Design
In allfork
and exec
. Alternatively, from env
env is a shell command for Unix and Unix-like operating systems. It is used to either print a list of environment variables or run another utility in an altered environment without having to modify the currently existing environment. Using env, ...
or using the ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE=VALUE <command>
notation. A running program can access the values of environment variables for configuration purposes.
COMMAND.COM
COMMAND.COM is the default command-line interpreter for MS-DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows Me. In the case of DOS, it is the default user interface as well. It has an additional role as the usual first program run after boot (init proc ...
or CMD.EXE
Command Prompt, also known as cmd.exe or cmd, is the default command-line interpreter for the OS/2, eComStation, ArcaOS, Microsoft Windows (Windows NT family and Windows CE family), and ReactOS operating systems. On Windows CE .NET 4.2, Windo ...
's existence, respectively.
In Unix, the environment variables are normally initialized during system startup by the system AUTOEXEC.BAT
AUTOEXEC.BAT is a system file that was originally on DOS-type operating systems. It is a plain-text batch file in the root directory of the boot device. The name of the file is an abbreviation of "automatic execution", which describes its functio ...
file.
On $LD_LIBRARY_PATH
and $LD_PRELOAD
and run it with the process's authority. If a setuid program did this, it would be insecure, because its caller could get it to run arbitrary code and hence misuse its authority. For this reason, Syntax
The variables can be used both in scripts and on theUnix
In most Unix and Unix-like command-line shells, an environment variable's value is retrieved by placing a$
sign before the variable's name. If necessary, the name can also be surrounded by braces.
To display the user home directory, the user may type:
xyz
needed to be appended to the value of the HOME
variable, one might type:
env
env is a shell command for Unix and Unix-like operating systems. It is used to either print a list of environment variables or run another utility in an altered environment without having to modify the currently existing environment. Using env, ...
displays all environment variables and their values. The command printenv
can also be used to print a single variable by giving that variable name as the sole argument to the command.
DOS, OS/2 and Windows
In DOS, OS/2 and Windows command-line interpreters such asCOMMAND.COM
and CMD.EXE
, an environment variable is retrieved by placing a %
sign before and after it.
In DOS, OS/2 and Windows command-line interpreters as well as their API, upper or lower case is not distinguished for environment variable names.
The environment variable named HOMEDRIVE
contains the drive letter (plus its trailing :
colon) of the user's home directory, whilst HOMEPATH
contains the full path of the user's home directory within that drive.
So to see the home drive and path, the user may type this:
SET
(with no arguments) displays all environment variables and their values. set
can also be used to print all variables whose name begins with a given prefix by giving the prefix as the sole argument to the command.
In Assignment: Unix
The commandsenv
and set
can be used to set environment variables and are often incorporated directly into the shell.
The following commands can also be used, but are often dependent on a certain shell.
''VARIABLE''=''value'' #
export ''VARIABLE'' # for Bourne and related shells
export ''VARIABLE''=''value'' # for ksh, export
keyword. Variables defined in this way are displayed by the set
command, but are not true environment variables, as they are stored only by the shell and are unknown to all other processes. The printenv
command will not display them, and child processes do not inherit them.
''VARIABLE''=''value''
The prefix syntax exports a "true" environment variable to a child process without affecting the current process:
''VARIABLE''=''value'' program_name rguments
The persistence of an environment variable can be session-wide or system-wide.
unset
is a builtin command implemented by both the sh
, ksh
, bash
, etc.) and the unset
command will print an error message and return a non-zero exit code.
Assignment: DOS, OS/2 and Windows
In DOS, OS/2 and Windows command-line interpreters such asCOMMAND.COM
and CMD.EXE
, the SET
Set, The Set, SET or SETS may refer to:
Science, technology, and mathematics Mathematics
*Set (mathematics), a collection of elements
*Category of sets, the category whose objects and morphisms are sets and total functions, respectively
Electro ...
command is used to assign environment variables and values using the following arguments:
SET VARIABLE=value
An environment variable is removed via:
SET VARIABLE=
The SET
command without any arguments displays all environment variables along with their values; SET "0 or more spaces"
shows the internal ones too. In CMD.EXE
, it is possible to assign local variables that do not leak outside using the SETLOCAL
command.
In Examples
Examples of environment variables include: * PATH
: a list of directory paths. When the HOME
(USERPROFILE
(Microsoft Windows): indicate where a user's HOME/
(APPDATA\
(Microsoft Windows): for storing application settings. Many applications incorrectly use USERPROFILE
for application settings in Windows: USERPROFILE
should only be used in dialogs that allow user to choose between paths like Documents/Pictures/Downloads/Music
; for programmatic purposes, APPDATA
(for roaming application settings shared across multiple devices), LOCALAPPDATA
(for local application settings) or PROGRAMDATA
(for application settings shared between multiple OS users) should be used.
* TERM
(vt100
The VT100 is a video terminal, introduced in August 1978 by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). It was one of the first terminals to support ANSI escape codes for cursor control and other tasks, and added a number of extended codes for special ...
or dumb
).
* PS1
(MAIL
(TEMP
: location where processes can store temporary files.
True environment variables
Unix
;$PATH
: Contains a colon-separated list of directories that the shell searches for commands that do not contain a slash in their name (commands with slashes are interpreted as file names to execute, and the shell attempts to execute the files directly). It is equivalent to the %PATH%
variable.
;$HOME
: Contains the location of the user's getpwuid
and getuid
, $HOME
is often used for convenience in various shell scripts (and other contexts). Using the environment variable also gives the user the possibility to point to another directory.
;$PWD
: This variable points to the current directory. Equivalent to the output of the command pwd when called without arguments.
;$DISPLAY
: Contains the identifier for the display that $LD_LIBRARY_PATH
: On many Unix systems with a exec
, before searching in any other directories.
;$LIBPATH
or $SHLIB_PATH
: Alternatives to $LD_LIBRARY_PATH
typically used on older Unix versions.
;$LANG, $LC_ALL, $LC_...
: $LANG
is used to set to the default locale. For example, if the locale values are pt_BR
, then the language is set to (Brazilian) Portuguese and Brazilian practice is used where relevant. Different aspects of localization are controlled by individual $LC_
-variables ($LC_CTYPE
, $LC_ COLLATE
, $LC_DATE
etc.). $LC_ALL
can be used to force the same locale for all aspects.
;$TZ
: Refers to /usr/share/zoneinfo
).
;$BROWSER
: Contains a colon-separated list of a user's %s
token may be present to specify where the URL should be placed; otherwise the browser should be launched with the URL as the first argument.
DOS
Under DOS, the ''master environment'' is provided by the primary command processor, which inherits the ''pre-environment'' defined inCONFIG.SYS
when first loaded. Its size can be configured through the COMMAND /E:n
parameter between 160 and 32767 bytes. ''Local environment'' segments inherited to child processes are typically reduced down to the size of the contents they hold. Some command-line processors (like %
") are always converted to uppercase, with the exception of ''pre-environment variables'' defined via the CONFIG.SYS
directive SET
under SWITCHES=/L
(for "allow lowercase names") under DR-DOS 7.02 and higher). In principle, %windir%
), but provides no means for the user to define them. Environment variable names containing lowercase letters are stored in the environment just like normal environment variables, but remain invisible to most DOS software, since they are written to expect uppercase variables only. Some command processors limit the maximum length of a variable name to 80 characters. While principally only limited by the size of the ''environment segment'', some DOS and 16-bit Windows programs do not expect the contents of environment variables to exceed 128 characters. DR-DOS COMMAND.COM
supports environment variables up to 255, COMMAND.COM
can be configured (via /L:128..1024
) to support command lines up to 1024 characters internally under MS-DOS 7.0 and higher, environment variables should be expected to contain at least 1024 characters as well. In some versions of DR-DOS, the environment passed to drivers, which often do not need their environment after installation, can be shrunken or relocated through SETENV
or INSTALL ">IGH/code>/LOADHIGH
In computing, (abbreviated ) is an internal DOS command in COMMAND.COM that is used to load a program into the upper memory area (UMA) instead of conventional memory.
The command was introduced with MS-DOS 5.0 / PC DOS 5.0 in 1991, copyin ...
options /Z
(zero environment), /D loaddrive.html"_;"title="load_drive.html"_;"title="load_drive">loaddrive">load_drive.html"_;"title="load_drive">loaddrive/code>_(substitute_drive,_e.g._B:TSR.COM
)_and_/E
_(relocate_environment_above_program)_in_order_to_minimize_the_driver's_effectively_resulting_resident_memory_footprint.
In_batch_mode,_non-existent_environment_variables_are_replaced_by_a_zero-length_string.
''Standard_environment_variables''_or_''reserved_environment_variables''_include:
;%APPEND%
_(supported_since_DOS_3.3):_This_variable_contains_a_semicolon-delimited_list_of_directories_in_which_to_search_for_files._It_is_usually_changed_via_the_APPEND_(DOS_command).html" "title="load_drive">loaddrive.html" ;"title="load_drive.html" ;"title="load drive">loaddrive">load_drive.html" ;"title="load drive">loaddrive/code> (substitute drive, e.g. B:TSR.COM
) and /E
(relocate environment above program) in order to minimize the driver's effectively resulting resident memory footprint.
In batch mode, non-existent environment variables are replaced by a zero-length string.
''Standard environment variables'' or ''reserved environment variables'' include:
;%APPEND%
(supported since DOS 3.3): This variable contains a semicolon-delimited list of directories in which to search for files. It is usually changed via the APPEND (DOS command)">APPEND
In computer programming, append is the operation for concatenating linked lists or arrays in some high-level programming languages.
