Enryaku-ji

is a Tendai monastery located on Mount Hiei in Ōtsu, overlooking Kyoto. It was first founded in 788 during the early Heian period (794–1185) by Saichō (767–822), also known as Dengyō Daishi, who introduced the Tendai sect of Mahayana Buddhism to Japan from China. The temple complex has undergone several reconstruction efforts since then, with the most significant (that of the main hall) taking place in 1642 under Tokugawa Iemitsu. Enryaku-ji is the headquarters of the Tendai sect and one of the most significant monasteries in Japanese history. As such, it is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities)". The founders of Jōdo-shū, Jōdo Shinshū, Sōtō Zen, and Nichiren Buddhism all spent time at the monastery. Enryaku-ji is also the center for the practice of kaihōgyō (aka the "marathon monks").

History

With the support of Emperor Kanmu, the Buddhist monk Saichō ordained a hundred disciples in 807. Maintaining a strict discipline on Mt. Hiei, his monks lived in seclusion for twelve years of study and meditation. After this period, the best students were retained in positions in the monastery and others graduated into positions in the government. At the peak of its power, Enryaku-ji was a huge complex of as many as 3,000 sub-temples and a powerful army of . In the tenth century, succession disputes broke out between Tendai monks of the line of Ennin and Enchin. These disputes resulted in opposing Tendai centers at Enryaku-ji and at Mii-dera, known respectively as the and the . Warrior monks were used to settle the disputes, and Tendai leaders began to hire mercenary armies who threatened rivals and even marched on the capital to enforce monastic demands.

As part of a program to remove all potential rivals and unite the country, warlord Oda Nobunaga ended this Buddhist militancy in 1571 by attacking Enryaku-ji, leveling the buildings and slaughtering monks. Enryaku-ji's current structures date from the late 16th century through the first half of the 17th century, when the temple was reconstructed following a change of government. Only one minor building survived, the ''Ruri-dō'' (るり堂, "Lapis Lazuli Hall"), which is located down a long, unmarked path from the ''Sai-tō'' complex. The structure dates to the 13th century and was repaired twice during the 20th century following harsh weather. During reconstruction, some buildings were transferred from other temples, notably Mii-dera, and thus the buildings themselves are old, though they have not always been at this location.

Today, most of Enryaku-ji's buildings are clustered in three areas: ''Tō-dō'' (東塔, "East Pagoda"), ''Sai-tō'' (西塔, "West Pagoda"), and ''Yokokawa'' (横川). The monastery's most important buildings are concentrated in ''Tō-dō''. ''Sai-tō'' is a 20-minute walk away, primarily downhill from ''Tō-dō'', and also features several important buildings. ''Yokokawa'' is more isolated and less visited, about a 1:30 walk, and is most easily reached by bus, which connects the three complexes and other locations on the mountain.

Collusion with organized crime

On April 4, 2006, Enryaku-ji performed a ceremony for former leaders of Yamaguchi-gumi, by far the largest Yakuza organization in Japan.

Because such temple ceremonies have been used for Yamaguchi-gumi fund-raising and demonstrations of power, the Shiga Prefectural Police requested that Enryaku-ji cease performance of the ceremony. Rejecting the request, Enryaku-ji received crime-related money for the ceremony and allowed nearly 100 upper-level Yamaguchi-gumi leaders to attend.

After reports in the ''Asahi Shimbun'' and ''Yomiuri Shimbun'' newspapers, Enryaku-ji faced a nationwide scandal. The temple was also criticized by the Japan Buddhist Temple Association (representing 75,000 Buddhist temples), which led a movement against the Yakuza. Finally on May 18, all representative directors of Enryaku-ji resigned, apologizing on their website and in e-mails which were sent to 3,000 branch temples.

Gallery

File:Enryakuji Daikodo01n3200.jpg,
File:Enryakuji Kanchodo01n3200.jpg,
File:Enryakuji Monjuro02n3200.jpg,
File:Enryakuji Shoro01n4272.jpg,
File:Enryakuji Toto01n3200.jpg,
File:Enryakuji Amidado.jpg,
File:Enryakuji Kaidanin01n3200.jpg,
File:Enryaku-ji Yokokawa-chudo-r.jpg,

See also

* Glossary of Japanese Buddhism (for an explanation of terms concerning Japanese Buddhism, Japanese Buddhist art, and Japanese Buddhist temple architecture)
* Guoqing Temple
* Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities)
* List of Buddhist temples in Kyoto
* List of National Treasures of Japan (ancient documents)
* List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts-others)
* List of National Treasures of Japan (temples)
* List of National Treasures of Japan (writings)
* Tourism in Japan

Notes

References

* Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1956). ''Kyoto: The Old Capital of Japan, 794-1869.'' Kyoto: The Ponsonby Memorial Society.

External links

*
Japan Atlas: Enryaku-Ji Temple

{{DEFAULTSORT:Enryaku-Ji
8th-century establishments in Japan
Nara period
Buddhist temples in Shiga Prefecture
World Heritage Sites in Japan
Buildings and structures in Ōtsu
Tendai
Tendai temples
National Treasures of Japan
Important Cultural Properties of Japan
Historic Sites of Japan
Religious buildings and structures completed in 788