Emperor Huizong of Song (7 June 1082 – 4 June 1135), personal name Zhao Ji, was the eighth emperor of the Northern Song dynasty of China. He was also a very well-known calligrapher. Born as the 11th son of Emperor Shenzong, he ascended the throne in 1100 upon the death of his elder brother and predecessor, Emperor Zhezong, because Emperor Zhezong's only son died prematurely. He lived in luxury, sophistication and art in the first half of his life. In 1126, when the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty invaded the Song dynasty during the Jin–Song Wars, Emperor Huizong abdicated and passed on his throne to his eldest son, Zhao Huan who assumed the title

Emperor Qinzong Emperor Qinzong of Song (23 May 1100 – 14 June 1161), personal name Zhao Huan, was the ninth emperor of the Song dynasty of China and the last emperor of the Northern Song dynasty. Emperor Qinzong was the eldest son and heir apparent of Empe ...

while Huizong assumed the honorary title of '' Taishang Huang'' (or "Retired Emperor"). The following year, the Song capital,

Bianjing Kaifeng () is a prefecture-level city in east-central Henan province, China. It is one of the Eight Ancient Capitals of China, having been the capital eight times in history, and is best known for having been the Chinese capital during the Nort ...

, was conquered by Jin forces in an event historically known as the Jingkang Incident. Emperor Huizong and Emperor Qinzong and the rest of their family were taken captive by the Jurchens and brought back to the Jin capital,

Huiningfu Huining Fu (), or Shangjing Huiningfu (), was a Fu in the Shangjing region of Northeast China. It served as the first superior capital of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (1115-1234) from 1122 to 1153 (and was a secondary capital after 1173). I ...

in 1128. The Jurchen ruler, Emperor Taizong of Jin, gave the former Emperor Huizong a title, Duke Hunde (literally "Besotted Duke"), to humiliate him. After Zhao Gou, the only surviving son of Huizong to avoid capture by the Jin, declared himself as the dynasty's tenth emperor as Emperor Gaozong, the Jurchens used Huizong, Qinzong, and other imperial family members to put pressure on Gaozong and his court to surrender. Emperor Huizong died in Wuguo after spending about nine years in captivity. Despite his incompetence in rulership, Emperor Huizong was known for his promotion of Taoism and talents in poetry, painting,

calligraphy Calligraphy (from el, link=y, καλλιγραφία) is a visual art related to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a pen, ink brush, or other writing instrument. Contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as "t ...

and music. He sponsored numerous artists at his imperial court, and the catalogue of his collection listed over 6,000 known paintings.

Biography

Emperor Huizong, besides his partaking in state affairs that favoured the reformist party that supported Wang Anshi's New Policies, was a cultured leader who spent much of his time admiring the arts. He was a collector of paintings, calligraphy, and antiques of previous dynasties, building huge collections of each for his amusement. He wrote poems of his own, was known as an avid painter, created his own calligraphy style, had interests in architecture and garden design, and even wrote treatises on medicine and Taoism. He assembled an entourage of painters that were first pre-screened in an examination to enter as official artists of the imperial court, and made reforms to court music. Like many learned men of his age, he was quite a polymath personality, and is even considered to be one of the greatest Chinese artists of all time. He constantly proclaimed legitimacy through cultural, religious, and artistic means. In 1106, he had artisans recast of the symbolic Nine Tripod Cauldrons to assert his authority. However, his reign would be forever scarred by the decisions made (by counsel he received) on handling foreign policy, as the end of his reign marked a period of disaster for the Song Empire.

Jurchen Invasion

When the Jurchens founded the Jin Dynasty and attacked the Liao dynasty to the north of the Song, the Song dynasty allied with the Jin Dynasty and attacked the Liao from the south in 1122. Led by Tong Guan, the Song army marched to the Song-Liao border and was stopped by the defensive forest that the Song had maintained since the reign of Emperor Taizu. In order to pass through, Tong Guan ordered the soldiers to clear the forest and continued the expedition into the Liao. This expedition succeeded in destroying the Liao, a longtime enemy of the Song. However, when the Jin attacked the Song a few years later, the Jin troops marched through a defenseless border and quickly gathered around the Song capital Kaifeng.