Lisp
Append originates in the Lisp programming language. The append procedure takes zero or more (linked) lists a ...
SET
Set, The Set, SET or SETS may refer to:
Science, technology, and mathematics Mathematics
*Set (mathematics), a collection of elements
*Category of sets, the category whose objects and morphisms are sets and total functions, respectively
Electro ...
command. Long filenames containing spaces or other special characters must not be quoted ("
).
;%CONFIG%
(supported since MS-DOS 6.0 and PC DOS 6.1, also supported by IO.SYS
is an essential part of MS-DOS and Windows 9x. It contains the default MS-DOS device drivers (hardware interfacing routines) and the DOS initialization program.
Boot sequence
In the PC bootup sequence, the first sector of the boot disk is ...
, IBMBIO.COM
, etc.) to the name defined by the corresponding CONFIG.SYS
directive MENUITEM
before launching the primary command processor. Its main purpose is to allow further special cases in AUTOEXEC.BAT
AUTOEXEC.BAT is a system file that was originally on DOS-type operating systems. It is a plain-text batch file in the root directory of the boot device. The name of the file is an abbreviation of "automatic execution", which describes its functio ...
and similar batchjobs depending on the selected option at boot time. This can be emulated under DR-DOS by utilizing the CONFIG.SYS
directive SET
like SET CONFIG=1
.
;%CMDLINE%
(introduced with COMMAND.COM
still only supports a maximum of 126 characters at the prompt by default (unless overridden with /U:128..255
to specify the size of the command line buffer), but nevertheless internal command lines can become longer through f.e. variable expansion (depending on /L:128..1024
to specify the size of the internal buffer). In addition to the command-line length byte in the PSP, the PSP command line is normally limited by ASCII-13, and command lines longer than 126 characters will typically be truncated by having an ASCII-13 inserted at position 127, but this cannot be relied upon in all scenarios. The variable will be suppressed for external commands invoked with a preceding @
-symbol like in @XCOPY ...
for backward compatibility and in order to minimize the size of the environment when loading non-relocating TSRs. Some beta versions of Windows Chicago used %CMDLINE%
to store only the remainder of the command line excessing 126 characters instead of the complete command line.
; %COMSPEC%
(supported since DOS 2.0): This variable contains the full 8.3 path to the C:\COMMAND.COM
COMMAND.COM is the default command-line interpreter for MS-DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows Me. In the case of DOS, it is the default user interface as well. It has an additional role as the usual first program run after boot (init proc ...
or C:\DOS\COMMAND.COM
. It must not contain long filenames, but under DR-DOS it may contain CONFIG.SYS
directive SHELL
Shell may refer to:
Architecture and design
* Shell (structure), a thin structure
** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses
** Thin-shell structure
Science Biology
* Seashell, a hard o ...
), so that the resident portion of the command processor can reload its transient portion from disk after the execution of larger programs. The value can be changed at runtime to reflect changes in the configuration, which would require the command processor to reload itself from other locations. The variable is also used when launching secondary shells.
;%COPYCMD%
(supported since MS-DOS 6.2 and PC DOS 6.3, also supported by /Y
switch (to assume "Yes" on queries) as the default for the COPY
Copy may refer to:
*Copying or the product of copying (including the plural "copies"); the duplication of information or an artifact
**Cut, copy and paste, a method of reproducing text or other data in computing
**File copying
**Photocopying, a pr ...
, XCOPY
In computing, XCOPY is a command used on IBM PC DOS, MS-DOS, IBM OS/2, Microsoft Windows, FreeDOS, ReactOS, and related operating systems for copying multiple files or entire directory trees from one directory to another and for copying files a ...
, and MOVE
Move may refer to:
People
* Daniil Move (born 1985), a Russian auto racing driver
Brands and enterprises
* Move (company), an online real estate company
* Move (electronics store), a defunct Australian electronics retailer
* Daihatsu Move
Go ...
commands. A default of /Y
can be overridden by supplying the /-Y
switch on the command line. The /Y
switch instructs the command to replace existing files without prompting for confirmation.
;%DIRCMD%
(supported since MS-DOS 5.0 and PC DOS 5.0, also supported by DIR
command, including file specifications. Preset default switches can be overridden by providing the negative switch on the command line. For example, if %DIRCMD%
contains the /W
switch, then it can be overridden by using DIR /-W
at the command line. This is similar to the environment variable %$DIR%
under DIR
through its /C
or /R
switches under DR-DOS COMMAND.COM
. %DIRCMD%
is also supported by the external SDIR.COM
/DIR.COM
Stacker commands under %LANG%
(supported since %LANGSPEC%
(supported since %NO_SEP%
(supported since PC DOS 6.3 and DR-DOS 7.07): This variable controls the display of thousands-separators in messages of various commands. Issued by default, they can be suppressed by specifying SET NO_SEP=ON
or SET NO_SEP=1
under PC DOS. DR-DOS additionally allows to override the system's thousands-separator displayed as in f.e. SET NO_SEP=.
.
; %PATH%
(supported since DOS 2.0): This variable contains a semicolon-delimited list of directories in which the $PATH
variable (but some DOS and Windows applications also use the list to search for data files similar to $LD_LIBRARY_PATH
on Unix-like systems). It is usually changed via the PATH
A path is a route for physical travel – see Trail.
Path or PATH may also refer to:
Physical paths of different types
* Bicycle path
* Bridle path, used by people on horseback
* Course (navigation), the intended path of a vehicle
* Desire p ...
(or PATH /E
under MS-DOS 6.0) command, which also ensures that the directory names are converted into uppercase. Some DOS software actually expects the names to be stored in uppercase and the length of the list not to exceed 123 characters, therefore the variable should better not be modified via the SET
Set, The Set, SET or SETS may refer to:
Science, technology, and mathematics Mathematics
*Set (mathematics), a collection of elements
*Category of sets, the category whose objects and morphisms are sets and total functions, respectively
Electro ...
command. Long filenames containing spaces or other special characters must not be quoted ("
). By default, the current directory is searched first, but some command-line processors like .
" (for "current directory") to be included in the list as well in order to override this search order; some DOS programs are incompatible with this extension.
;%PROMPT%
(supported since DOS 2.0): This variable contains a $
-tokenized string defining the display of the prompt. It is usually changed via the PROMPT
command.
;%TEMP%
(and %TMP%
): These variables contain the path to the directory where %TEMP%
, whereas third-party programs also use %TMP%
. Typically %TEMP%
takes precedence over %TMP%
.
The DR-DOS family supports a number of additional ''standard environment variables'' including:
;%BETA%
: This variable contains an optional message displayed by some versions (including DR DOS 3.41) of COMMAND.COM
at the startup of secondary shells.
;%DRDOSCFG%
/%NWDOSCFG%
/%OPENDOSCFG%
: This variable contains the directory (without trailing "\
") where to search for .INI
and .CFG
configuration files (that is, DR-DOS application specific files like TASKMGR.INI
, TASKMAX.INI
, VIEWMAX.INI
, FASTBACK.CFG
etc., class specific files like COLORS.INI
, or global files like DRDOS.INI
, NWDOS.INI
, OPENDOS.INI
, or DOS.INI
), as used by the INSTALL
and SETUP
commands and various DR-DOS programs like DISKOPT
, DOSBOOK
, EDIT
, FBX
, FILELINK
, LOCK
, SECURITY.OVL
/NWLOGIN.EXE
, SERNO
, TASKMAX
, TASKMGR
, VIEWMAX
ViewMAX is a CUA-compliant file manager supplied with DR DOS versions 5.0 and 6.0. It is based on a cut-down runtime version of Digital Research's GEM/3 graphical user interface modified to run only a single statically built applicatio ...
, or UNDELETE
. It must not contain long filenames.
;%DRCOMSPEC%
: This variable optionally holds an alternative path to the command processor taking precedence over the path defined in the %COMSPEC%
variable, optionally including ON
" or "1
" in order to enforce the usage of the %COMSPEC%
variable even in scenarios where the %COMSPEC%
variable may point to the wrong command-line processor, for example, when running some versions of the DR-DOS SYS
command under a foreign operating system.
;%DRSYS%
: Setting this variable to "ON
" or "1
" will force some versions of the DR-DOS SYS
command to work under foreign operating systems instead of displaying a warning.
;%FBP_USER%
: Specifies the user name used by the FastBack command FBX
and .FB
A fastback is an automotive styling feature, defined by the rear of the car having a single slope from the roof to the tail. The kammback is a type of fastback style.
Some models, such as the Ford Mustang, have been specifically marketed as f ...
configuration files under %HOMEDIR%
: This variable may contain the home directory under DR-DOS (including DR DOS 5.0 and 6.0).
;%INFO%
: In some versions of DR-DOS COMMAND.COM
this variable defines the string displayed by the $I
token of the PROMPT
command. It can be used, for example, to inform the user how to exit secondary shells.
;%LOGINNAME%
: In some versions of DR-DOS COMMAND.COM
this variable defines the user name displayed by the $U
token of the PROMPT
command, as set up by f.e. login scripts for %LOGIN_NAME%
.
;%MDOS_EXEC%
: This variable can take the values "ON
" or "OFF
" under %NOCHAR%
: This variable can be used to define the character displayed by some commands in messages for "No" in ,N/code> queries, thereby overriding the current system default (typically "N
" in English versions of DR-DOS). If it contains a string, only the first character, uppercased, will be taken. Some commands also support a command line parameter /Y
to automatically assume "Yes" on queries, thereby suppressing such prompts. If, however, the parameter /Y:yn
is used to specify the "Yes"/"No" characters (thereby overriding any %NOCHAR%
setting), queries are not suppressed. See also the related CONFIG.SYS
directive NOCHAR
and the environment variable %YESCHAR%
.
