The Encrusted Pottery culture was an
archaeological culture
An archaeological culture is a recurring assemblage of types of artifacts, buildings and monuments from a specific period and region that may constitute the material culture remains of a particular past human society. The connection between thes ...
of the
Early to Middle Bronze Age (c. 2000-1400 BC) originating in the
Transdanubian region of western
Hungary
Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia a ...
. It emerged from the Kisapostag culture, which was preceded by the
Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture
The Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture was an Early Bronze Age archaeological culture in the Central Danube Carpathian Region.
This culture occurred in parallel with the Makó-Kosihy-Čaka cultural group. The period of its development covers the ent ...
. The Encrusted Pottery culture expanded eastwards and southwards along the
Danube
The Danube ( ; ) is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and today connects 10 European countries, running through their territories or being a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for , pa ...
into parts of
Croatia
, image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg
, image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg
, anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, capit ...
,
Serbia
Serbia (, ; Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Bas ...
,
Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
and
Bulgaria
Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedon ...
in response to migrations from the northwest by the
Tumulus culture
__NOTOC__
The Tumulus culture (German: ''Hügelgräberkultur'') dominated Central Europe during the Middle Bronze Age ( 1600 to 1300 BC).
It was the descendant of the Unetice culture. Its heartland was the area previously occupied by the U ...
, resulting in the emergence of groups such as Dubovác–Žuto Brdo in Serbia and Gârla Mare–Cârna in Romania, which are considered to be southern manifestations of the Encrusted Pottery culture. The culture was named after its distinctive pottery decorated with incised designs inlaid with
white lime, and southern groups are notable for the production of figurines or idols decorated in the same style. Stylistic similarities have also been noted between Encrusted Pottery artefacts and artefacts from
Mycenaean Greece
Mycenaean Greece (or the Mycenaean civilization) was the last phase of the Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in ...
.
Genetic profile
Four Y-DNA testings from the
Balatonkeresztúr
Balatonkeresztúr is a village in Somogy county, Hungary.
The settlement is part of the Balatonboglár wine region.
Etymology
According to the local tradition, the village's name comes from the crossing of roads ( hu, kereszteződés, kereszt ...
mass grave burial dated to the Encrusted Pottery Culture can be assigned to I2a-M223>>L1229 which is I2a2a1b (group I2a-M223 was
present in
Megalithic
A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a prehistoric structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. There are over 35,000 in Europe alone, located widely from Sweden to the Mediterranean sea.
The ...
cultures from the British Isles to today’s Czechia), while two males' Y-DNA could be assigned to the R1b-Z2103 clade, which appears in contemporaneous populations such as in
Bell Beaker
The Bell Beaker culture, also known as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell Beaker phenomenon, is an archaeological culture named after the inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the European Bronze Age. Arising from ar ...
period samples from Hungary or a
Vucedol culture associated individual from Croatia (in whichever case the most ancient samples come from the
Pontic steppes
Pontic, from the Greek ''pontos'' (, ), or "sea", may refer to:
The Black Sea Places
* The Pontic colonies, on its northern shores
* Pontus (region), a region on its southern shores
* The Pontic–Caspian steppe, steppelands stretching from nor ...
). The ancestry composition of the eight individuals buried was ~29% hunter-gatherer, ~46% European farmer, ~25% western steppe herder. Some individuals had up to ~47% Mesolithic hunter-gatherer ancestry, despite this component being thought to be highly diluted by the time of the Early Bronze Age.
Gallery
File:Romania, possibly Cirna, Middle Bronze Age - Large Bowl - 1993.229 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg, Large ceramic bowl, Romania
File:Vršac museum artefacts 003, Vatin culture (Bronze Age).jpg, Pottery, Serbia
File:Carna figurine lb mnir.jpg, Ceramic figurine or idol, Romania
File:Figurina iz groba, bronzano doba, Stubarlija, Mošorin.tif, Figurine from Stubarlija, Serbia
File:Kličevac Idol, Serbia.jpg, Kličevac Idol, Serbia
File:Bronze Age Europe Bronze Ornaments (28471753250).jpg, alt=Gold lock-rings and other ornaments from Pécs, Hungary., Gold lock-rings and bracelets from Pécs, Hungary.
File:Bronze Age applied art and craft 2nd millenium BC (National Museum of Serbia).jpg, Decorated ceramic disc, Serbia
File:Sombor museum artefacts 018 (Bronze Age).jpg, Pottery, Serbia
File:Dupljaja.jpg, Chariot model 1 from Dupljaja, Serbia
See also
*
Ottomány culture
*
Unetice culture
The Únětice culture or Aunjetitz culture ( cs, Únětická kultura, german: Aunjetitzer Kultur, pl, Kultura unietycka) is an archaeological culture at the start of the Central European Bronze Age, dated roughly to about 2300–1600BC. The epon ...
*
Wietenberg culture
The Wietenberg culture was a Middle Bronze Age archeological culture in Central Transylvania that roughly dates to 2200–1600/1500 BCE. Represented a local variant of Usatove culture, was contemporary with the Ottomány culture and Unetice cult ...
*
Monteoru culture
The Monteoru culture was a Bronze Age archaeological culture located in Romania and Moldova, dating from c. 2000 BC to the 14th century BC. It was derived from the preceding Glina-Schneckenberg culture and succeeded by the Noua-Sabatinovka cul ...
*
Tei culture
The Tei culture was a Bronze Age archaeological culture located in southern Romania and northern Bulgaria, dating from c. 2000 BC to the 14th century BC. It was preceded by the Glina-Schneckenberg culture and succeeded by the Noua-Coslogeni cu ...
*
Vatya culture
*
Nordic Bronze Age
*
Srubnaya culture
References
External links
'Figurine', Encrusted Pottery culture, 1700–1400 BCE, Institute for the study of the Ancient World
Archaeological cultures of Europe
Bronze Age cultures of Europe
Archaeological cultures in Hungary
Archaeological cultures in Croatia
Archaeological cultures in Serbia
Archaeological cultures in Romania
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