This is a list of monarchs of Persia (or monarchs of the
Iranic peoples
The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse grouping of Indo-European peoples who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages and other cultural similarities.
The Proto-Iranians are believed to have emerged as a separate ...
, in present-day
Iran), which are known by the royal title
Shah or
Shahanshah. This list starts from the establishment of the
Medes around 671 BCE until the deposition of the
Pahlavi dynasty
The Pahlavi dynasty ( fa, دودمان پهلوی) was the last Iranian royal dynasty, ruling for almost 54 years between 1925 and 1979. The dynasty was founded by Reza Shah Pahlavi, a non-aristocratic Mazanderani soldier in modern times, who ...
in 1979 CE.
Median Dynasty (671–549 BC)
Teispid kingdom (705–559 BC)
Achaemenid Empire (559–334/327 BC)
''Note: Ancient Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the collapse of the Achaemenid dynasty as a result of the
Wars of Alexander the Great.''
Macedonian Empire (336–306 BC)
Seleucid Empire (311–129 BC)
Fratarakas
The
Fratarakas appear to have been Governors of the
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire (; grc, Βασιλεία τῶν Σελευκιδῶν, ''Basileía tōn Seleukidōn'') was a Greek state in West Asia that existed during the Hellenistic period from 312 BC to 63 BC. The Seleucid Empire was founded by the ...
.
Kings of Persis
Parthian Empire (247 BC – 228 AD)
The Seleucid dynasty gradually lost control of Persia. In 253, the Arsacid dynasty established itself in
Parthia. The Parthians gradually expanded their control, until by the mid-2nd century BC, the Seleucids had completely lost control of Persia. Control of eastern territories was permanently lost by Antiochus VII in 129 BC.
For more comprehensive lists of kings, queens, sub-kings and sub-queens of this Era see:
*
List of rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms
The Parthian Empire ruled over an area roughly corresponding to present-day Iran from the third century BC to the third century AD. It contained a varying number of subordinate semi-autonomous kingdoms each with its own ruler.
Arsacids of Arme ...
Sasanian Empire (224–651)
''Note: Classical Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the collapse of the Sasanian Empire as a result of the
Muslim conquest of Persia.''
Dabuyid Kingdom (642–760)
A Zoroastrian Persian dynasty that held power in the north for over a century before finally falling to the Abbasid Caliphate.
Rashidun Caliphate (642–661)
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
*
Muslim dynasties of Iran
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
*
Islamic dynasties of Iran
This is a list of kings of Iran of the medieval Islamic period, AD 820 to 1432, arranged genealogically.
For the early Islamic period before 820, see:
* Rashidun Caliphate: Umar (634–644), Usman (644–656), Ali (656–661)
* Umayyad Caliphate ...
Notable Governors
Abbasid Caliphate (750–946)
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
*
Muslim dynasties of Iran
Notable Governors
Samanid Empire (819–999)
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
*
Muslim dynasties of Iran
Saffarid Kingdom (861–1003)
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
*
Muslim dynasties of Iran
Ghurid Kingdom (879–1215)
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
*
Muslim dynasties of Iran
Ziyarid Kingdom (928–1043)
Buyid Kingdom (934–1062)
The Buyid Kingdom was divided into a number of separate emirates, of which the most important were
Fars,
Ray
Ray may refer to:
Fish
* Ray (fish), any cartilaginous fish of the superorder Batoidea
* Ray (fish fin anatomy), a bony or horny spine on a fin
Science and mathematics
* Ray (geometry), half of a line proceeding from an initial point
* Ray (g ...
, and
Iraq. Generally, one of the emirs held a sort of
primus inter pares
''Primus inter pares'' is a Latin phrase meaning first among equals. It is typically used as an honorary title for someone who is formally equal to other members of their group but is accorded unofficial respect, traditionally owing to their sen ...
supremacy over the rest, which would be marked by titles like
Amir al-umara and
Shahanshah.