;%NOSOUND%
: Setting this variable to "ON
" or "1
" will disable default beeps issued by some DR-DOS commands in certain situations such as to inform the user of the completion of some operation, that user interaction is required, or when a wrong key was pressed. Command line options to specifically enable certain beeps will override this setting.
;%OS%
:This variable contains the name of the operating system in order to distinguish between different DOS-related operating systems of Digital Research
Digital Research, Inc. (DR or DRI) was a company created by Gary Kildall to market and develop his CP/M operating system and related 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit systems like MP/M, Concurrent DOS, FlexOS, Multiuser DOS, DOS Plus, DR DOS and Gr ...
-origin in batch jobs and applications. Known values include "DOSPLUS
" ( DOS Plus 1.2 in DOS emulation), "CPCDOS 4.1
" (DOS Plus 1.2 in CP/M emulation), "DRDOS
" ( DR DOS 3.31- 6.0, DR DOS Panther, DR DOS StarTrek, DR-DOS 7.02- 7.05), "EZDOS
" ( EZ-DOS 3.41), "PALMDOS
" and "NetWare PalmDOS
" (PalmDOS 1.0
DR-DOS (written as DR DOS, without a hyphen, in versions up to and including 6.0) is a disk operating system for IBM PC compatibles. Upon its introduction in 1988, it was the first DOS attempting to be compatible with IBM PC DOS and MS-D ...
), "NWDOS
" (Novell DOS 7
DR-DOS (written as DR DOS, without a hyphen, in versions up to and including 6.0) is a disk operating system for IBM PC compatibles. Upon its introduction in 1988, it was the first DOS attempting to be compatible with IBM PC DOS and MS-D ...
), "NWDOS7
" (Novell DOS 7 Beta), "OPENDOS
" ( Caldera OpenDOS 7.01, Caldera DR-OpenDOS 7.02), "CDOS
" ( Concurrent DOS, Concurrent DOS XM
Multiuser DOS is a real-time multi-user multi-tasking operating system for IBM PC-compatible microcomputers.
An evolution of the older Concurrent CP/M-86, Concurrent DOS and Concurrent DOS 386 operating systems, it was originally developed by ...
), "CPCDOS
" ( Concurrent PC DOS), "CDOS386
" ( Concurrent DOS 386), "DRMDOS
" ( DR Multiuser DOS), "MDOS
" ( CCI Multiuser DOS), "IMSMDOS
" ( IMS Multiuser DOS), "REAL32
" (REAL/32
Multiuser DOS is a real-time multi-user multi-tasking operating system for IBM PC-compatible microcomputers.
An evolution of the older Concurrent CP/M-86, Concurrent DOS and Concurrent DOS 386 operating systems, it was originally developed by ...
). MS-DOS INTERSVR
looks for a value of "DRDOS
" as well. See also the identically named environment variable %OS%
later introduced in the Windows NT family
Windows NT is a proprietary graphical operating system produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released on July 27, 1993. It is a processor-independent, multiprocessing and multi-user operating system.
The first version of Wind ...
.
;%PEXEC%
: In some versions of DR-DOS this variable defines the command executed by the $X
token of the PROMPT
command before COMMAND.COM
displays the prompt after returning from external program execution.
;%SWITCHAR%
: This variable defines the SwitChar to be used for argument parsing by some DR-DOS commands. If defined, it overrides the system's current SwitChar setting. The only accepted characters are "/
" (DOS style), "-
" (Unix style) and " CONFIG.SYS
_directive_SWITCHAR_(CONFIG.SYS_directive).html" ;"title="/code>" (CP/M style). See also the related CONFIG.SYS
directive SWITCHAR
_(to_set_the_system's_SwitChar_setting)_and_the_#%/%.html" ;"title="SWITCHAR (CONFIG.SYS directive)">SWITCHAR
(to set the system's SwitChar setting) and the #%/%">%/%
''system information variable'' in some issues of DR-DOS COMMAND.COM
(to retrieve the current setting for portable batchjobs).
;%TASKMGRWINDIR%
: This variable specifies the directory, where the Windows SYSTEM.INI
to be used by the DR-DOS TASKMGR
multitasker is located, overriding the default procedure to locate the file.
;%VER%
: This variable contains the version of the operating system in order to distinguish between different versions of DR-DOS in batch jobs and in the display of the VER Ver or VER may refer to:
* Voluntary Export Restraints, in international trade
* VER, the IATA airport code for General Heriberto Jara International Airport
* Volk's Electric Railway, Brighton, England
* VerPublishing, of the German group VDM P ...
command. It is also used for the $V
token of the PROMPT
command and affects the value returned by the ''system information variable'' %OS_VERSION%
. Known values include "1.0
" (PalmDOS 1.0
DR-DOS (written as DR DOS, without a hyphen, in versions up to and including 6.0) is a disk operating system for IBM PC compatibles. Upon its introduction in 1988, it was the first DOS attempting to be compatible with IBM PC DOS and MS-D ...
), "1.2
" ( DOS Plus 1.2 in DOS emulation), "2.0
" ( Concurrent DOS 386 2.0), "3.0
" ( Concurrent DOS 386 3.0), "3.31
" ( DR DOS 3.31), "3.32
" ( DR DOS 3.32), "3.33
" ( DR DOS 3.33), "3.34
" ( DR DOS 3.34), "3.35
" ( DR DOS 3.35), "3.40
" ( DR DOS 3.40), "3.41
" ( DR DOS 3.41, EZ-DOS 3.41), "3.41T
" ( DR DOS 3.41T), "4.1
" ( Concurrent PC DOS 4.1), "5.0
" ( DR DOS 5.0, DR Multiuser DOS 5.0), "5.1
" ( Novell DR Multiuser DOS 5.1), "6.0
" ( DR Concurrent DOS XM 6.0, DR DOS 6.0
DR-DOS (written as DR DOS, without a hyphen, in versions up to and including 6.0) is a disk operating system for IBM PC compatibles. Upon its introduction in 1988, it was the first DOS attempting to be compatible with IBM PC DOS and MS-D ...
), "6.2
" ( DR Concurrent DOS XM 6.2), "7
" (Novell DOS 7
DR-DOS (written as DR DOS, without a hyphen, in versions up to and including 6.0) is a disk operating system for IBM PC compatibles. Upon its introduction in 1988, it was the first DOS attempting to be compatible with IBM PC DOS and MS-D ...
, Caldera OpenDOS 7.01, DR-DOS 7.02- 7.05), "7.00
" ( CCI Multiuser DOS 7.00), "7.07
" ( DR-DOS 7.07), "7.1
" ( IMS Multiuser DOS 7.1), "7.21
" ( CCI Multiuser DOS 7.21), "7.22
" ( CCI Multiuser DOS 7.22) etc.
;%YESCHAR%
:This variable can be used to define the character displayed by some commands in messages for "Yes" in ,N/code> queries, thereby overriding the current system default (typically "Y
" in English versions of DR-DOS). If it contains a string, only the first character, uppercased, will be taken. Some commands also support a command line parameter /Y
to automatically assume "Yes" on queries, thereby suppressing such prompts. If, however, the parameter /Y:y
is used to specify the "Yes" character (thereby overriding any %YESCHAR%
setting), queries are not suppressed. See also the related CONFIG.SYS
directive YESCHAR
and the environment variable %NOCHAR%
.
;%$CLS%
: This variable defines the control sequence to be sent to the console driver to clear the screen when the CLS
command is issued, thereby overriding the internal default ("←[2J
" under DR-DOS, "←E
" under DOS Plus 1.2 on Amstrad machines as well as under Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS
Multiuser DOS is a real-time multi-user multi-tasking operating system for IBM PC-compatible microcomputers.
An evolution of the older Concurrent CP/M-86, Concurrent DOS and Concurrent DOS 386 operating systems, it was originally developed by ...
, and REAL/32
Multiuser DOS is a real-time multi-user multi-tasking operating system for IBM PC-compatible microcomputers.
An evolution of the older Concurrent CP/M-86, Concurrent DOS and Concurrent DOS 386 operating systems, it was originally developed by ...
for VT52 terminals, or "←+
" under Multiuser DOS for ASCII
ASCII ( ), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Because ...
terminals). If the variable is not defined and no ANSI.SYS
console driver is detected, the DR-DOS COMMAND.COM
will directly clear the screen via INT 10h/AH=00h
BIOS function, like MS-DOS/PC DOS COMMAND.COM
does. A special \nnn
-notation for octal number
The octal numeral system, or oct for short, is the base-8 number system, and uses the digits 0 to 7. This is to say that 10octal represents eight and 100octal represents sixty-four. However, English, like most languages, uses a base-10 number ...
s is supported to allow the definition of special characters like ESC ( ASCII-27 = "←" = 1Bh = 33o), as f.e. in SET $CLS=\033 \
")_itself,_it_can_be_doubled_"\\
".
;%$DIR%
:_Supported_by_DOS_Plus_
DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
/L
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;%$DIR%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_accepting_the_values_"L"_(long)_or_"W"_(wide)_to_change_the_default_layout_of_directory_listings_with__DIR._Can_be_overridden_using_the_command_line_options_/L
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
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")_itself,_it_can_be_doubled_"\\
".
