Emomali Rahmon (; born Emomali Sharipovich Rahmonov, tg, Эмомалӣ Шарӣпович Раҳмонов, script=Latn, italic=no, Emomalī Sharīpovich Rahmonov; ; born 5 October 1952) has been the 3rd
President of Tajikistan
The president of Tajikistan is the head of state and de facto head of government of the Republic of Tajikistan. The president heads the executive branch of the country's federal government and is the supreme commander in chief of the Armed Forc ...
since 16 November 1994. Previously he was the Chairman of the
Supreme Assembly of Tajikistan
The Supreme Assembly of the Republic of Tajikistan ( Tajik: ''Маҷлиси Олии Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон,'' Russian: Высшее собрание (Маджлиси Оли) Республики Таджикистан), also kno ...
, as the
de facto
''De facto'' ( ; , "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, whether or not they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms. It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with ''de jure'' ("by la ...
head of state
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona who officially embodies a state Foakes, pp. 110–11 " he head of statebeing an embodiment of the State itself or representatitve of its international persona." in its unity and l ...
from 20 November 1992 to 16 November 1994 (the post of president was temporarily abolished during this period). Since 18 March 1998, he has also served as the leader of the
People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan, which dominates the
Parliament of Tajikistan
The Supreme Assembly of the Republic of Tajikistan ( Tajik: ''Маҷлиси Олии Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон,'' Russian: Высшее собрание (Маджлиси Оли) Республики Таджикистан), also kno ...
. On 30 September 1999, he was elected vice-president of the
UN General Assembly
The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA or GA; french: link=no, Assemblée générale, AG) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as the main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ of the UN. Curr ...
for a one-year term.
He became widely known in 1992 after the abolition of the post of president in the country, when at the dawn of the
civil war (1992–1997) he became Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (Parliament) of Tajikistan as a compromise candidate between communists and
neo-communists on the one hand and liberal-democratic, nationalist and
Islamist forces (the
United Tajik Opposition
russian: Объединённая таджикская оппозиция
, native_name_lang=Tajik
, war=the Civil war in Tajikistan
, image=
, caption=
, active=1993–1997
, ideology=Big tent
*Islamist faction
**Islamism
**Pan-Islamism
**Social ...
) on the other.
Five times (in the elections of
1994
File:1994 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1994 Winter Olympics are held in Lillehammer, Norway; The Kaiser Permanente building after the 1994 Northridge earthquake; A model of the MS Estonia, which Sinking of the MS Estonia, sank in ...
,
1999
File:1999 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The funeral procession of King Hussein of Jordan in Amman; the 1999 İzmit earthquake kills over 17,000 people in Turkey; the Columbine High School massacre, one of the first major school shootin ...
,
2006
File:2006 Events Collage V1.png, From top left, clockwise: The 2006 Winter Olympics open in Turin; Twitter is founded and launched by Jack Dorsey; The Nintendo Wii is released; Montenegro 2006 Montenegrin independence referendum, votes to declare ...
,
2013
File:2013 Events Collage V2.png, From left, clockwise: Edward Snowden becomes internationally famous for leaking classified NSA wiretapping information; Typhoon Haiyan kills over 6,000 in the Philippines and Southeast Asia; The Dhaka garment fact ...
and
2020
2020 was heavily defined by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to global Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, social and Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic disruption, mass cancellations and postponements of events, COVID- ...
), Rahmon won undemocratic presidential elections; in addition, he extended and reformed his powers based on the results of the national constitutional referendums of
1999
File:1999 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The funeral procession of King Hussein of Jordan in Amman; the 1999 İzmit earthquake kills over 17,000 people in Turkey; the Columbine High School massacre, one of the first major school shootin ...
and
2003
File:2003 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The crew of STS-107 perished when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during reentry into Earth's atmosphere; SARS became an epidemic in China, and was a precursor to SARS-CoV-2; A des ...
