The , or (; "complaint, vexation") is a

genre Genre () is any form or type of communication in any mode (written, spoken, digital, artistic, etc.) with socially-agreed-upon conventions developed over time. In popular usage, it normally describes a category of literature, music, or other for ...

lyric poetry Modern lyric poetry is a formal type of poetry which expresses personal emotions or feelings, typically spoken in the first person. It is not equivalent to song lyrics, though song lyrics are often in the lyric mode, and it is also ''not'' equi ...

practised by the

troubadour A troubadour (, ; oc, trobador ) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350). Since the word ''troubadour'' is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a ''trobairit ...

s. Somewhat similar to the , the was generally a litany of complaints, few of them connect topically to the others. The word "" appears frequently in such works. The

Monge de Montaudon The (Lo) Monge de Montaudon (meaning "monk of Montaudon") ( fl. 1193–1210Gaunt and Kay, Appendix I, 287.), born Pèire de Vic, was a nobleman, monk, and troubadour from the Auvergne, born at the castle of Vic-sur-Cère near Aurillac, where he ...

was the first master of the . Raymond Hill defined an as "the enumeration in epigrammatic style of a series of vexatious things". He finds the genre continued in later medieval

Catalan Catalan may refer to: Catalonia From, or related to Catalonia: * Catalan language, a Romance language * Catalans, an ethnic group formed by the people from, or with origins in, Northern or southern Catalonia Places * 13178 Catalan, asteroid #1 ...

Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

, and Galician-Portuguese literature. Ernest Wilkins considered

William Shakespeare's William Shakespeare ( 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's nation ...

Sonnet LXVI Sonnet 66 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It's a member of the Fair Youth sequence, in which the poet expresses his love towards a young man. Synopsis Sonnet 66 is a world-weary, desperate ...

an example of an

English English usually refers to: * English language * English people English may also refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England ** English national ide ...

, citing also example from

Petrarch Francesco Petrarca (; 20 July 1304 – 18/19 July 1374), commonly anglicized as Petrarch (), was a scholar and poet of early Renaissance Italy, and one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited w ...

. Richard Levin considers the anonymous English poem beginning "Whear giltles men ar greuously opreste" to be an .

Sources

*Chambers, Frank M. ''An Introduction to Old Provençal Versification''. Diane, 1985. . *Hill, Raymond Thompson
"The ''Enueg''"
''Periodical of the Modern Languages Association'', 27 (1912), pp. 265–96. *Hill, Raymond Thompson
"The ''Enueg'' and ''Plazer'' in Medieval French and Italian"
''Periodical of the Modern Languages Association'', 30 (1915), pp. 42–63. *Levin, Richard. "A Second English ''Enueg''", ''

Philological Quarterly The ''Philological Quarterly'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering research on medieval European and modern literature and culture. It was established in 1922 by Hardin Craig. The inaugural issue of the journal was made available at sixty ...

'', 53:3 (1974:Summer), pp. 428–30. *Wilkins, Ernest. "The ''Enueg'' in Petrarch and Shakespeare", ''MP'', 13 (1915), pp. 495–96. {{Western medieval lyric forms Western medieval lyric forms Occitan literary genres