchards, where insecticides may be present, which can potentially effect or alter their personality and behavior. Their diet consists of small insects, almost anything they can hold.

Description

The

is one physical characteristic that shows differences between the male and females appearances. The female's cephalothorax are lighter in color compared to the male's, with a darker cephalothorax. The females abdomen are a bit darker with multiple white spots located dorsally. Males have a lighter abdomen and a darker cephalothorax, each with white bands along the sides. These white bands are absent on the females cephalothorax but present on their abdomen. On the males, the fang-like features, known as chelicerae, are long and located at the front of their cephalothorax. The length of males ranges from 4.7 to 6.7 millimeters, while the females can span from 6 to 8 millimeters in length.

Behavior

From the autumn to winter season, they can be found together in groups and beneath surfaces, such as dead wood. In locations like this, they are easily camouflaged due to their bronze, tan, brown coloration. After consuming prey, they groom themselves. Often grooming their chelicerae and rubbing them on their pedipalps. Grooming also appears during periods of rest, such as in a hidden spot within vegetation or within its shelter. Male ''Eris militaris'' participate in a

dance Dance is a performing art form consisting of sequences of movement, either improvised or purposefully selected. This movement has aesthetic and often symbolic value. Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoir ...

in an attempt to win over a potential mate. This dance consists of the male lifting its forelegs outward and occasionally stepping side to side while its forelegs move consistently.

Distribution

''Eris militaris'' can be found within the United States and Canada. They're commonly found in autumn walking inside or outside of buildings. They can be found in hidden areas, such as

blackberry The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by many species in the genus ''Rubus'' in the family Rosaceae, hybrids among these species within the subgenus ''Rubus'', and hybrids between the subgenera ''Rubus'' and ''Idaeobatus''. The taxonomy of ...

bushes, where the leaves overlap and create small shelters.

Diet

Jumping spider diets consist of small insects such as grasshoppers, moths, flies, or other spiders. They can eat almost anything that their chelicerae can hold. Other prey includes fruit flies, bees, wasps, crickets, worms, butterflies, or leafhoppers.

Insecticide effects

Similar to how humans personalities can shift due to chemicals, spiders personalities can too. A hazardous but not quite lethal amount of a leftover

insecticide Insecticides are substances used to kill insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against insect eggs and larvae, respectively. Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry and by consumers. Insecticides are claimed to b ...

, such as in apple orchards, can change individual spiders' personalities and alter behavior once exposed. Insecticide effects on behavior include

spatial memory In cognitive psychology and neuroscience, spatial memory is a form of memory responsible for the recording and recovery of information needed to plan a course to a location and to recall the location of an object or the occurrence of an event. Sp ...

decreasing and their learning abilities decreasing. A reason for insecticides affecting bronze jumper behavior may be due to less food in locations with insecticide exposure. Despite its negative effects on some species, insecticides are still commonly used in agriculture. Drugs and insecticides show similarities, with both attacking the nervous system and having the ability to change behavior or lead to death when ingested in lethal amounts. The same way drugs do, common insecticides can affect web building. Males and females of this species respond differently when exposed to insecticides. Males can be seen to be more affected when searching around their environment but still able to capture their prey. Females strength in the ability to capture prey decreases. Bronze jumpers, and other spiders, play important roles for regulation of pests in these agricultural locations. With insecticides in these areas, their ability to catch prey is affected, thereby affecting pest regulation in ecosystems.

References

External links

* Salticidae Articles created by Qbugbot Spiders described in 1845 {{jumping-spider-stub