''Epitonium'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of small

predatory Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill th ...

sea snail Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...

s. ''Epitonium'' is the

type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nominal f ...

of the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Epitoniidae Wentletraps are small, often white, very high-spired, predatory or ectoparasitic sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Epitoniidae.Gofas, S. (2010). Epitoniidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollu ...

, the

wentletrap Wentletraps are small, often white, very high-spired, predatory or ectoparasitic sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Epitoniidae.Gofas, S. (2010). Epitoniidae. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca ...

s.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Epitonium Röding, 1798. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137943 on 2010-11-22 The common name wentletraps is derived from the

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

word ''wenteltrap'', denoting a

spiral staircase Stairs are a structure designed to bridge a large vertical distance between lower and higher levels by dividing it into smaller vertical distances. This is achieved as a diagonal series of horizontal platforms called steps which enable passage ...

. This refers to the striking form and sculpture of the shells of the mollusks in this genus, and to a lesser extent, the whole family. The genus ''Epitonium'' has been divided in the past by some authors into several

subgenera In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus. In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between t ...

, but these subgenera were based only on shell characters and did not reflect the true underlying relationships or

phylogeny A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...

Shell description

''Epitonium'' shells are high-

spire A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spires are ...

d, and are all-white in most of the species within this genus. A few species are tinted with brown to varying degrees, or have a brown stripe on the shoulder of the whorl. The shells typically have blade-like vertical ribs, known as costae.

Habitat

Wentletraps usually live in sand near

sea anemone Sea anemones are a group of predation, predatory marine invertebrates of the order (biology), order Actiniaria. Because of their colourful appearance, they are named after the ''Anemone'', a terrestrial flowering plant. Sea anemones are classifi ...

s or

coral Corals are marine invertebrates within the class Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria. They typically form compact colonies of many identical individual polyps. Coral species include the important reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and sec ...

Life habits

These snails are predators and feed by inserting their

proboscis A proboscis () is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal, either a vertebrate or an invertebrate. In invertebrates, the term usually refers to tubular mouthparts used for feeding and sucking. In vertebrates, a proboscis is an elong ...

and biting out small pieces of the anemone's tissues. Some species of wentletrap feed on only one species of sea anemone, in other words they are species-specific in terms of their prey.

Synonymised genera

Many species that now are placed in the genus ''Epitonium'' have, over the years, been classified in other genera. These have become synonyms of ''Epitonium'' : * ''Aciona'' Leach, 1815 * ''Acutiscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Amiciscala'' Jousseaume, 1912 * ''Anguliscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Asperiscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Avalitiscala'' de Boury, 1912 * ''Cinctiscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Cirratiscala'' de Boury, 1909) * ''Clathrus'' Oken, 1815 * ''Connexiscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Crenuliscala'' Iredale, 1936 * ''Crisposcala'' de Boury, 1886 * ''Cyclostoma'' Lamarck, 1799 * ''Decussiscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Delicatiscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Dulciscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Eburniscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Epitonium (Asperiscala)'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Epitonium'' (''Clathrus'') * ''Epitonium (Epitonium)'' Röding, 1798 · accepted, alternate representation * ''Epitonium (Hyaloscala)'' de Boury, 1889 · accepted, alternate representation * ''Epitonium (Papyriscala)'' de Boury, 1909 accepted, alternate representation * ''Evolutiscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Firmiscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Folaceiscala'' de Boury, 1912 * ''Foliaceiscala'' de Boury, 1912 * ''Foraceiscala'' de Boury, 1911 * ''Foveoscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Fragiliscala'' Azuma, 1962 * ''Fusicoscala'' Monterosato, 1890 * ''Glabriscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Graciliscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Gradatiscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Gyroscala (Fragiliscala)'' Azuma, 1962 * ''Hirtoscala'' Monterosato, 1890 * ''Hyaloscala'' de Boury, 1890 * ''Innesiscala'' Jousseaume, 1912 * ''Janthoscala'' Mörch, 1875 * ''Labeoscala'' de Boury, 1912 * ''Laeviscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Lamelliscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Lepidiscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Limiscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Limniscala'' Dollfus, 1913 * ''Linctoscala'' Monterosato, 1890 * ''Lineoscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Mazescala'' Iredale, 1936 * ''Melanopsis'' Férussac, 1807 * ''Minutiscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Nipponoscala'' Masahito & Habe, 1973 * ''Nitidiscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Nitidoscala'' Strong, 1930 * ''Papyriscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Parviscala'' de Boury, 1887 * ''Perlucidiscala'' de Boury, 1912 * ''Pudentiscala'' Iredale, 1938 * ''Pupiscala'' Masahito, Kuroda & Habe, 1971 * ''Resticuliscala'' Cossmann, 1912 * ''Reticuliscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Scala'' Mörch, 1852 * ''Scala (Innesiscala)'' de Boury in Jousseaume, 1912 * ''Scala (Perlucidiscala)'' de Boury in Jousseaume, 1912 * ''Scalaria'' Lamarck, 1801 * ''Scalaria (Parviscala)'' de Boury, 1887 * ''Scalarus'' Montfort, 1810 (Unjustified emendation of Scalaria) * ''Scalatarius'' Duméril, 1806 * ''Sodaliscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Sphaeroscala'' Monterosato, 1890 * ''Spiniscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Turbiniscala'' de Boury, 1909 * ''Viciniscala'' de Boury, 1909