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
*
Muslim dynasties of Iran
Ghaznavids Empire (977–1186)
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
*
Muslim dynasties of Iran
Seljuk Empire (1029–1194)
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
*
Muslim dynasties of Iran
Khwarazmian Empire (1153–1220)
An empire built from
Khwarezm
Khwarazm (; Old Persian: ''Hwârazmiya''; fa, خوارزم, ''Xwârazm'' or ''Xârazm'') or Chorasmia () is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the ...
, covering part of Iran and neighbouring Central Asia.
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
*
Islamic dynasties of Iran
This is a list of kings of Iran of the medieval Islamic period, AD 820 to 1432, arranged genealogically.
For the early Islamic period before 820, see:
* Rashidun Caliphate: Umar (634–644), Usman (644–656), Ali (656–661)
* Umayyad Caliphate ...
Mongol Empire (1220–1256)
For more comprehensive lists of kings and sub-kings of this Era see:
*
Muslim dynasties of Iran
Ilkhanate (1256–1357)
Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
Sarbadars
The Sarbadars (from fa, سربدار ''sarbadār'', "head on gallows"; also known as Sarbedaran ) were a mixture of religious dervishes and secular rulers that came to rule over part of western Khurasan in the midst of the disintegration of t ...
(1332–1386)
Chobanids (1335–1357)
Jalayirids (1335–1432)
Injuids (1335–1357)
Muzaffarids (1314–1393)
Timurid Empire (1370–1467)
Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Quyunlu (1375–1497)
Qara Qoyunlu
Aq Quyunlu
Sources:
[H.R. Roemer, "The Safavid Period", in ''Cambridge History of Iran'', Vol. VI, Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 339: "Further evidence of a desire to follow in the line of Turkmen rulers is Ismail's assumption of the title 'Padishah-i-Iran', previously held by Uzun Hasan."]
''Note: Medieval Persia is generally agreed to have ended with the rise of the Safavid Empire''
Safavid Empire (1501–1736)
Afsharid Empire (1736–1796)
Zand Kingdom (1751–1794)
Qajar Empire (1794–1925)
Pahlavi Empire (1925–1979)
See also
*
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire (; peo, 𐎧𐏁𐏂, , ), also called the First Persian Empire, was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC. Based in Western Asia, it was contemporarily the largest em ...
*
Great Civilization
The Great Civilization ( fa, links=no, تمدن بزرگ, tamadon-e bozorg) is a term describing the Shah of Iran's political ambitions for Iran with near perfect communal conditions such as no poverty, ignorance, illiteracy, corruption, exploitat ...
*
History of Iran
*
List of ancient Persians
*
Shahbanu
**
List of Shahbanus of Persia
List of Shahbanus of Persia, is a lists the female queen consorts of Persia (or queen consorts of Iranic peoples, present-day Iran), known by the royal title Shahbanu. The list is from the establishment of the Median Empire by Medes around 705 ...
*
Monarchism in Iran
Iranian monarchism is the advocacy of restoring the monarchy in Iran, which was abolished after the 1979 Revolution.
Historical background
Iran first became a constitutional monarchy in 1906, but underwent a period of autocracy during the years ...
*
2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
The Celebration of the 2,500th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire (Persian: جشنهای دو هزار و پانصد ساله شاهنشاهی ایران) was a national event in Iran that consisted of an elaborate set of gran ...
*
List of rulers of the pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran
Elam, c. 2700 – 519 BCE
The Elamites settlement was in southwestern Iran, where is modern Khuzestan, Ilam, Fars, Bushehr, Lorestan, Bakhtiari and Kohgiluyeh provinces. Their language was neither Semitic nor Indo-European, and they were th ...
*
List of rulers of Parthian sub-kingdoms
The Parthian Empire ruled over an area roughly corresponding to present-day Iran from the third century BC to the third century AD. It contained a varying number of subordinate semi-autonomous kingdoms each with its own ruler.
Arsacids of Arme ...
*
Islamic dynasties of Iran
This is a list of kings of Iran of the medieval Islamic period, AD 820 to 1432, arranged genealogically.