Abdication

However, an even more formidable Jin dynasty enemy was now on the northern border. Not content with the annexation of the Liao domain, and perceiving the weakness of the Song army, the Jurchens soon declared war on their former ally, and by the beginning of 1126, the troops of the Jin "Western Vice-Marshal" Wolibu crossed the Yellow River and came in sight of

, the capital of the Song Empire. Realizing his mistakes, Huizong took the blame for everything that went wrong and was stricken with panic, Emperor Huizong intended to flee but was convinced by his officials to abdicate first and then flee. Huizong then feigned a stroke because Huizong in his words said that "I must use the excuse of illness. I am afraid of disorder breaking out." He then abdicated on 18 January 1126 in favour of his eldest son, Zhao Huan who is historically now known as

(). However, Qinzong sternly refused the throne, even pushing the robes off. Huizong, still feigning a stroke, wrote with his left hand "If you do not accept, you are unfilial." Qinzong said, "If I accept, then I am unfilial." Even when Huizong summoned his empress, Qinzong still declined until Huizong ordered his eunuchs to forcibly put him on the throne. Qinzong finally gave in eventually accepting the throne. Huizong then departed the capital to flee in the countryside.

Capture

Overcoming the walls of Bianjing was a difficult undertaking for the Jurchen cavalry, and this, together with fierce resistance from some Song officials who had not totally lost their nerve, as Emperor Huizong had, and Qinzong giving a town, resulted in the Jurchens lifting the siege of Bianjing and returning north. The Song Empire, however, had to sign a humiliating treaty with the Jin Empire, agreeing to pay a colossal war indemnity and to give a tribute to the Jurchens every year. From 1126 until 1138, refugees from the Song Empire migrated south towards the Yangtze River. Huizong returned from the countryside and resumed his normal activities after hearing that the siege was lifted although he was effectively under house arrest by Qinzong. But even such humiliating terms could not save the Song dynasty. Within a matter of months, the troops of both Jurchen vice-marshals, Wolibu and Nianhan, were back south again, and this time they were determined to overcome the walls of Bianjing after Qinzong wanted to form an Anti-Jin alliance with two Liao nobles who were actually on the Jurchens side. After a bitter siege, the Jurchens eventually entered Bianjing on 9 January 1127, and many days of looting, rapes, and massacre followed. Most of the entire imperial court and harem were captured by the Jurchens in an event known historically as the Jingkang Incident, and transported north, mostly to the Jin capital of Shangjing (in present-day

Harbin Harbin (; mnc, , v=Halbin; ) is a sub-provincial city and the provincial capital and the largest city of Heilongjiang province, People's Republic of China, as well as the second largest city by urban population after Shenyang and largest ...

). After Qinzong was captured, Emperor Huizong, was persuaded to turn himself in, however, they captured Huizong. When Huizong got to see Qinzong, they cried and hugged each other with Huizong stating "If you had listened to the old man, we would have avoided this disaster." One of the many sons of Emperor Huizong,

Zhao Gou Emperor Gaozong of Song (12 June 1107 – 9 November 1187), personal name Zhao Gou, courtesy name Deji, was the tenth emperor of the Song dynasty and the first of the Southern Song period, ruling between 1127 and 1162 and retaining power as ret ...

was not present in

where he went to Southern China where, after many years of struggle, he would establish the

Southern Song Dynasty The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the rest ...

, of which he was the first ruler, Emperor Gaozong. Emperors Huizong and the former

were demoted to the rank of commoners by the Jurchens on 20 March 1127. Then on 10 May 1127, Emperor Huizong was deported to Heilongjiang, where he spent the last eight years of his life as a captive. In 1128, in a humiliating episode, the two former Song Emperors had to venerate the Jin ancestors at their shrine in Shangjing, wearing mourning dress. The Jurchen ruler, Emperor Taizong, granted the two former Song emperors degrading titles to humiliate them: Emperor Huizong was called "Duke Hunde" (; literally "Besotted Duke") while