Species

Species within the genus ''Epitonium'' include: Note: Some malacologists have recently placed many of the more than 600 named species into other genera, which were previously considered to be subgenera of the genus ''Epitonium''. On the other hand, many species that belonged to subgenera of ''Epitonium'' are now included in ''Epitonium''. These subgenera were based on details of the shell sculpture and not on molecular analysis. * ''

Epitonium abyssicola ''Epitonium'' is a genus of small predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. ''Epitonium'' is the type genus of the family Epitoniidae, the wentletraps.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Epitonium Röding, 1798. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rose ...

'' (Schepman, 1909) * ''

Epitonium acanthopleurum ''Epitonium'' is a genus of small predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. ''Epitonium'' is the type genus of the family Epitoniidae, the wentletraps.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Epitonium Röding, 1798. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rose ...

'' (Verco, 1906) * ''

Epitonium acapulcanum ''Epitonium'' is a genus of small predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. ''Epitonium'' is the type genus of the family Epitoniidae, the wentletraps.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Epitonium Röding, 1798. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rose ...

'' Dall, 1917 * ''

Epitonium actinariophilum ''Epitonium'' is a genus of small predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. ''Epitonium'' is the type genus of the family Epitoniidae, the wentletraps.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Epitonium Röding, 1798. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Ro ...

'' (Masahito & Habe 1976) * ''

Epitonium aculeatum ''Epitonium'' is a genus of small predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. ''Epitonium'' is the type genus of the family Epitoniidae, the wentletraps.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Epitonium Röding, 1798. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Ro ...

'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * ''

Epitonium adjunctum ''Epitonium'' is a genus of small predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. ''Epitonium'' is the type genus of the family Epitoniidae, the wentletraps.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Epitonium Röding, 1798. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Ro ...

'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * ''

Epitonium aequale ''Epitonium'' is a genus of small predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. ''Epitonium'' is the type genus of the family Epitoniidae, the wentletraps.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Epitonium Röding, 1798. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Ro ...

'' (Thiele, 1925) * '' Epitonium agitabile'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * '' Epitonium alabiforme'' Kilburn, 1985 * '' Epitonium alatum'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * '' Epitonium albidum'' (

d'Orbigny Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny (6 September 1802 – 30 June 1857) was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology (including malacology), palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropol ...

, 1842) - bladed wentletrap * '' Epitonium albolineatum'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * '' Epitonium algerianum'' (Weinkauff, 1866) * '' Epitonium alizonum'' (Melvill, 1912) * '' Epitonium amathusium'' (Melvill & Standen, 1903) * '' Epitonium amicum'' (Jousseaume, 1894) * '' Epitonium amiculum'' Kilburn, 1985 * '' Epitonium amplexus'' Nakayama, 2003 * '' Epitonium anabathmos'' Kilburn, 1985 * '' Epitonium ancillotoi'' Cossignani T. & Cossignani V., 1998 * '' Epitonium angulatum'' (

