Ferruginous Carpenter Ant Tending Keeled Treehoppers - Flickr - treegrow

''Entylia carinata'', commonly known as the keeled treehopper, is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae. They can be found in Brazil, Panama, Mexico, the United States, and Canada. Keeled treehoppers are often attended by ants which feed on the honeydew they excrete. In return, the ants offer protection from predators. Keeled treehoppers typically feed on plants in the aster family and they are not known to transmit plant diseases and are not considered significant plant pests.

Biology

Life cycle

As adults, keeled treehoppers spend the winter months in leaf litter and debris, finally emerging in March. They begin to reproduce and implant their eggs on aster leafs. During this time of year plants produce vulnerable growth and soft tissues which make it an optimal time to embed their eggs. Occasionally the laid eggs cause the leaf to fold over, forming a protected environment for the nymphs to develop in once they hatch.

Behavior

Keeled treehoppers mothers exhibit parental care and spend time protecting their egg masses. They are phloem feeders, and their diet consists of liquids extracted from plants. Plant sap, while a convenient material to feed on, is lacking in many different nutrients including essential amino acids. Because their food source is so nutrient poor, keeled treehoppers rely on gut symbionts in order to supplement their diet.

Host plants

Keeled treehoppers can be found on plants such as asters, baccharis, fleabane, goldenrod, sunflowers, oaks, dogwood, solanum, dahlias, and many more. However, they exhibit a preference for plants in the family Asteraceae.

Geographic distribution

These insects can be found in Canada, the eastern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America.

Morphology

Keeled treehoppers have unique saddle shaped keels, and are small and brown. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, females are typically 1/4 of an inch (6.35 mm) long with more pronounced keels while males are smaller, and their keels less noticeable. On occasion, males appear so different that they are misidentified.

Symbiosis

Like many other species in the family Membracidae, keeled treehoppers have ant-tending mutualism. Ants care for both nymphs and adults. The ant species known to live symbiotically with keeled treehoppers are '' Camponotus ferrugineus,

Formica subsericea ''Formica subsericea'', colloquially known as the black field ant, is a species of ant in the genus '' Formica''. It is found in the eastern United States and Canada. Workers of this species are incredibly fast and quite timid. Workers of this ...

, Prenolepis imparis, Tapinoma sessile, and Camponotus pennsylvanicus.'' Ants feed on treehopper honeydew and assist the treehoppers fending off predators and facilitating feeding. Honeydew feeding not only benefits ants, but also prevents nymphs from becoming trapped in the sticky material and

sooty mold Sooty mold (also spelled sooty mould) is a collective term for different Ascomycete fungi, which includes many genera, commonly '' Cladosporium'' and '' Alternaria''. It grows on plants and their fruit, but also environmental objects, like fences ...

s from growing on the host plants.

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q10485003 Insects described in 1771 Smiliinae