;%$DIR%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_accepting_the_values_"L"_(long)_or_"W"_(wide)_to_change_the_default_layout_of_directory_listings_with__DIR._Can_be_overridden_using_the_command_line_options_/L
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
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;%$LENGTH%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_to_define_the_screen_length_of_the_console_in_lines._This_is_used_to_control_in_a_portable_way_when_the_screen_output_should_be_temporarily_halted_until_a_key_is_pressed_in_conjunction_with_the_/P
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;%$DIR%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_accepting_the_values_"L"_(long)_or_"W"_(wide)_to_change_the_default_layout_of_directory_listings_with__DIR._Can_be_overridden_using_the_command_line_options_/L
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
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;%$LENGTH%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
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;%$DIR%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_accepting_the_values_"L"_(long)_or_"W"_(wide)_to_change_the_default_layout_of_directory_listings_with__DIR._Can_be_overridden_using_the_command_line_options_/L
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;%$PAGE%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
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;%$LENGTH%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
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".
;%$DIR%
:_Supported_by_DOS_Plus _
DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
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;%$LENGTH%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_to_define_the_screen_length_of_the_console_in_lines._This_is_used_to_control_in_a_portable_way_when_the_screen_output_should_be_temporarily_halted_until_a_key_is_pressed_in_conjunction_with_the_/P
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.
;%$WIDTH%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
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".
;%$DIR%
:_Supported_by_DOS_Plus _
DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
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;%$PAGE%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
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;%$LENGTH%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_to_define_the_screen_length_of_the_console_in_lines._This_is_used_to_control_in_a_portable_way_when_the_screen_output_should_be_temporarily_halted_until_a_key_is_pressed_in_conjunction_with_the_/P
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.
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
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;%$DIR%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
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;%$PAGE%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
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;%$LENGTH%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_to_define_the_screen_length_of_the_console_in_lines._This_is_used_to_control_in_a_portable_way_when_the_screen_output_should_be_temporarily_halted_until_a_key_is_pressed_in_conjunction_with_the_/P
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.
;%$WIDTH%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_to_define_the_screen_width_of_the_console_in_columns._This_is_used_to_control_in_a_portable_way_the_formatting_of_the_screen_output_of_commands_like__DIR_/W
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;%$DIR%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_accepting_the_values_"L"_(long)_or_"W"_(wide)_to_change_the_default_layout_of_directory_listings_with__DIR._Can_be_overridden_using_the_command_line_options_/L
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;%$PAGE%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_accepting_the_values_"ON
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;%$LENGTH%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_to_define_the_screen_length_of_the_console_in_lines._This_is_used_to_control_in_a_portable_way_when_the_screen_output_should_be_temporarily_halted_until_a_key_is_pressed_in_conjunction_with_the_/P
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.
;%$WIDTH%
:_Used_by_DOS_Plus_
DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_to_define_the_screen_width_of_the_console_in_columns._This_is_used_to_control_in_a_portable_way_the_formatting_of_the_screen_output_of_commands_like__DIR_/W
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. _See_also_the_related_environment_variables_#%$LENGTH%">%$LENGTH%
_and_#%DIRSIZE%">%DIRSIZE%
_as_well_as_the_similar_pseudo-variable_ ._To_send_the_backslash_("\
")_itself,_it_can_be_doubled_"\\
".
;%$DIR%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_accepting_the_values_"L"_(long)_or_"W"_(wide)_to_change_the_default_layout_of_directory_listings_with__DIR._Can_be_overridden_using_the_command_line_options_/L
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. _See_also_the_similar_environment_variable_#%DIRCMD%">%DIRCMD%
_and_the_DIR
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_and_/R
_of_the_DR-DOS_COMMAND.COM.
;%$PAGE%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_accepting_the_values_"ON
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"_for_pagination_control._Setting_this_to_"ON
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_to_commands_supporting_it_(like__DIR_or_TYPE_(DOS_command)">TYPE).
;%$LENGTH%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_to_define_the_screen_length_of_the_console_in_lines._This_is_used_to_control_in_a_portable_way_when_the_screen_output_should_be_temporarily_halted_until_a_key_is_pressed_in_conjunction_with_the_/P
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.
;%$WIDTH%
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DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_to_define_the_screen_width_of_the_console_in_columns._This_is_used_to_control_in_a_portable_way_the_formatting_of_the_screen_output_of_commands_like__DIR_/W
_or_TYPE_(DOS_command)">TYPE_filename
. _See_also_the_related_environment_variables_#%$LENGTH%">%$LENGTH%
_and_#%DIRSIZE%">%DIRSIZE%
_as_well_as_the_similar_pseudo-variable_#%_COLUMNS%">%_COLUMNS%
.
;%$SLICE%
:_Used_by_DOS_Plus_
DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_accepting_a_numerical_value_to_control_the_foreground/background_time_slicing_of_multitasking_programs. _See_also_the_DOS_Plus_command_ ._To_send_the_backslash_("\
")_itself,_it_can_be_doubled_"\\
".
;%$DIR%
:_Supported_by_DOS_Plus _
DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_accepting_the_values_"L"_(long)_or_"W"_(wide)_to_change_the_default_layout_of_directory_listings_with__DIR._Can_be_overridden_using_the_command_line_options_/L
_or_/W
. _See_also_the_similar_environment_variable_#%DIRCMD%">%DIRCMD%
_and_the_DIR
_options_/C
_and_/R
_of_the_DR-DOS_COMMAND.COM.
;%$PAGE%
:_Supported_by_DOS_Plus_
DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_accepting_the_values_"ON
"_or_"OFF
"_for_pagination_control._Setting_this_to_"ON
"_has_the_same_affect_as_adding_/P
_to_commands_supporting_it_(like__DIR_or_TYPE_(DOS_command)">TYPE).
;%$LENGTH%
:_Used_by_DOS_Plus_
DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_to_define_the_screen_length_of_the_console_in_lines._This_is_used_to_control_in_a_portable_way_when_the_screen_output_should_be_temporarily_halted_until_a_key_is_pressed_in_conjunction_with_the_/P
_option_supported_by_various_commands_or_with_automatic_pagnination. _See_also_the_related_environment_variables_#%$WIDTH%">%$WIDTH%
_and_#%DIRSIZE%">%DIRSIZE%
_as_well_as_the_similar_pseudo-variable_#%_ROWS%">%_ROWS%
.
;%$WIDTH%
:_Used_by_DOS_Plus_
DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_to_define_the_screen_width_of_the_console_in_columns._This_is_used_to_control_in_a_portable_way_the_formatting_of_the_screen_output_of_commands_like__DIR_/W
_or_TYPE_(DOS_command)">TYPE_filename
. _See_also_the_related_environment_variables_#%$LENGTH%">%$LENGTH%
_and_#%DIRSIZE%">%DIRSIZE%
_as_well_as_the_similar_pseudo-variable_#%_COLUMNS%">%_COLUMNS%
.
;%$SLICE%
:_Used_by_DOS_Plus_
DOS Plus_(erroneously_also_known_as_DOS+)_was_the_first_operating_system_developed_by_Digital_Research's_OEM_Support_Group_in_Newbury,_Berkshire,_UK,_first_released_in_1985._DOS_Plus_1.0_was_based_on__CP/M-86_Plus_combined_with_the__PCMODE__...
_accepting_a_numerical_value_to_control_the_foreground/background_time_slicing_of_multitasking_programs. _See_also_the_DOS_Plus_command_SLICE_(DOS_command)">SLICE
.
;%$ON%
:_This_variable_can_hold_an_optional_control_sequence_to_switch_text_highlighting,_reversion_or_colorization_on._It_is_used_to_emphasize_or_otherwise_control_the_display_of_the_file_names_in_commands_like_TYPE_(DOS_command).html" ;"title="SLICE_(DOS_command).html" ;"title="#%_COLUMNS%.html" ;"title="#%DIRSIZE%.html" ;"title="#%$LENGTH%.html" ;"title="TYPE_(DOS_command).html" ;"title="#%_ROWS%.html" ;"title="#%DIRSIZE%.html" ;"title="#%$WIDTH%.html" ;"title="TYPE_(DOS_command).html" ;"title="#%DIRCMD%.html" ;"title="J
. To send the backslash ("\
") itself, it can be doubled "\\
".
;%$DIR%
: Supported by DOS Plus
DOS Plus (erroneously also known as DOS+) was the first operating system developed by Digital Research's OEM Support Group in Newbury, Berkshire, UK, first released in 1985. DOS Plus 1.0 was based on CP/M-86 Plus combined with the PCMODE ...
accepting the values "L" (long) or "W" (wide) to change the default layout of directory listings with DIR. Can be overridden using the command line options /L
or /W
. See also the similar environment variable #%DIRCMD%">%DIRCMD%
and the DIR
options /C
and /R
of the DR-DOS COMMAND.COM.
;%$PAGE%
: Supported by DOS Plus
DOS Plus (erroneously also known as DOS+) was the first operating system developed by Digital Research's OEM Support Group in Newbury, Berkshire, UK, first released in 1985. DOS Plus 1.0 was based on CP/M-86 Plus combined with the PCMODE ...
accepting the values "ON
" or "OFF
" for pagination control. Setting this to "ON
" has the same affect as adding /P
to commands supporting it (like DIR or TYPE (DOS command)">TYPE).