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, 1830) - angulate wentletrap * '' Epitonium angulicinctum'' (de Boury, 1913) * '' Epitonium antisoa'' (Iredale, 1936) * '' Epitonium apiculatum'' ( Dall, 1889) - semismooth wentletrap * '' Epitonium aranea'' Bonfitto, 2017 * '' Epitonium arcanum'' DuShane, 1979 * '' Epitonium artimi'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * '' Epitonium atomus'' (E. A. Smith, 1890) * '' Epitonium attenuatum'' (Sowerby, J. de C., 1874) * '' Epitonium audouini'' (Jousseaume, 1894) * '' Epitonium aureomaculatum'' (Masahito & Habe, 1973) * '' Epitonium auritum'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * '' Epitonium austrocaledonicum'' (Montrouzier, 1859) * '' Epitonium avalites'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * '' Epitonium babylonium'' ( Dall, 1889) - tower wentletrap * '' Epitonium barissum'' (Iredale, 1936) * '' Epitonium beachportense'' (Cotton & Godfrey, 1938) * '' Epitonium bellastriatum'' (Carpenter, 1864) * '' Epitonium bellicosum'' Hedley, 1907 * '' Epitonium bengalense'' (E. A. Smith, 1899) * '' Epitonium bevdeynzerae'' Garcia E., 2001 * '' Epitonium blainei'' Clench & Turner, 1953 * '' Epitonium bonaespei'' (Barnard, 1963) * '' Epitonium bouryi'' (Jousseaume, 1894) * '' Epitonium boutetorum'' Garcia, 2016 * '' Epitonium brachyspeira'' Kilburn, 1985 * '' Epitonium brevissimum'' ( Seguenza, 1876) * '' Epitonium bucknilli'' Powell, 1924 * '' Epitonium bulbulum'' ( Sowerby II, 1844) * '' Epitonium bullatum'' (Sowerby, 1844) * '' Epitonium caamanoi'' Dall & Bartsch, 1910 * '' Epitonium calideum'' (Melvill & Standen, 1903) * '' Epitonium californicum'' Dall, 1917 * '' Epitonium callipeplum'' Dall, 1919 * '' Epitonium candeanum'' (d’Orbigny, 1842) * '' Epitonium candidissimum'' (Monterosato, 1877) * '' Epitonium canna'' Dall, 1919 * '' Epitonium cantrainei'' (Weinkauff, 1866) * ''

Epitonium carchedon ''Epitonium'' is a genus of small predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. ''Epitonium'' is the type genus of the family Epitoniidae, the wentletraps.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2010). Epitonium Röding, 1798. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rose ...

'' (Iredale, 1936) * '' Epitonium castum'' (A. Adams, 1873) * '' Epitonium catalinae'' Dall, 1908 * '' Epitonium catalinense'' Dall, 1917 * '' Epitonium catanuense'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * '' Epitonium celesti'' (Aradas, 1854) * '' Epitonium cerdantum'' (Melvill & Standen, 1903) * '' Epitonium championi'' Clench & Turner, 1952 * '' Epitonium chiarae'' Bozzetti, 2007 * '' Epitonium chinglinae'' Lee & Wu, 1998 * '' Epitonium christiani'' Bozzetti, 2008 * '' Epitonium christyi'' (Iredale, 1936) * '' Epitonium clathratulum'' (Kanmacher, 1798) * '' Epitonium clathrum''