was called "Marquis Chonghun" (; literally "Doubly Besotted Marquis"). The Song male Chinese princes who were captured were given Khitan women to marry from the Liao dynasty palace by the Jin Jurchens, who had also defeated and conquered the Khitan. The original Chinese wives of the Song princes were confiscated and replaced with Khitan ones. One of the Song Emperor Huizong's sons was given a Khitan consort from the Liao palace and another one of his sons was given a Khitan princess by the Jin at the Jin Supreme capital. The Jin Jurchens continued to give new wives to the captured Song royals, the grandsons and sons of Song Emperor Huizong after they took away their original Chinese wives. The Jin Jurchens told the Chinese Song royals that they were fortunate because the Liao Khitan royals were being treated much worse by the Jurchen than the Song Chinese royals. Jurchen soldiers were given the children of the Liao Khitan Tianzuo Emperor as gifts while the Song Emperor was allowed to keep his children while he was in captivity. In 1137, the Jin Empire formally notified the Southern Song Empire about the death of the former Emperor Huizong. Emperor Huizong, who had lived in opulence and art for the first half of his life, died a broken man in faraway northern Heilongjiang in June 1135, at the age of 52. A few years later (1141), as the peace negotiations leading up to the Treaty of Shaoxing between the Jin and the Song empires were proceeding, the Jin Empire posthumously honored the former Emperor Huizong with the neutral-sounding title of "Prince of Tianshui Commandery" (), after a commandery Tianshui in the upper reaches of the Wei River, which is the traditional Junwang (郡望, zh) of the surname Zhao.

Art, calligraphy, music, and culture

Emperor Huizong was a great

painter Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and ai ...

, poet, and calligrapher. He was also a player of the '' guqin'' (as exemplified by his famous painting 聽琴圖 ''Listening to the Qin''); he also had a ''Wanqin Tang'' (萬琴堂; "10,000 Qin Hall") in his palace. The emperor took huge efforts to search for art masters. He established the "Hanlin Huayuan" (翰林畫院; "Hanlin imperial painting house") where top painters around China shared their best works. The primary subjects of his paintings are birds and flowers. Among his works is ''Five-Colored Parakeet on Blossoming Apricot Tree''. He also recopied

Zhang Xuan Zhang Xuan () (713–755) was a Chinese painter who lived during the Tang Dynasty (618–907). Zhang Xuan painted many pieces of art, one of his best-known paintings is '' Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk'', of which a single copy survi ...

's painting ''

Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk ''Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk'' is a silk painting attributed to Emperor Huizong of the Song dynasty. It is the only extant copy of a lost original ''Court Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Wilk'' by Chinese artist Zhang Xuan. The paintin ...

'', and Emperor Huizong's reproduction is the only copy of that painting that survives today. Emperor Huizong invented the "Slender Gold" () style of calligraphy. The name "Slender Gold" came from the fact that the emperor's writing resembled gold filament, twisted and turned, also inspired by Li Yu who called his calligraphy "Golden Inlaid Dagger" (金錯刀). Some theories posits his technique probably based on calligraphy works by Chu Suiliang,

Xue Ji Xue Ji (; 649 – July 29, 713), courtesy name Sitong (嗣通), was a Chinese calligrapher, painter, and politician of the Tang dynasty, briefly serving as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Ruizong. He was considered one of the four greatest ...

or Huang Tingjian. One of the emperor's era names, Xuanhe, is also used to describe a style of mounting paintings in scroll format. In this style, black borders are added between some of the silk planes. In 1114, following a request from the Goryeo ruler Yejong, Emperor Huizong sent to the palace in the Goryeo capital at Gaeseong a set of musical instruments to be used for royal banquet music. Two years later, in 1116, he sent another, even larger gift of musical instruments (numbering 428 in total) to the Goryeo court, this time '' yayue'' instruments, beginning that nation's tradition of ''

aak ''Aak'' is a genre of Korean court music. It is an imported form of the Chinese court music ''yayue'', and means "elegant music". ''Aak'' was performed almost exclusively in state sacrificial rites, and in the present day it is performed in ce ...

''. Emperor Huizong was also a great tea enthusiast. He wrote the ''

Treatise on Tea The ''Treatise on Tea'' () is a book written by the Chinese Emperor Huizong of the Song dynasty in 1107. Emperor Huizong was a great connoisseur of tea, with masterful skill in the art of tea ceremony. He often engaged in tea tasting and tea comp ...