For the early Islamic period before 820, see:
* Rashidun Caliphate: Umar (634–644), Usman (644–656), Ali (656–661)
* Umayyad Caliphate ...
Notes and references
Bibliography
* Assar, G.R.F., "Genealogy & Coinage of the Early Parthian Rulers. I", Parthica, 6, 2004, pp. 69–93.
Assar, G.R.F., "Genealogy & Coinage of the Early Parthian Rulers, II a revised stemma", Parthica, 7, 2005, pp. 29–63.Assar, G.R.F., "Moses of Choren & the Early Parthian Chronology", Electrum, vol. 11, 2006, pp. 61–86.Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 165–91 B.C.", Electrum, vol. 11, 2006, pp. 87–158.* Assar, G.R.F., "A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 91–55 B.C.", Parthica, 8, 2006, pp. 55–104.
* Briant, Pierre, "From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire", 2002.
* Cameron, George, "History of Early Iran", Chicago, 1936 (repr., Chicago, 1969; tr. E.-J. Levin, L’histoire de l’Iran antique, Paris, 1937; tr. H. Anusheh, ایران در سپیده دم تاریخ, Tehran, 1993)
* D’yakonov, I. M., "Istoriya Midii ot drevenĭshikh vremen do kontsa IV beka de e.E" (The history of Media from ancient times to the end of the 4th century BC), Moscow and Leningrad, 1956; tr. Karim Kešāvarz as Tāriḵ-e Mād, Tehran, 1966.
* Dandamaev, Muhammad A., "Persien unter den ersten Achämeniden (6. Jahrhundert v. Chr.)", tr. Heinz-Dieter Pohl, Wiesbaden, 1976.
Qashqai, H., "The successors of Mithridates II", Bulletin of Ancient Iranian History (UCLA), vol. 5, March 2009.(in Persian)Henkelman, wouter. Defining Neo-Elamite History. ARTA, 2003.* Hinz, W., "The Lost World of Elam", London, 1972 (tr. F. Firuznia, دنیای گمشده ایلام, Tehran, 1992)
Josephus Flavius, Antiquities of the Jews.* Justi, Ferdinand, "Iranisches Namenbuch", Tehran, Asatir, 2003.
Legrain, Leon, "Historical Fragments", Philadelphia, The University of Pennsylvania Museum Publications of the Babylonian Section, vol. XIII, 1922.* Majidzadeh, Yusef, "History and civilization of Elam", Tehran, Iran University Press, 1991.
* Majidzadeh, Yusef, "History and civilization of Mesopotamia", Tehran, Iran University Press, 1997, vol.1.
* Miroschedji, P. de, 'La fin du royaume de l’Ansˇan et de Suse et la naissance de l’empire perse', 1985, ZA 75, pp. 265–306.
* Nöldeke, Theodor, "Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden. Aus der arabischen Chronik des Tabari übersetzt" (1879)
* Olmstead, A. T., "History of the Persian Empire", Chicago, 1948
* Plutarch, Lives.
* Polybius, The Histories.
* Potts, D. T., The Archaeology of Elam, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Reade, Julian E. Elam after the Assyrian Sack of Susa in 647 B.C. NABU, 2000.Tavernier, Jan. Some Thoughts on Neo-Elamite Chronology. ARTA, 2004.*
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Vallat, Francois. Elam: The History of Elam. ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', vol. VIII pp. 301–313. London/New York, 1998.Vallat, Francois. Shutruk-Nahunte, Shutur-Nahunte et l'imbroglio neo-elamite. NABU, 1995.Vallat, Francois. Le royaume elamite de SAMATI. NABU, 1996.Vallat, Francois. Les pretendus fonctionnaires Unsak des texts neo-elamites et achemenides. ARTA, 2002.* Vallat, Francois. Le royaume elamite de Zamin et les 'Letters de Nineveh'. Iranica Antique, 33, 1998. pp. 95–106.
{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Kings of Persia
Iran history-related lists
Persia
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