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

1758 Events January–March * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the sta ...

- common wentletrap * '' Epitonium clementinum'' Grateloup, J.P.S. de, 1840 * '' Epitonium climacotum'' Kilburn, 1985 * '' Epitonium columba'' Kilburn, 1985 * '' Epitonium columnella'' Dall, 1917 * '' Epitonium commodum'' (E. A. Smith, 1890) * '' Epitonium commutatum'' Monterosato, 1877 * '' Epitonium conjunctum'' (Yokoyama, 1922) * '' Epitonium connexum'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * '' Epitonium continens'' (Melvill & Standen, 1903) * '' Epitonium cookeanum'' Dall, 1917 * '' Epitonium cophinodes'' (Melvill, 1904) * '' Epitonium coretum'' (Iredale, 1936) * '' Epitonium corniculum'' Y.-C. Lee & C.-W. Huang, 2016 * ''Epitonium coronatum'' Lamarck, 1816: synonym of '' Gyroscala coronata'' (Lamarck, 1816) * '' Epitonium coutieri'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * '' Epitonium couturieri'' (de Boury, 1912) * '' Epitonium crassicostatum'' Gittenberger & Gittenberger, 2005 * '' Epitonium crassilabrum'' * '' Epitonium crassum'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1847) * '' Epitonium creberrimum'' (Hinds, 1843) * '' Epitonium crebricostatum'' Carpenter, 1864 * '' Epitonium crispatum'' (Pease, 1863) * '' Epitonium crypticorona'' Kilburn, 1985 * '' Epitonium cultellicostum'' (de Boury, 1913) * '' Epitonium cumingii'' (Carpenter, 1856) * '' Epitonium curvilineatum'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * '' Epitonium dallianum'' (Verrill & Smith, 1880) * '' Epitonium deflersi'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * '' Epitonium deificum'' (Melvill & Standen, 1903) * '' Epitonium denticulatum'' ( Sowerby II, 1844) tooth-rib wentletrap * '' Epitonium dentiscalpium'' (Watson, 1883) * '' Epitonium deschampsi'' Garcia, 2003 * '' Epitonium dubium'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * '' Epitonium duocamurum'' Lee Y.C., 2001 * '' Epitonium durhamianum'' Hertlein & Strong, 1951 * '' Epitonium eboreum'' (E. A. Smith, 1906) * '' Epitonium eclecticum'' (Melvill & Standen, 1903) * '' Epitonium elenense'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * '' Epitonium elisae'' Bozzetti, 2007 * '' Epitonium eltanini'' (Dell, 1990) * '' Epitonium emiliae'' (Melvill & Standen, 1903) * '' Epitonium emydonesus'' Dall, 1917 * '' Epitonium erroneum'' (Tapparone-Canefri, 1876) * '' Epitonium eulita'' (Dall & Simpson, 1901) * '' Epitonium eusculptum'' ( Sowerby III, 1903) * '' Epitonium eutaenium'' Dall, 1917 * ''Epitonium evanidstriatum'' Zelaya & Güller, 2017 * ''Epitonium eximiellum'' (Masahito, Kuroda & Habe, 1971) * ''Epitonium eximium'' (A. Adams & Reeve, 1850) * ''Epitonium extenuicostum'' (de Boury, 1913) * ''Epitonium fabrizioi'' Pastorino & Penchaszadeh, 1998 * ''Epitonium falconi'' Kilburn, 1985 * ''Epitonium fasciatum'' (Sowerby, 1844) * ''Epitonium fauroti'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * ''Epitonium fenestratum'' (Strebel, 1908) * ''Epitonium ferminense'' L. G. Brown, 2019 * ''Epitonium ferrugineum'' (Mörch, 1852) * ''Epitonium ferussacii'' (Audouin, 1816) * ''Epitonium fischeri'' (Watson, 1897) * ''Epitonium foliaceicosta'' (d’Orbigny, 1842) - wrinkle-rib wentletrap * ''Epitonium fractum'' Dall, 1927 - humble wentletrap * ''Epitonium fragile'' (Hanley, 1840) * ''Epitonium friabile'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium frielei'' (Dall, 1889) * ''Epitonium fucatum'' (Pease, 1861) * ''Epitonium fulvovittatum'' (Dautzenberg, 1890) * ''Epitonium georgettinum'' (Kiener, 1839) * ''Epitonium glabratum'' (Hinds, 1843) * ''Epitonium gloriolum'' (Melvill & Standen, 1901) * ''Epitonium godfreyi'' Cotton, 1938 * ''Epitonium goldsmithi'' (DuShane, 1988) * ''Epitonium goniophorum'' (Melvill & Standen, 1903) * ''Epitonium gracile'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium graciliconfusum'' Nakayama, 2000 * ''Epitonium gradaticostatum'' (Fenaux, 1938) * ''Epitonium gradatum'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium gradilis'' (Jousseaume, F.P., 