'', the most detailed and masterful description of the Song sophisticated style of tea ceremony. Emperor Huizong's famous descendant was Zhao Mengfu through his daughter Zhao Jinluo. File:Court ladies pounding silk from a painting (捣练图) by Emperor Huizong.jpg, '' Women preparing silk'', a

Chinese Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of va ...

silk painting by Emperor Huizong of Song, early 12th century. File:Meister nach Chang Hsüan 001.jpg, Emperor Huizong of Song, ''Ladies making silk'', (a remake of an 8th-century original by artist

) File:Songhuizong8.jpg, Emperor Huizong of Song, ''Ting Qin Tu'' (Chinese: 聽琴圖, literally "Listening to the Qin" File:Songhuizong.jpg, Emperor Huizong of Song (Poem and Calligraphy) File:Songhuizong3.jpg, Emperor Huizong of Song, ''Plum and Birds'' File:Songhuizong4.jpg, Emperor Huizong of Song, ''Golden Pheasant and Cotton Rose Flowers'' File:Songhuizong6.jpg, Emperor Huizong of Song, ''Dragon Stone'' File:Songhuizong5.jpg, Emperor Huizong of Song, ''Cranes'' 1112 File:Songhuizong9.jpg, Emperor Huizong of Song, ''Classic Thousand-character Grass script''

Legacy

The painter

Zeng Fanzhi Zeng Fanzhi (; born 1964) is a contemporary Chinese artist based in Beijing. Zeng's works have been praised as possessing an emotional directness, an intuitive psychological sense, and a carefully calibrated expressionistic technique. Born and ...

regards ''Listening to the Qin'' as "the most beautiful painting from the Song dynasty. For more than 10 years, I’ve been observing the beauty of the pine tree in that painting."

Family

Consorts and Issue: *

Empress Xiangong Empress Wang (1084–1108) was a Chinese Empress consort of the Song Dynasty, married to Emperor Huizong of Song. Wang came from the capital, and her father served as prefect. She was selected to be the primary consort of Prince Huizeng by his leg ...

, of the Wang clan (; 1084–1108) ** Zhao Huan, Qinzong (; 1100–1156), first son ** Princess Rongde (; b. 1103), personal name Jinnu (), second (second) daughter *** Married Cao Cheng (; 1104–1127) in 1115 *** Married Wanyan Chang (; d. 1139) in 1127 *** Married

Wanyan Dan Emperor Xizong of Jin (28 February 1119 – 9 January 1150), personal name Hela, sinicised name Wanyan Dan, was the third emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He reigned for about 15 years from 1135 to 1150. During his reign, the Ji ...

(1119–1150) in 1139 *

Empress Xiansu Empress Zheng (1079 – 1130) was the empress of Emperor Huizong of Song. Imperial life Zheng was born to a member of the gentry in Kaifeng. She served as a lady-in-waiting to Empress Xiang, who was the official mother of the future Emperor Huiz ...

, of the Zheng clan (; 1079–1131) ** Princess Jiade (; 1100–1141), personal name Yupan (), first (first) daughter *** Married Ceng Yin (; b. 1100) in 1115, and had issue (two daughters) *** Married Wanyan Zongpan (; d. 1139), the first son of Wanyan Sheng, in 1127 *** Married

(1119–1150) in 1139 ** ''Zhao Cheng, Prince Yan'' (; 1101), second son ** ''Princess Shoushu'' (), fourth daughter ** Princess Ande (; 1106–1127), personal name Jinluo (), eighth (third) daughter *** Married Song Bangguang (; b. 1106), and had issue (one daughter) *** Married Wanyan Dumu (; 1090–1129), the 11th son of

Wanyan Helibo Horimbo (1039—1092)Tao (1976), p.17 was a chieftain of the Wanyan tribe, the most dominant among the Jurchen tribes which later founded the Jin dynasty (1115–1234). He was the second son of Ukunai. Like his grandfather, Šilu, Horimbo was ...

, in 1127 ** ''Princess Rongshu'' (), 11th daughter ** Princess Chengde (; b. 1110), personal name Hu'er (), 13th (fifth) daughter *** Married Xiang Zifang (; b. 1110) * Empress Mingda, of the Liu clan (; d. 1113) ** ''Princess Anshu'' (), sixth daughter ** Princess Maode (; 1106–1128), personal name Fujin (), ninth (fourth) daughter *** Married Cai Tiao (; b. 1107), the fifth son of

Cai Jing Cai Jing (1047–1126), courtesy name Yuanchang (), was a Chinese calligrapher and politician who lived during the Northern Song dynasty of China. He is also fictionalised as one of the primary antagonists in ''Water Margin'', one of the Four G ...