;%$LENGTH%
: Used by DOS Plus
DOS Plus (erroneously also known as DOS+) was the first operating system developed by Digital Research's OEM Support Group in Newbury, Berkshire, UK, first released in 1985. DOS Plus 1.0 was based on CP/M-86 Plus combined with the PCMODE ...
to define the screen length of the console in lines. This is used to control in a portable way when the screen output should be temporarily halted until a key is pressed in conjunction with the /P
option supported by various commands or with automatic pagnination. See also the related environment variables #%$WIDTH%">%$WIDTH%
and #%DIRSIZE%">%DIRSIZE%
as well as the similar pseudo-variable #%_ROWS%">%_ROWS%
.
;%$WIDTH%
: Used by DOS Plus
DOS Plus (erroneously also known as DOS+) was the first operating system developed by Digital Research's OEM Support Group in Newbury, Berkshire, UK, first released in 1985. DOS Plus 1.0 was based on CP/M-86 Plus combined with the PCMODE ...
to define the screen width of the console in columns. This is used to control in a portable way the formatting of the screen output of commands like DIR /W
or TYPE (DOS command)">TYPE filename
. See also the related environment variables #%$LENGTH%">%$LENGTH%
and #%DIRSIZE%">%DIRSIZE%
as well as the similar pseudo-variable #%_COLUMNS%">%_COLUMNS%
.
;%$SLICE%
: Used by DOS Plus
DOS Plus (erroneously also known as DOS+) was the first operating system developed by Digital Research's OEM Support Group in Newbury, Berkshire, UK, first released in 1985. DOS Plus 1.0 was based on CP/M-86 Plus combined with the PCMODE ...
accepting a numerical value to control the foreground/background time slicing of multitasking programs. See also the DOS Plus command SLICE (DOS command)">SLICE
.
;%$ON%
: This variable can hold an optional control sequence to switch text highlighting, reversion or colorization on. It is used to emphasize or otherwise control the display of the file names in commands like TYPE (DOS command)">TYPE wildcard
, for example SET $ON=\033[1m
with ANSI.SYS loaded or SET $ON=\016
for an IBM or ESC/P printer. For the special \nnn
octal notation supported, see #%$CLS%, %$CLS%
. While the variable is undefined by default under DOS Plus and DR-DOS, the Multiuser DOS
Multiuser DOS is a real-time multi-user multi-tasking operating system for IBM PC-compatible microcomputers.
An evolution of the older Concurrent CP/M-86, Concurrent DOS and Concurrent DOS 386 operating systems, it was originally developed by ...
default for an ASCII
ASCII ( ), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Because ...
terminal equals SET $ON=\033p
. See also the related environment variable %$OFF%
.
;%$OFF%
: This variable can hold an optional control sequence to switch text highlighting, reversion or colorization off. It is used to return to the normal output after the display of file names in commands like TYPE wildcard
, for example SET $OFF=\033 _with_ANSI.SYS">m
_with_ANSI.SYS_loaded_or_SET_$OFF=\024
_for_an_IBM_or_ _with_ANSI.SYS">m
_with_ANSI.SYS_loaded_or_SET_$OFF=\024
_for_an_IBM_or_ESC/P">ANSI.SYS.html"_;"title="m
_with_ANSI.SYS">m
_with_ANSI.SYS_loaded_or_SET_$OFF=\024
_for_an_IBM_or_ESC/P_printer._For_the_special_\nnn
_octal_notation_supported,_see_ _with_ANSI.SYS">m
_with_ANSI.SYS_loaded_or_SET_$OFF=\024
_for_an_IBM_or_ESC/P">ANSI.SYS.html"_;"title="m
_with_ANSI.SYS">m
_with_ANSI.SYS_loaded_or_SET_$OFF=\024
_for_an_IBM_or_ESC/P_printer._For_the_special_\nnn
_octal_notation_supported,_see_#%$CLS%">%$CLS%
. _While_the_variable_is_undefined_by_default_under_DOS_Plus_and_DR-DOS,_the_Multiuser_DOS_
Multiuser_DOS_is_a_real-time_multi-user_multi-tasking_operating_system_for_IBM_PC-compatible_microcomputers.
An_evolution_of_the_older_Concurrent_CP/M-86,_Concurrent_DOS_and_Concurrent_DOS_386_operating_systems,_it_was_originally_developed_by__...
_default_for_an_ASCII_
ASCII_(_),_abbreviated_from_American_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange,_is_a__character_encoding_standard_for_electronic_communication._ASCII_codes_represent_text_in_computers,__telecommunications_equipment,_and_other_devices._Because__...
_terminal_equals_SET_$OFF=\033q
. _See_also_the_related_environment_variable_#%$ON%.html" ;"title="#%$CLS%.html" ;"title="ESC/P.html" ;"title="ANSI.SYS.html" ;"title="m
with ANSI.SYS">m
with ANSI.SYS loaded or SET $OFF=\024
for an IBM or ESC/P">ANSI.SYS.html" ;"title="m
with ANSI.SYS">m
with ANSI.SYS loaded or SET $OFF=\024
for an IBM or ESC/P printer. For the special \nnn
octal notation supported, see #%$CLS%">%$CLS%
. While the variable is undefined by default under DOS Plus and DR-DOS, the Multiuser DOS
Multiuser DOS is a real-time multi-user multi-tasking operating system for IBM PC-compatible microcomputers.
An evolution of the older Concurrent CP/M-86, Concurrent DOS and Concurrent DOS 386 operating systems, it was originally developed by ...
default for an ASCII
ASCII ( ), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Because ...
terminal equals SET $OFF=\033q
. See also the related environment variable #%$ON%">%$ON%
.
;%$HEADER%
: This variable can hold an optional control sequence issued before the output of the file contents in commands like TYPE
under DR-DOS 7.02 and higher. It can be used for highlighting, pagination or formatting, f.e. when sending the output to a printer, i.e. SET $HEADER=\017
for an IBM or ESC/P printer. For the special \nnn
octal notation supported, see #%$CLS%, %$CLS%
. See also the related environment variable #%$FOOTER%, %$FOOTER%
.
;%$FOOTER%
: This variable can hold an optional control sequence issued after the output of the file contents in commands like TYPE
under DR-DOS 7.02 and higher. It is used to return to the normal output format, i.e. SET $FOOTER=\022\014
in the printer example above. For the special \nnn
octal notation supported, see #%$CLS%, %$CLS%
. See also the related environment variable %$HEADER%
.
Datalight ROM-DOS supports a number of additional ''standard environment variables'' as well including:
;%DIRSIZE%
: This variable is used to define non-standard screen sizes rows cols/code> for DIR
options /P
and /W
(similar to %$LENGTH%
and %$WIDTH%
under DOS Plus).
;%NEWFILE%
: This variable is automatically set to the first parameter given to the CONFIG.SYS directive NEWFILE.
%TZ%
, %COMM%
, %SOCKETS%
, %HTTP_DIR%
, %HOSTNAME%
and %FTPDIR%
are also used by ROM-DOS.
OS/2
;%BEGINLIBPATH%
: Contains a semicolon-separated list of directories which are searched for DLLs ''before'' the directories given by the %LIBPATH%
variable (which is set during system startup with the special CONFIG.SYS directive LIBPATH
). It is possible to specify relative directories here, including ".
" for the current working directory. See also the related environment variable %ENDLIBPATH%
.
;%ENDLIBPATH%
: a list of directories to be searched for DLLs like %BEGINLIBPATH%
, but searched ''after'' the list of directories in %LIBPATH%
.
Windows
''System path variables'' refer to locations of critical operating system resources, and as such generally are not user-dependent.
;%APPDATA%
: Contains the full path to the '' Application Data'' directory of the logged-in user. Does not work on Windows NT 4.0 SP6 UK.
;%LOCALAPPDATA%
: This variable is the temporary files of ''Applications''. Its uses include storing of desktop themes, Windows error reporting
Windows Error Reporting (WER) (codenamed Watson) is a crash reporting technology introduced by Microsoft with Windows XP and included in later Windows versions and Windows Mobile 5.0 and 6.0. Not to be confused with the Dr. Watson debuggin ...
, caching and profiles of web browsers.
;% ComSpec%
/% COMSPEC%
:The %ComSpec%
variable contains the full path to the command processor; on the Windows NT family of operating systems, this is cmd.exe
Command Prompt, also known as cmd.exe or cmd, is the default command-line interpreter for the OS/2, eComStation, ArcaOS, Microsoft Windows (Windows NT family and Windows CE family), and ReactOS operating systems. On Windows CE .NET 4.2, Windo ...
, while on Windows 9x
Windows 9x is a generic term referring to a series of Microsoft Windows computer operating systems produced from 1995 to 2000, which were based on the Windows 95 kernel and its underlying foundation of MS-DOS, both of which were updated in su ...
, %COMSPEC%
is COMMAND.COM
COMMAND.COM is the default command-line interpreter for MS-DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows Me. In the case of DOS, it is the default user interface as well. It has an additional role as the usual first program run after boot (init proc ...
.
;%OS%
:The %OS%
variable contains a symbolic name of the operating system family to distinguish between differing feature sets in batchjobs. It resembles an identically named environment variable %OS%
found in all DOS-related operating systems of Digital Research
Digital Research, Inc. (DR or DRI) was a company created by Gary Kildall to market and develop his CP/M operating system and related 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit systems like MP/M, Concurrent DOS, FlexOS, Multiuser DOS, DOS Plus, DR DOS and Gr ...
-origin like Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS
Multiuser DOS is a real-time multi-user multi-tasking operating system for IBM PC-compatible microcomputers.
An evolution of the older Concurrent CP/M-86, Concurrent DOS and Concurrent DOS 386 operating systems, it was originally developed by ...