1912) * ''Epitonium graviarmatum'' Gittenberger & Gittenberger, 2005 * ''Epitonium gravieri'' (Jousseaume, F.P., 1912) * ''Epitonium greenlandicum'' (Perry, 1811) - Greenland wentletrap * ''Epitonium habeli'' Dall, 1917 * ''Epitonium hamatulae'' Preston, 1915 * ''Epitonium hancocki'' DuShane, 1970 * ''Epitonium harimaense'' Makiyama, 1924 * ''Epitonium harpa'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * ''Epitonium harpago'' Kilburn, 1985 * ''Epitonium hartogi'' Gittenberger, 2003 * ''Epitonium hayashii'' (Habe, 1961) * ''Epitonium heloris'' (Iredale, 1936) * ''Epitonium hemmesi'' DuShane, 1988 * ''Epitonium hexagonum'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium hindsii'' (Carpenter, 1856) * ''Epitonium hispidulum'' (Monterosato, 1874) * ''Epitonium histricosum'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * ''Epitonium hoeksemai'' Gittenberger, A., Goud & Gittenberger, E., 2000: synonym of ''Epifungium hoeksemai'' (A. Gittenberger & Goud, 2000) * ''Epitonium hueti'' Bozzetti, 2011 * ''Epitonium huffmani'' DuShane & McLean, 1968 * ''Epitonium humerosum'' ( Sowerby III, 1901) * ''Epitonium humphreysii'' (Kiener, 1838) - Humphrey's wentletrap * ''Epitonium hyalinum'' (Sowerby, G.B. II, 1844) * ''Epitonium idalium'' (Melvill, 1912) * ''Epitonium ilariae'' Bozzetti, 2007 * ''Epitonium illovoense'' (Barnard, 1963) * ''Epitonium immaculatum'' ( Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium imperiale'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium inaequale'' (Thiele, 1925) * ''Epitonium indianorum'' (Carpenter, 1865) * ''Epitonium indistinctum'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium inexpertum'' L. Brown & Weil, 1999 * ''Epitonium ingridae'' Gittenberger, A., Goud & Gittenberger, E., 2000 * ''Epitonium innesi'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * ''Epitonium interstriatum'' (G. B. Sowerby, 1905) * ''Epitonium irregulare'' (Sowerby, G.B. II, 1844) * ''Epitonium ishimotoi'' (Masahito & Habe, 1976) * ''Epitonium jani'' Segers, Swinnen & De Prins, 2009 * ''Epitonium japonicum'' (Dunker, 1861) * ''Epitonium jickelii'' (Clessin, 1897) * ''Epitonium jimpyae'' Kilburn, 1985 * ''Epitonium jolyi'' (Monterosato, 1878) * ''Epitonium jomardi'' (Audouin, J.-V., 1827) * ''Epitonium jousseaumei'' (de Boury, 1886) * ''Epitonium juanitae'' Garcia, 2003 * ''Epitonium jukesianum'' (Forbes, 1852) * ''Epitonium kastoroae'' Garcia, 2003 * ''Epitonium kazusense'' (Yokoyama, 1922) * ''Epitonium kilburni'' Drivas & Jay, 1989 * ''Epitonium kiyohimae'' Nakayama, 2000 * ''Epitonium klunzingeri'' (Clessin, 1897) * ''Epitonium koshimagani'' (Nakayama, 1991) * ''Epitonium koyamai'' (Nakayama, 1995) * ''Epitonium kraussi'' (Nyst, 1871) * ''Epitonium krebsii'' (Mörch, 1875) - Krebs' wentletrap * ''Epitonium labeo'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * ''Epitonium lachrymulum'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * ''Epitonium lacrima'' Kilburn, 1985 * ''Epitonium laidlawi'' (Melvill & Standen, 1903) * ''Epitonium lamellosum'' (Lamarck, 1822) - lamellose wentletrap * ''Epitonium latedis'' Boury, E.A. de, 1911 * ''Epitonium latifasciatum'' ( Sowerby II, 1874) * ''Epitonium latum'' Bozzetti, 2009 * ''Epitonium leali'' Garcia, 2011 * ''Epitonium laxatoides'' Nakayama, 1995 * ''Epitonium liliputanum'' (A. Adams, 1861) * ''Epitonium linctum'' (de Boury & Monterosato, 1890) * ''Epitonium lineolatum'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium lochi'' Gittenberger, A., Goud & Gittenberger, E., 2000 * ''Epitonium lowei'' (Dall, 1906) * ''Epitonium luceo'' (DuShane, 1988) * ''Epitonium lyra'' (Sowerby, 1847) * ''Epitonium macleani'' DuShane, 1970 * ''Epitonium macromphalus'' E. A. Smith, 1910 * ''Epitonium maestratii'' Garcia E., 2003 * ''Epitonium malayanum'' (Thiele, 1925) * ''Epitonium malcolmensis'' (Melvill, 1898) * ''Epitonium malhaensis''* (Jousseaume, 1894) * ''Epitonium maraisi'' Kilburn, 1985 * ''Epitonium margarita'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * ''Epitonium marmoratum'' ( Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium matthewsae'' Clench & Turner, 1952 * ''Epitonium melior'' (Melvill & Standen, 1903) * ''Epitonium mellissi'' (E. A. Smith, 1890) * ''Epitonium melvilli'' (Schepman, 1909) * ''Epitonium millecostatum'' (Pease, 1861) * ''Epitonium mindoroense'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium minorum'' (Iredale, 1936) * ''Epitonium minutia'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * ''Epitonium minuticostatum'' (de Boury, 1912) * ''Epitonium mirabile'' Bozzetti, 2008 * ''Epitonium miserum'' de Boury, 1913 * ''Epitonium mitraeforme'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium moolenbeeki'' van Aartsen, 1996 * ''Epitonium morassii'' Bonfitto, 2017 * ''Epitonium mucronatum'' (Fenaux, 1943) * ''Epitonium multicostatum'' (Sowerby, 1844) * ''Epitonium multistriatum'' (Say, 1826) * ''Epitonium mzambanum'' Kilburn, 1985 * ''Epitonium nanum'' (Jeffreys, 1884) * ''Epitonium nautlae'' (Mörch, 1874) * ''Epitonium nearense'' L. G. Brown, 2019 * ''Epitonium nitidella'' (Dall, 1889) * ''Epitonium nodai'' Nakayama, 2000 * ''Epitonium novangliae'' (Couthouy, 1838) - New England wentletrap * ''Epitonium obesum'' ( Sowerby II, 1847) * ''Epitonium obliquum'' (Sowerby, 1844) * ''Epitonium obtusum'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) *'' Epitonium occidentale'' (Nyst, 1871) - fine-ribbed wentletrap * ''Epitonium octagonum'' (G. B. Sowerby, 1905) * ''Epitonium okezoko'' (Habe, 1961) * ''Epitonium oliverioi'' Bonfitto & Sabelli, 2001 * ''Epitonium opeas'' Kilburn, 1985 * ''Epitonium oppositum'' (de Boury, 1921) * ''Epitonium optabile'' (A. Adams, 1873) * ''Epitonium ossium'' Nakayama, 2000 * ''Epitonium ovale'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium padangense'' (Thiele, 1925) * ''Epitonium pallasi'' (Kiener, 1838) * ''Epitonium pallidizonatum'' (Masahito, Kuroda & Habe 1971) * ''Epitonium papyracea'' De Boury * ''Epitonium parspeciosum'' (Iredale, 1929) * ''Epitonium parvonatrix'' Kilburn, 1985 * ''Epitonium pasiphaes'' (Melvill, 1912) * ''Epitonium paumotense'' (Pease, 1867) * ''Epitonium perangustum'' (de Boury, 1913) * ''Epitonium perfoliatum'' (Thiele, 1925) * ''Epitonium perimense'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * ''Epitonium perlucidum'' (Jousseaume, 1943) * ''Epitonium philippinarum'' ( Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium philtatum'' (Watson, 1886) * ''Epitonium phymanthi'' Robertson, 1994 * ''Epitonium pigrum'' Garcia, 2011 *'' Epitonium platypleurum'' (Verco, 1906) * ''Epitonium polacia'' (Dall, 1889) * ''Epitonium politum'' ( Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium porrectum'' (Hinds, 1843) * ''Epitonium profundum'' Nakayama, 2000 * ''Epitonium proximum'' (Thiele, 1925) * ''Epitonium pseudonanum'' Bouchet & Warén, 1986 * ''Epitonium psomion'' Kilburn, 1985 * ''Epitonium pteroen'' Kilburn, 1977 * ''Epitonium pulchellum'' (Bivona, 1832) * ''Epitonium pulcherrimum'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium pupiforme'' (Masahito, Kuroda & Habe,1971) * ''Epitonium pyramidale'' ( Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium quiquandoni'' Bozzetti, 2007 * ''Epitonium raricostatum'' (Lamarck, 1822) * ''Epitonium reflexum'' (Carpenter, 1856) * ''Epitonium regulare'' (Carpenter, 1857) * ''Epitonium repandior'' Kilburn, 1985 * ''Epitonium repandum'' Kilburn, 1985 * ''Epitonium replicatum'' Sowerby, 1844 * ''Epitonium reticulatum'' Lee & Wu, 1998 * ''Epitonium rhips'' (Watson, 1897) * ''Epitonium rimbogai'' (Masahito & Habe, 1976) * ''Epitonium rissoinaeforme'' (Melvill & Standen, 1903) * ''Epitonium robillardi'' (Sowerby, J. de C., 1894) * ''Epitonium rubrolineatum'' Sowerby, G.B. II, 1844 * ''Epitonium rupicola'' (Kurtz, 1860) - brown-banded wentletrap * ''Epitonium sakuraii'' (Kuroda & Habe, 1961) * ''Epitonium sallykaicherae'' Kilburn, 1985 * ''Epitonium sanctaehelenae'' (E. A. Smith, 1890) * ''Epitonium sandwichense'' (Nyst, 1871) * ''Epitonium santinii'' Bozzetti, 2007 * ''Epitonium savignyi'' Jousseaume, 1912 * ''Epitonium sawamurai'' Azuma, 1960 * ''Epitonium sawinae'' (Dall, 1903) * ''Epitonium scalare'' (