, in 1120, and had issue (one son) *** Married Wanyan Zongwang (; d. 1127), the second son of Wanyan Min, in 1127 *** Married Wanyan Xiyin (d. 1140) in 1127 ** Zhao Yu, Prince Yi (; 1107–1137), eighth son ** Zhao Mo, Prince Qi (; 1107–1138), 11th son ** Princess Xunde (; b. 1110), personal name Fujin (), 14th (sixth) daughter *** Married Tian Pi (; b. 1110) *** Married Wanyan Sheyema (), the first son of

Wanyan Zonghan Nianhan (1080–1136), also known by his sinicised name Wanyan Zonghan, was a Jurchen noble and military general who lived in the founding and early years of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (1115-1234), which ruled northern China between the 12th ...

, in 1127 ** Zhao Zhen, Prince Xin (; 1111–1139), 18th son * Empress Mingjie, of the Liu clan (; 1088–1121) ** ''Zhao Yang, Prince Jian'an'' (; 1115–1127), 25th son ** Princess Hefu (; b. 1116), personal name Jinzhu (), 29th (17th) daughter ** ''Zhao Yi, Duke Jia'' (; 1118–1130), 26th son ** Zhao Si, Duke Ying (; b. 1120), 28th son * Empress Xianren, of the Wei clan (; 1080–1159) **

, Gaozong (; 1111–1187), ninth son * Noble Consort Yisu, of the Wang clan (; d. 1117) ** ''Princess Huishu'' (), fifth daughter ** ''Princess Kangshu'' (), tenth daughter ** Zhao Zhi, Prince Shen (; 1108–1148), 12th son ** Princess Roufu (; 1111–1142), personal name Huanhuan (), 20th (tenth) daughter *** Married Wanyan Zongwang (; d. 1127), the second son of Wanyan Min, in 1127 *** Married Wanyan Zongxian (; d. 1150) in 1127 *** Married Wanyan Sheng (1075–1135) in 1127 *** Married Wanyan Zongxian (; d. 1150) *** Married Xu Hai () ** Princess Xianfu (; 1112–1127), personal name Jin'er (), 26th (15th) daughter ** ''Zhao Ji, Duke Chen'' (; 1114), 22nd son * Noble Consort, of the Wang clan () ** Zhao Kai, Prince Yun (; 1101–1130), third son ** Princess Chongde (; d. 1121), seventh daughter *** Married Cao Shi () in 1119 ** ''Princess Baoshu'' (), 12th daughter ** ''Princess Xishu'' (), 16th daughter ** Zhao Chan, Duke Xiang (; 1112–1137), 23rd son * Noble Consort, of the Qiao clan (; b. 1081) ** Zhao Qi, Prince Jing (; 1104–1138), sixth son ** Zhao Xu, Prince Ji (; b. 1106), seventh son * Noble Consort, of the Cui clan (; 1091–1130) ** ''Princess Daomu'' (), personal name Jinxian (), 15th daughter ** ''Princess Dunfu'' (), personal name Sanjin (), 21st daughter ** ''Zhao Chun, Prince Han'' (; 1112–1113), 19th son ** Princess Renfu (; 1112–1127), personal name Xiangyun (), 23rd (12th) daughter ** Princess Yongfu (; b. 1112), personal name Fubao (), 25th (14th) daughter ** Princess Ningfu (; b. 1114), personal name Chuanzhu (), 28th (16th) daughter *** Married Wanyan Zongjuan (; d. 1139), the sixth son of Wanyan Min, in 1127, and had issue (one son) *** Married

(1119–1150) in 1139 * Noble Consort, of the Wang clan (; 1092–1127) ** Zhao E, Prince Yi (; 1110–1132), 15th son ** ''Princess Shenfu'' (), 27th daughter * Worthy Consort, of the Yang clan (; d. 1115) ** ''Princess Shunshu'' (), third daughter ** Zhao Shi, Prince He (; 1111–1128), 17th son * ''Wanrong'', of the Wang clan (), personal name Yuegong (王月宮) ** Princess Huifu (; b. 1112), personal name Zhuzhu (), 24th (13th) daughter *** Married Wanyan Xiebao (), the second son of