, REAL/32, DOS Plus
DOS Plus (erroneously also known as DOS+) was the first operating system developed by Digital Research's OEM Support Group in Newbury, Berkshire, UK, first released in 1985. DOS Plus 1.0 was based on CP/M-86 Plus combined with the PCMODE ...
, DR DOS
DR-DOS (written as DR DOS, without a hyphen, in versions up to and including 6.0) is a disk operating system for IBM PC compatibles. Upon its introduction in 1988, it was the first DOS attempting to be compatible with IBM PC DOS and MS-D ...
, Novell DOS and OpenDOS. %OS%
always holds the string "Windows_NT
" on the Windows NT family
Windows NT is a proprietary graphical operating system produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released on July 27, 1993. It is a processor-independent, multiprocessing and multi-user operating system.
The first version of Wind ...
.
;%PATH%
: This variable contains a semicolon-delimited (do not put spaces in between) list of directories in which the command interpreter will search for an executable file that matches the given command. Environment variables that represent paths may be nested within the %PATH%
variable, but only at one level of indirection. If this sub-path environment variable itself contains an environment variable representing a path, %PATH%
will not expand properly in the variable substitution. Equivalent to the Unix
Unix (; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, whose development started in 1969 at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, ...
$PATH
variable.
;%ProgramFiles%
, %ProgramFiles(x86)%
, %ProgramW6432%
: The %ProgramFiles%
variable points to the ''Program Files'' directory, which stores all the installed programs of Windows and others. The default on English-language systems is "C:\Program Files
". In 64-bit editions of Windows (XP, 2003, Vista), there are also %ProgramFiles(x86)%
, which defaults to "C:\Program Files (x86)
", and %ProgramW6432%
, which defaults to "C:\Program Files
". The %ProgramFiles%
itself depends on whether the process requesting the environment variable is itself 32-bit or 64-bit (this is caused by Windows-on-Windows 64-bit redirection).
;%CommonProgramFiles%
: This variable points to the ''Common Files'' directory. The default is "C:\Program Files\Common Files
" in the English version of Windows.
;%OneDrive%
: The %OneDrive%
variable is a special system-wide environment variable found on Windows NT and its derivatives. Its value is the path of where (if installed and setup) the Onedrive directory is located. The value of %OneDrive%
is in most cases "C:\Users\\OneDrive\
".
;%SystemDrive%
: The %SystemDrive%
variable is a special system-wide environment variable found on Windows NT and its derivatives. Its value is the drive upon which the system directory was placed. The value of %SystemDrive%
is in most cases "C:
".
;%SystemRoot%
:The %SystemRoot%
variable is a special system-wide environment variable found on the Windows NT family of operating systems. Its value is the location of the system directory, including the drive and path. The drive is the same as %SystemDrive%
and the default path on a clean installation depends upon the version of the operating system. By default:
:* Windows XP
Windows XP is a major release of Microsoft's Windows NT operating system. It was released to manufacturing on August 24, 2001, and later to retail on October 25, 2001. It is a direct upgrade to its predecessors, Windows 2000 for high-end and ...
and newer versions use "\WINDOWS
".
:* Windows 2000
Windows 2000 is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft and oriented towards businesses. It was the direct successor to Windows NT 4.0, and was released to manufacturing on December 15, 1999, and was officiall ...
, NT 4.0 and NT 3.1 use "\WINNT
".
:* Windows NT 3.5 and NT 3.51 uses "\WINNT35
".
:* Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server uses "\WTSRV
".
;%windir%
:This variable points to the ''Windows'' directory. (On the Windows NT family of operating systems, it is identical to the %SystemRoot%
variable). Windows 95
Windows 95 is a consumer-oriented operating system developed by Microsoft as part of its Windows 9x family of operating systems. The first operating system in the 9x family, it is the successor to Windows 3.1x, and was released to manufacturi ...
– 98 and Windows ME
Windows Millennium Edition, or Windows Me (marketed with the pronunciation of the pronoun "me"), is an operating system developed by Microsoft as part of its Windows 9x family of Microsoft Windows operating systems. It is the successor to Windo ...
are, by default, installed in "C:\Windows
". For other versions of Windows, see the %SystemRoot%
entry above.
''User management variables'' store information related to resources and settings owned by various user profile
A user profile is a collection of settings and information associated with a user. It contains critical information that is used to identify an individual, such as their name, age, portrait photograph and individual characteristics such as ...
s within the system. As a general rule, these variables do not refer to critical system resources or locations that are necessary for the OS to run.
;%ALLUSERSPROFILE%
(%PROGRAMDATA%
since Windows Vista): This variable expands to the full path to the ''All Users'' profile directory. This profile contains resources and settings that are used by all system accounts. Shortcut links copied to the ''All Users''\' ''Start menu'' or ''Desktop'' directories will appear in every user's ''Start menu'' or ''Desktop
A desktop traditionally refers to:
* The surface of a desk (often to distinguish office appliances that fit on a desk, such as photocopiers and printers, from larger equipment covering its own area on the floor)
Desktop may refer to various compu ...
'', respectively.
;%USERDOMAIN%
: The name of the '' Workgroup'' or ''Windows Domain
A Windows domain is a form of a computer network in which all user accounts, computers, printers and other security principals, are registered with a central database located on one or more clusters of central computers known as domain controlle ...
'' to which the current user belongs. The related variable, %LOGONSERVER%
, holds the hostname
In computer networking, a hostname (archaically nodename) is a label that is assigned to a device connected to a computer network and that is used to identify the device in various forms of electronic communication, such as the World Wide Web. Hos ...
of the server that authenticated the current user's login credentials (name and password). For home PCs and PCs in a workgroup, the authenticating server is usually the PC itself. For PCs in a Windows domain, the authenticating server is a domain controller A domain controller (DC) is a server computer that responds to security authentication requests within a computer network domain. It is a network server that is responsible for allowing host access to domain resources. It authenticates users, sto ...
(a primary domain controller, or PDC, in Windows NT 4-based domains).
;%USERPROFILE%
: A special system-wide environment variable found on Windows NT and its derivatives. Its value is the location of the current user's profile directory, in which is found that user's HKCU registry hive (NTUSER
). Users can also use the %USERNAME%
variable to determine the active users login identification.
''Optional System variables'' are not explicitly specified by default but can be used to modify the default behavior of certain built-in console commands. These variables also do not need to be explicitly specified as command line arguments.
Default values
The following tables shows typical default values of certain environment variables under English versions of Windows as they can be retrieved under CMD
.
(Some of these variables are also defined when running COMMAND.COM
under Windows, but differ in certain important details: Under COMMAND.COM
, the names of environment variable are always uppercased. Some, but not all variables contain short 8.3 rather than long file names. While some variables present in the CMD
environment are missing, there are also some variables specific to the COMMAND
environment.)
In this list, there is no environment variable that refers to the location of the user's ''My Documents'' directory, so there is no standard method for setting a program's home directory to be the ''My Documents'' directory.
Pseudo-environment variables
The command processors in DOS and Windows also support pseudo-environment variables. These are values that are fetched like environment variables, but are not truly stored in the environment but computed when requested.
DOS
Besides true environment variables, which are statically stored in the environment until changed or deleted, a number of pseudo-environment variables exist for batch processing.
The so-called ''replacement parameters'' or ''replaceable parameters'' (Microsoft / IBM terminology) aka ''replacement variables'' (Digital Research / Novell / Caldera terminology) or '' batch file parameters'' (JP Software terminology) %1
..%9
and %0
can be used to retrieve the calling parameters of a batchjob, see SHIFT
. In batchjobs, they can be retrieved just like environment variables, but are not actually stored in the environment.
Some command-line processors (like DR-DOS COMMAND.COM
, Multiuser DOS
Multiuser DOS is a real-time multi-user multi-tasking operating system for IBM PC-compatible microcomputers.
An evolution of the older Concurrent CP/M-86, Concurrent DOS and Concurrent DOS 386 operating systems, it was originally developed by ...
MDOS.COM
/ TMP.EXE
(Terminal Message Process), JP Software 4DOS
4DOS is a command-line interpreter by JP Software, designed to replace the default command interpreter COMMAND.COM in Microsoft DOS and Windows. It was written by Rex C. Conn and Tom Rawson and first released in 1989. Compared to the default, ...
, 4OS2
4OS2 is the OS/2 analogue of 4NT and 4DOS by JP Software, Inc. JP Software discontinued 4OS2, TCMDOS2 and TCMD16, making version 3.0, 2.0, 2.0 the final version of these. The code for 4OS2 has been released, and is maintained, first by Sci ...
, 4NT, Take Command and Windows cmd.exe
Command Prompt, also known as cmd.exe or cmd, is the default command-line interpreter for the OS/2, eComStation, ArcaOS, Microsoft Windows (Windows NT family and Windows CE family), and ReactOS operating systems. On Windows CE .NET 4.2, Windo ...
) support a type of pseudo-environment variables named ''system information variables'' (Novell / Caldera terminology) or ''internal variables'' (JP Software terminology), which can be used to retrieve various possibly dynamic, but read-only information about the running system in batch jobs. The returned values represent the status of the system in the moment these variables are queried; that is, reading them multiple times in a row may return different values even within the same command; querying them has no direct effect on the system. Since they are not stored in the environment, they are not listed by SET
Set, The Set, SET or SETS may refer to:
Science, technology, and mathematics Mathematics
*Set (mathematics), a collection of elements
*Category of sets, the category whose objects and morphisms are sets and total functions, respectively
Electro ...
and do not exist for external programs to retrieve. If a true environment variable of the same name is defined, it takes precedence over the corresponding variable until the environment variable is deleted again. They are not case-sensitive.