) * ''Epitonium schepmani'' (Melvill, 1910) * ''Epitonium schoedei'' (Thiele, 1925) * ''Epitonium semidisjunctum'' (Jeffreys, 1884) * ''Epitonium sericifila'' (Dall, 1889) - silky wentletrap * ''Epitonium sexcostum'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * ''Epitonium shyorum'' DuShane & McLean, 1968 * ''Epitonium simplex'' (Sowerby, 1894) * ''Epitonium skoglundae'' DuShane, 1974 * ''Epitonium smithii'' (Tryon, 1887) * ''Epitonium smriglioi'' Bonfitto, 2010 * ''Epitonium soroastrae'' Kilburn, 1985 * ''Epitonium sousai'' Bozzetti, 2008 * ''Epitonium sowerbyanum'' (Nyst, 1871) * ''Epitonium sowerbyi'' Clessin, 1884 * ''Epitonium spyridion'' Kilburn, 1985 * ''Epitonium stigmaticum'' (Pilsbry, 1911) * ''Epitonium striatellum'' (Nyst, 1871) * ''Epitonium striatissimum'' (Monterosato, 1878) - frosted wentletrap * ''Epitonium subauriculatum'' (S. M. Souverbie, 1866) * ''Epitonium subcastum'' (E. A. Smith, 1899) * ''Epitonium subtile'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium suprastriatum'' (Carpenter, 1857) * ''Epitonium sykesii'' (Melvill & Standen, 1903) * ''Epitonium symmetricum'' (Pease, 1867) * ''Epitonium synekhes'' Kilburn, 1985 * ''Epitonium syoichiroi'' Masahito & Habe, 1976 * ''Epitonium tabogense'' Dall, 1917 * ''Epitonium tacitum'' (Iredale, 1936) * ''Epitonium taiwanica'' Lee & Wu, 1998 * ''Epitonium tamsinae'' Kilburn, 1985 * ''Epitonium tenebrosum'' (Sowerby, 1903) * ''Epitonium tenellum'' (Hutton, 1885) * ''Epitonium tenerum'' (H. Adams, 1873) * ''Epitonium tenue'' Gray, 1827 * ''Epitonium tenuicostatum'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium tenuiliratum'' ( Sowerby II, 1874) * ''Epitonium tenuipicturatum'' Nakayama, 2000 * ''Epitonium terebriforme'' (Thiele, 1925) * ''Epitonium textimattum'' DuShane, 1977 * ''Epitonium texturatum'' (Gould, 1847) * ''Epitonium thelcterium'' (Melvill & Standen, 1903) * ''Epitonium thorssoni'' DuShane, 1988 * ''Epitonium thrasys'' (Iredale, 1936) * ''Epitonium thyraeum'' Kilburn, 1985 * ''Epitonium tiberii'' (de Boury, 1890) * ''Epitonium tiburonense'' Clench & Turner, 1952 * ''Epitonium tinctorium'' Dall, 1919 * ''Epitonium tinctum'' (Carpenter, 1865) - tinted wentletrap * ''Epitonium tokyoense'' (Kuroda, 1930) * ''Epitonium tollini'' Bartsch, 1938 * ''Epitonium tomlini'' (de Boury, 1913) * ''Epitonium townsendi'' (Melvill & Standen, 1903) * ''Epitonium trevelyanum'' (Thompson W., 1840) * ''Epitonium trochiforme'' von Maltzan, 1885 * ''Epitonium trochoides'' (de Boury, 1912) * ''Epitonium tryoni'' (de Boury, 1913) * ''Epitonium tumidulum'' (Thiele, 1930) * ''Epitonium turritellula'' (Mörch, 1875) * ''Epitonium turtonis'' (Turton, 1819) * ''Epitonium twilae'' Gittenberger, A., Goud & Gittenberger, E., 2000 * ''Epitonium umbilicatum'' (Pease, 1869) * ''Epitonium unifasciatum'' ( Sowerby II, 1844) - one-band wentletrap * ''Epitonium vaillanti'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * ''Epitonium vallatum'' (Jousseaume, 1912) * ''Epitonium venosum'' ( Sowerby II, 1844) * ''Epitonium viaderi'' Fenaux, 1938 * ''Epitonium vittatum'' (Jeffreys, 1884) * ''Epitonium vivens'' Bozzetti, 2009 * ''Epitonium walkerianum'' Hertlein & Strong, 1951 * ''Epitonium webbii'' (d'Orbigny, 1840) * ''Epitonium willetti'' Strong & Hertlein, 1937 * ''Epitonium worsfoldi'' Robertson, 1994 * ''Epitonium xenicima'' (Melvill & Standen, 1903) * ''Epitonium yamakawana'' Yokoyama, 1922 * ''Epitonium yangi'' L.G. Brown, 2010 * ''Epitonium yemenita'' Bonfitto, 2017 * ''Epitonium yokoyamai'' Suzuki & Ichikawa, 1936 * ''Epitonium zabargadense'' Bonfitto, 2017 * ''Epitonium zatrephes'' (Melvill, 1910) * ''Epitonium zeteki'' Dall, 1917 ;Subgenera and species brought into synonymy: * ''Epitonium (Asperiscala)'' de Boury, 1909: synonym of ''Epitonium'' Röding, 1798 * ''Epitonium (Boreoscala)'' Kobelt, 1902: synonym of ''Boreoscala'' Kobelt, 1902 * ''Epitonium (Clathrus)'' : synonym of ''Epitonium'' Röding, 1798 * ''Epitonium (Kiiscala)'' Nakayama, 1995 : synonym of ''Cycloscala'' Dall, 1889 * ''Epitonium delicatulum'' (Adams H., 1869): synonym of ''Epitonium tenerum'' (H. Adams, 1873)