, in 1127, and had issue (one son) * ''Wanrong'', of the Yan clan (; 1109–1133), personal name Baose () ** Zhao Zhu (; b. 1130), 34th son * ''Zhaoyuan'', of the Zheng clan (), personal name Meiniang () ** Zhao Tan (; b. 1131), 35th son * ''Xiurong'', of the Han clan () ** Princess Baofu (; 1112–1127), personal name Xianlang (), 22nd (11th) daughter * ''Jieyu'', of the Wang clan () ** Zhao Ji (; b. 1127), 33rd son * ''Cairen'', of the Qiao clan () ** Princess Xiande (; b. 1111), personal name Qiaoyun (), 17th (seventh) daughter *** Married Liu Wenyan () * ''Cairen'', of the Shao clan (才人邵氏), personal name Yuannu (元奴) ** Unnamed daughter (b.1128) *''Jieyu'', of the Wang clan (婕妤王氏, b. 1105) **Zhao Xiang, Duke Han (韓公趙相; b. 1125), 32nd son *''Cairen'', of the Zhou clan (才人春氏), personal name Chuntao (春桃) **''Unnamed child'' *Unknown ** ''Zhao Ji, Prince Jing'' (; 1102–1103), fourth son ** Zhao Shu, Prince Su (; 1103–1130), fifth son ** ''Zhao Cai, Prince Bin'' (; 1107–1116), tenth son ** Zhao Pu, Prince Yi (; 1109–1123), 13th son ** Zhao Di, Prince Xu (; b. 1109), 14th son ** ''Zhao Gong, Prince Yun'' (; 1110–1112), 16th son ** Zhao Wo, Prince Ankang (; b. 1112), 20th son ** Zhao Jian, Prince Guangping (; b. 1112), 21st son ** Zhao Yue, Duke Ying (; 1115–1131), 24th son ** Zhao Dong, Duke Wen (; b. 1119), 27th son ** Zhao Tong, Duke Yi (; 1121–1148), 29th son ** ''Zhao Bing, Duke Chang'' (; 1122–1132), 30th son ** Zhao Cong, Duke Run (; b. 1123), 31st son ** Princess Shunde (; 1111–1137), personal name Yingluo (), 18th (eighth) daughter *** Married Xiang Ziyi (; b. 1111) *** Married

(1080–1137) in 1127 *** Married Wanyan Shengunai () in 1137 ** Princess Yifu (; b. 1111), personal name Yuanzhu (), 19th (ninth) daughter *** Married Wanyan Zongbi (d. 1148) and had issue. (one son) ** Princess Lingfu (; b. 1118), personal name Jinyin (), 30th (18th) daughter *** Married

(1119–1150) ** Princess Huafu (; b. 1119), personal name Saiyue (), 31st (19th) daughter *** Married

(1119–1150) ** Princess Qingfu (; b. 1121), personal name Jingu (), 32nd (20th) daughter *** Married

(1119–1150) ** Princess Chunfu (; b. 1124), personal name Jinling (), 33rd (21st) daughter *** Married Wanyan Sheyema (), the first son of

*** Married Wang Chengdi () ** ''Princess Gongfu'' (), personal name Xiaojin (), 34th daughter ** Princess Quanfu (), 35th daughter *** Married Li Dunfu ()

Ancestry

References

Citations

Sources

* * * * * * * : ''Please see:'' References section in the guqin article for a full list of references used in all qin related articles. , - , - , - {{DEFAULTSORT:Huizong, Emperor Of Song 1082 births 1135 deaths Northern Song emperors 11th-century Chinese monarchs 12th-century Chinese monarchs Jin dynasty (1115–1234) musicians Song dynasty calligraphers Song dynasty painters Monarchs who abdicated Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime Guqin players Song dynasty musicians Chinese bird artists Jin dynasty (1115–1234) painters People from Kaifeng Painters from Henan Musicians from Henan 12th-century Chinese painters Chinese tea masters 12th-century Chinese calligraphers 11th-century Chinese calligraphers Heads of government who were later imprisoned