While almost all such variables are prefixed with an underscore
An underscore, ; also called an underline, low line, or low dash; is a line drawn under a segment of text. In proofreading, underscoring is a convention that says "set this text in italic type", traditionally used on manuscript or typescript a ...
("_
") by 4DOS etc. by convention (f.e. %_SECOND%
), they are not under DR-DOS COMMAND.COM
(f.e. %OS_VERSION%
).
In addition, 4DOS, 4OS2, 4NT, and Take Command also support so called ''variable functions'', including user-definable ones. They work just like ''internal variables'', but can take optional parameters (f.e. %@EVAL[]%
) and may even change the system status depending on their function.
''System information variables'' supported by DR-DOS COMMAND.COM
:
;%AM_PM%
: This pseudo-variable returns the ante- or post-midday status of the current time. The returned string depends on the locale-specific version of DR-DOS, f.e. "am
" or "pm
" in the English version. It resembles an identically named ''identifier variable'' in Novell NetWare
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol.
The original NetWare product in ...
login scripts.
;%DAY%
: This pseudo-variable returns the days of the current date in a 2-digit format with leading zeros, f.e. "01
".."31
". See also the similar pseudo-variable %_DAY%
. It resembles an identically named ''identifier variable'' in Novell NetWare
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol.
The original NetWare product in ...
login scripts.
;%DAY_OF_WEEK%
: This pseudo-variable returns the day name of the week in a 3-character format. The returned string depends on the locale-specific version of DR-DOS, f.e. "Sun
", "Mon
", "Tue
", "Wed
", "Thu
", "Fri
", or "Sat
" in the English version. It resembles an identically named ''identifier variable'' in Novell NetWare
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol.
The original NetWare product in ...
login scripts.
;%ERRORLEVEL%
: In COMMAND.COM
of DR-DOS 7.02 and higher, this pseudo-variable returns the last error level returned by an external program or the RETURN
command, f.e. "0
".."255
". See also the identically named pseudo-variable %ERRORLEVEL%
under Windows and the IF ERRORLEVEL
conditional command.
;%ERRORLVL%
: In DR-DOS 7.02 and higher, this pseudo-variable returns the last error level in a 3-digit format with leading zeros, f.e. "000
".."255
". Under Multiuser DOS
Multiuser DOS is a real-time multi-user multi-tasking operating system for IBM PC-compatible microcomputers.
An evolution of the older Concurrent CP/M-86, Concurrent DOS and Concurrent DOS 386 operating systems, it was originally developed by ...
, this is a true environment variable automatically updated by the shell to the return code of exiting programs. See also the related pseudo-variable %ERRORLEVEL%
under DR-DOS and the IF ERRORLEVEL
command.
;%GREETING_TIME%
: This pseudo-variable returns the 3-level day greeting time. The returned string depends on the locale-specific version of DR-DOS, f.e. "morning
", "afternoon
", or "evening
" in the English version. It resembles an identically named ''identifier variable'' in Novell NetWare
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol.
The original NetWare product in ...
login scripts.
;%HOUR%
: This pseudo-variable returns the hours of the current time in 12-hour format without leading zeros, f.e. "1
".."12
". It resembles an identically named ''identifier variable'' in Novell NetWare
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol.
The original NetWare product in ...
login scripts.
;%HOUR24%
: This pseudo-variable returns the hours of the current time in 24-hour format in a 2-digit format with leading zeros, f.e. "00
".."23
". It resembles an identically named ''identifier variable'' in Novell NetWare
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol.
The original NetWare product in ...
login scripts. See also the similar pseudo-variable %_HOUR%
.
;%MINUTE%
: This pseudo-variable returns the minutes of the current time in a 2-digit format with leading zeros, f.e "00
".."59
". It resembles an identically named ''identifier variable'' in Novell NetWare
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol.
The original NetWare product in ...
login scripts. See also the similar pseudo-variable %_MINUTE%
.
;%MONTH%
: This pseudo-variable returns the months of the current date in a 2-digit format with leading zeros, f.e. "01
".."12
". It resembles an identically named ''identifier variable'' in Novell NetWare
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol.
The original NetWare product in ...
login scripts. See also the similar pseudo-variable %_MONTH%
.
;%MONTH_NAME%
: This pseudo-variable returns the month name of the current date. The returned string depends on the locale-specific version of DR-DOS, f.e. "January
", "February
", "March
", "April
", "May
", "June
", "July
", "August
", "September
", "October
", or "December
" in the English version. It resembles an identically named ''identifier variable'' in Novell NetWare
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol.
The original NetWare product in ...
login scripts.
;%NDAY_OF_WEEK%
: This pseudo-variable returns the number of day of the current week, f.e. "1
".."7
" (with "1
" for Sunday). It resembles an identically named ''identifier variable'' in Novell NetWare
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol.
The original NetWare product in ...
login scripts.
;%OS_VERSION%
: This pseudo-variable returns the version of the operating system depending on the current setting of the environment variable %VER%
. If %VER%
is not defined, %OS_VERSION%
returns "off
". It resembles an identically named ''identifier variable'' in Novell NetWare
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol.
The original NetWare product in ...
login scripts, which may return versions also for non-DR-DOS versions of DOS.
;%SECOND%
: This pseudo-variable returns the seconds of the current time in a 2-digit format with leading zeros, f.e. "00
".."59
". It resembles an identically named ''identifier variable'' in Novell NetWare
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol.
The original NetWare product in ...
login scripts. See also the similar pseudo-variable %_SECOND%
.
;%SHORT_YEAR%
: This pseudo-variable returns the year of the current date in a 2-digit format with leading zeros, f.e. "93
".."99
", "00
".."92
". It resembles an identically named ''identifier variable'' in Novell NetWare
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol.
The original NetWare product in ...
login scripts.
;%YEAR%
and %_YEAR%
: Supported since Novell DOS 7
DR-DOS (written as DR DOS, without a hyphen, in versions up to and including 6.0) is a disk operating system for IBM PC compatibles. Upon its introduction in 1988, it was the first DOS attempting to be compatible with IBM PC DOS and MS-D ...
, the %YEAR%
pseudo-variable returns the year of the current date in a 4-digit format, f.e. "1980
".."2099
". It resembles an identically named ''identifier variable'' in Novell NetWare
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol.
The original NetWare product in ...
login scripts. DR-DOS 7.02 and higher added %_YEAR%
for compatibility with 4DOS
4DOS is a command-line interpreter by JP Software, designed to replace the default command interpreter COMMAND.COM in Microsoft DOS and Windows. It was written by Rex C. Conn and Tom Rawson and first released in 1989. Compared to the default, ...
, returning the same value.
;%/%
: In COMMAND.COM
of DR-DOS 7.02 and higher, this pseudo-variable returns the current SwitChar setting of the system, either "/
" (DOS style) or "-
" (Unix style). See also the related CONFIG.SYS
directive SWITCHAR and the environment variable %SWITCHAR%
.
;%_CODEPAGE%
: This pseudo-variable returns the systems' current code page ("1
".."65533
"), f.e. " 437
", "850
''For codepage, see CP850.''
__NOTOC__
Year 850 ( DCCCL) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* February 1 – King Ramiro I dies in his palac ...
", " 858
". This variable was originally introduced by 4DOS
4DOS is a command-line interpreter by JP Software, designed to replace the default command interpreter COMMAND.COM in Microsoft DOS and Windows. It was written by Rex C. Conn and Tom Rawson and first released in 1989. Compared to the default, ...
, but also became available with COMMAND.COM
since DR-DOS 7.02. See also the CHCP
command.
;%_COLUMNS%
: This pseudo-variable returns the current number of screen columns depending on the display mode, f.e. "40
", "80
", "132
", etc. This variable was originally introduced by 4DOS
4DOS is a command-line interpreter by JP Software, designed to replace the default command interpreter COMMAND.COM in Microsoft DOS and Windows. It was written by Rex C. Conn and Tom Rawson and first released in 1989. Compared to the default, ...
, but also became available with COMMAND.COM
since DR-DOS 7.02. See also a similar environment variable %$WIDTH%
under DOS Plus.
;%_COUNTRY%
: This pseudo-variable returns the systems' current country code
Country codes are short alphabetic or numeric geographical codes (geocodes) developed to represent countries and dependent areas, for use in data processing and communications. Several different systems have been developed to do this. The term ...
("1
".."65534
"), f.e. "1
" for USA, "44
" for UK, "49
" for Germany, "20049
" with ISO 8601
ISO 8601 is an international standard covering the worldwide exchange and communication of date and time-related data. It is maintained by the Geneva-based International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and was first published in 1988, w ...
, "21049
" with ISO 8601 and Euro
The euro ( symbol: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 out of the member states of the European Union (EU). This group of states is known as the eurozone or, officially, the euro area, and includes about 340 million citizens . ...
support. This variable was originally introduced by 4DOS
4DOS is a command-line interpreter by JP Software, designed to replace the default command interpreter COMMAND.COM in Microsoft DOS and Windows. It was written by Rex C. Conn and Tom Rawson and first released in 1989. Compared to the default, ...
, but also became available with COMMAND.COM
since DR-DOS 7.02. See also the CONFIG.SYS
directive COUNTRY
A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. It may be a sovereign state or make up one part of a larger state. For example, the country of Japan is an independent, sovereign state, while ...
.
;%_DAY%
: This pseudo-variable returns the days of the current date without leading zeros, f.e. "1
".."31
". This variable was originally introduced by 4DOS
4DOS is a command-line interpreter by JP Software, designed to replace the default command interpreter COMMAND.COM in Microsoft DOS and Windows. It was written by Rex C. Conn and Tom Rawson and first released in 1989. Compared to the default, ...