References

* Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca. in: Costello, M.J. et al. (eds), European Register of Marine Species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines Naturels. 50: 180-213. * * Arthur William Baden Powell, Powell A. W. B., ''New Zealand Mollusca'', HarperCollins, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

External links

Röding P.F. (1798). Museum Boltenianum sive Catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturæ quæ olim collegerat Joa. Fried Bolten, M. D. p. d. per XL. annos proto physicus Hamburgensis. Pars secunda continens Conchylia sive Testacea univalvia, bivalvia & multivalvia. Trapp, Hamburg. viii, 199 pp.

Suter H. (1913). Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca with an atlas of quarto plates. Wellington. xxiii + 1120 pp.

Kilburn R.N. (1985). The family Epitoniidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in southern Africa and Mozambique. Annals of the Natal Museum. 27(1): 239-337

Brown L.G. & Neville B.D. (2015). Catalog of the recent taxa of the families Epitoniidae and Nystiellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) with a bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature. Zootaxa. 3907(1): 1-188

Serge GOFAS, Ángel A. LUQUE, Joan Daniel OLIVER,José TEMPLADO & Alberto SERRA (2021) - The Mollusca of Galicia Bank (NE Atlantic Ocean); European Journal of Taxonomy 785: 1–114
{{taxonbar, from=Q2037192 Epitoniidae