, but also became available with COMMAND.COM
since DR-DOS 7.02. See also the similar pseudo-variable %DAY%
.
;%_HOUR%
: This pseudo-variable returns the hours of the current time in 24-hour format without leading zeros, f.e. "0
".."23
". This variable was originally introduced by 4DOS
4DOS is a command-line interpreter by JP Software, designed to replace the default command interpreter COMMAND.COM in Microsoft DOS and Windows. It was written by Rex C. Conn and Tom Rawson and first released in 1989. Compared to the default, ...
, but also became available with COMMAND.COM
since DR-DOS 7.02. See also the similar pseudo-variable %HOUR24%
.
;%_MINUTE%
: This pseudo-variable returns the minutes of the current time without leading zeros, f.e "0
".."59
". This variable was originally introduced by 4DOS
4DOS is a command-line interpreter by JP Software, designed to replace the default command interpreter COMMAND.COM in Microsoft DOS and Windows. It was written by Rex C. Conn and Tom Rawson and first released in 1989. Compared to the default, ...
, but also became available with COMMAND.COM
since DR-DOS 7.02. See also the similar pseudo-variable %MINUTE%
.
;%_MONTH%
: This pseudo-variable returns the months of the current date without leading zeros, f.e. "1
".."12
". This variable was originally introduced by 4DOS
4DOS is a command-line interpreter by JP Software, designed to replace the default command interpreter COMMAND.COM in Microsoft DOS and Windows. It was written by Rex C. Conn and Tom Rawson and first released in 1989. Compared to the default, ...
, but also became available with COMMAND.COM
since DR-DOS 7.02. See also the similar pseudo-variable %MONTH%
.
;%_ROWS%
: This pseudo-variable returns the current number of screen rows depending on the display mode, f.e. "25
", "43
", "50
", etc. This variable was originally introduced by 4DOS
4DOS is a command-line interpreter by JP Software, designed to replace the default command interpreter COMMAND.COM in Microsoft DOS and Windows. It was written by Rex C. Conn and Tom Rawson and first released in 1989. Compared to the default, ...
, but also became available with COMMAND.COM
since DR-DOS 7.02. See a similar environment variable %$LENGTH%
under DOS Plus.
;%_SECOND%
: This pseudo-variable returns the seconds of the current time without leading zeros, f.e. "0
".."59
". This variable was originally introduced by 4DOS
4DOS is a command-line interpreter by JP Software, designed to replace the default command interpreter COMMAND.COM in Microsoft DOS and Windows. It was written by Rex C. Conn and Tom Rawson and first released in 1989. Compared to the default, ...
, but also became available with COMMAND.COM
since DR-DOS 7.02. See also the similar pseudo-variable %SECOND%
.
''System information variables'' supported by DR-DOS COMMAND.COM
with networking loaded:
;%LOGIN_NAME%
: This pseudo-variable returns the user name. This always worked with NETX
, but it will also work with Personal NetWare's ODI/ VLM if the current drive is a PNW-mapped drive (otherwise an empty string is returned). See also the similarly named environment variable %LOGINNAME%
.
;%P_STATION%
: This pseudo-variable returns the physical station number in a format "????????????
". The value depends on the MAC address
A media access control address (MAC address) is a unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for use as a network address in communications within a network segment. This use is common in most IEEE 802 networking tec ...
of the network adapter, but can be overridden. It resembles an identically named ''identifier variable'' in Novell NetWare
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol.
The original NetWare product in ...
login scripts.
;%STATION%
: This pseudo-variable returns the logical station number starting with "1
" for the first client. The numbers are assigned by the file server and remain static for as long as the IPX
Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) is the network layer protocol in the IPX/SPX protocol suite. IPX is derived from Xerox Network Systems' IDP. It also has the ability to act as a transport layer protocol.
The IPX/SPX protocol suite was very p ...
connection remains established. It resembles an identically named ''identifier variable'' in Novell NetWare
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol.
The original NetWare product in ...
login scripts.
;%FULL_NAME%
: This pseudo-variable returns the full name of the logged in user, if available. It resembles an identically named ''identifier variable'' in Novell NetWare
NetWare is a discontinued computer network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a personal computer, using the IPX network protocol.
The original NetWare product in ...
login scripts. See also the related pseudo-variable %LOGIN_NAME%
.
Windows
''Dynamic environment variables'' (also named ''internal variables'' or ''system information variables'' under DOS) are pseudo-environment variables supported by CMD.EXE
Command Prompt, also known as cmd.exe or cmd, is the default command-line interpreter for the OS/2, eComStation, ArcaOS, Microsoft Windows (Windows NT family and Windows CE family), and ReactOS operating systems. On Windows CE .NET 4.2, Windo ...
when command-line extensions are enabled, and they expand to various discrete values whenever queried, that is, their values can change when queried multiple times even within the same command. While they can be used in batch jobs and at the prompt, they are not stored in the environment. Consequently, they are neither listed by SET
nor do they exist for external programs to read. They are not case-sensitive.
Indirectly, they are also supported under Windows' COMMAND.COM
, which has been modified to internally call CMD.EXE
to execute the commands.
;%CD%
: This pseudo-variable expands to the current directory equivalent to the output of the command CD
when called without arguments. While a long filename can be returned under CMD.EXE
depending on the current directory, the fact that the current directory will always be in 8.3 format under COMMAND.COM
will cause it to return a short filename under COMMAND.COM
, even when COMMAND
internally calls CMD
.
;%CMDCMDLINE%
: This pseudo-variable expands to the original startup parameters of CMD.EXE
Command Prompt, also known as cmd.exe or cmd, is the default command-line interpreter for the OS/2, eComStation, ArcaOS, Microsoft Windows (Windows NT family and Windows CE family), and ReactOS operating systems. On Windows CE .NET 4.2, Windo ...
, f.e. "C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe
". Under Windows' COMMAND.COM
, this may return something like "C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c ...
" due to the fact that COMMAND.COM
calls CMD.EXE
internally.
;%CMDEXTVERSION%
: This pseudo-variable expands to the version of the command-line extensions of CMD.EXE
Command Prompt, also known as cmd.exe or cmd, is the default command-line interpreter for the OS/2, eComStation, ArcaOS, Microsoft Windows (Windows NT family and Windows CE family), and ReactOS operating systems. On Windows CE .NET 4.2, Windo ...
, if enabled (e.g. "1
" under Windows NT
Windows NT is a proprietary graphical operating system produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released on July 27, 1993. It is a processor-independent, multiprocessing and multi-user operating system.
The first version of Win ...
, "2
" under Windows 2000
Windows 2000 is a major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft and oriented towards businesses. It was the direct successor to Windows NT 4.0, and was released to manufacturing on December 15, 1999, and was officiall ...
and Windows XP
Windows XP is a major release of Microsoft's Windows NT operating system. It was released to manufacturing on August 24, 2001, and later to retail on October 25, 2001. It is a direct upgrade to its predecessors, Windows 2000 for high-end and ...
).
;%DATE%
: This pseudo-variable expands to the current date. The date is displayed according to the current user's date format preferences.
;%ERRORLEVEL%
: This pseudo-variable expands to the last set error level, a value between "0
" and "255
" (without leading zeros). External commands and some internal commands set error levels upon execution. See also the identically named pseudo-variable %ERRORLEVEL%
under DR-DOS and the IF ERRORLEVEL
command.
;%HIGHESTNUMANODENUMBER%
: This pseudo-variable returns the number of the highest NUMA
Nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NUMA1'' gene.
Interactions
Nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1 has been shown to interact with PIM1, Band 4.1, GPSM2
G-protein-signaling modulator 2, also call ...
node.
;%RANDOM%
: This pseudo-variable returns a random number between "0
" and "32767
".
;%TIME%
: This pseudo-variable returns the current time. The time is displayed according to the current user's time format preferences. If the %TIME%
and %DATE%
variables are both used, it is important to read them both in this particular order in rapid succession in order to avoid midnight-rollover problems.
Other shells
Unix-like shells have similar dynamically generated variables, bash's $RANDOM
being a well-known example. However, since these shells have a concept of local variables, they are described as special local variables instead.
See also
* Variable (computer science)
In computer programming, a variable is an abstract storage location paired with an associated symbolic name, which contains some known or unknown quantity of information referred to as a ''value''; or in simpler terms, a variable is a named cont ...
* List of Unix commands
This is a list of Unix commands as specified by IEEE Std 1003.1-2008, which is part of the Single UNIX Specification (SUS). These commands can be found on Unix operating systems and most Unix-like operating systems.
List
See also
* List of G ...
* List of DOS commands
This article presents a list of commands used by DOS operating systems, especially as used on x86-based IBM PC compatibles (PCs). Other DOS operating systems are not part of the scope of this list.
In DOS, many standard system commands were pro ...
* Special folder
On Microsoft Windows, a special folder is a folder that is presented to the user through an interface as an abstract concept instead of an absolute folder path. (The synonymous term shell folder is sometimes used instead.) Special folders mak ...
* Modules Environment
* PWB shell
* Windows Registry
The Windows Registry is a hierarchical database that stores low-level settings for the Microsoft Windows operating system and for applications that opt to use the registry. The kernel, device drivers, services, Security Accounts Manager, and ...
Notes
References
Further reading
*
External links
*
*
*
*
*
User Environment Variables
fix setx.exe not found bug
{{Windows commands
Operating system technology