. Since 25 December 2015, Emomali Rahmon has held the lifetime title of ''Peshvoyi Millat'' ( tg, Пешвои Миллат, script=Latn, italic=), which means “Leader of the Nation”, in full — “Founder of peace and national Unity — Leader of the Nation”. Following the results of the last national constitutional referendum in
2016
File:2016 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: Bombed-out buildings in Ankara following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt; the impeachment trial of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff; Damaged houses during the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh ...
, amendments were adopted that lifted the restrictions on the number of re-elections to the post of President of Tajikistan and lowered the age limit for those running for the post of president from 35 to 30 years.
Rahmon heads an
authoritarian
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political ''status quo'', and reductions in the rule of law, separation of powers, and democratic votin ...
regime in Tajikistan with elements of a
cult of personality
A cult of personality, or a cult of the leader, Mudde, Cas and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017) ''Populism: A Very Short Introduction''. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 63. is the result of an effort which is made to create an id ...
. Political opponents are repressed, violations of human rights and freedoms are severe, elections are not free and fair, and
corruption
Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense which is undertaken by a person or an organization which is entrusted in a position of authority, in order to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's personal gain. Corruption m ...
and
nepotism
Nepotism is an advantage, privilege, or position that is granted to relatives and friends in an occupation or field. These fields may include but are not limited to, business, politics, academia, entertainment, sports, fitness, religion, an ...
are rampant. His family members occupy various important government positions, such as his 35-year-old son
Rustam Emomali, who is the chairman of the country's parliament and the mayor of its capital city,
Dushanbe
Dushanbe ( tg, Душанбе, ; ; russian: Душанбе) is the capital and largest city of Tajikistan. , Dushanbe had a population of 863,400 and that population was largely Tajik. Until 1929, the city was known in Russian as Dyushambe (r ...
.
Early life
Rahmon was born as Emomali Sharipovich Rakhmonov
to Sharif Rahmonov (–1992) and Mayram Sharifova (1910–2004), a peasant family in
Danghara tg, Данғара
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,
Kulob Oblast (present-day
Khatlon Region
Khatlon Region ( tg, Вилояти Хатлон, ''Viloyati Xatlon''), one of the four provinces of Tajikistan ( tg, вилоят, ''Viloyat''), is the most populous of the four first level administrative regions. It is situated in the southwest ...
). His father was a
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after ...
veteran of
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, being a recipient of the
Order of Glory in the 2nd and 3rd degrees.
From 1971-74, Rahmon served in the
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
's
Pacific Fleet, during which he was stationed in the
Primorsky Krai. After completing the military service, Rahmon returned to his native village where he worked for some time as an electrician.
As a rising
apparatchik
__NOTOC__
An apparatchik (; russian: аппара́тчик ) was a full-time, professional functionary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union or the Soviet government ''apparat'' ( аппарат, apparatus), someone who held any position ...
in Tajikistan, he became a chairman of the collective state farm of his native
Danghara tg, Данғара
, image_skyline =
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. According to his official biography, Rahmon graduated from the
Tajik State National University with a specialist's degree in economics in 1982. After working for several years in the Danghara
Sovkhoz, Rahmon was appointed chairman of the sovkhoz in 1987.
Early politics
In 1990, Rahmon was elected a people's deputy to the
Supreme Soviet
The Supreme Soviet (russian: Верховный Совет, Verkhovny Sovet, Supreme Council) was the common name for the legislative bodies (parliaments) of the Soviet socialist republics (SSR) in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) ...
of the
Tajik SSR.
President
Rahmon Nabiyev
Rahmon Nabiyevich Nabiyev, also spelled Rakhmon Nabiev ( tg, Раҳмон Набиев; russian: Рахмон Набиевич Набиев), (5 October 1930 – 11 April 1993) was a Tajik politician who served as the First Secretary of the Comm ...
was forced to resign in the first months of the
Civil War
A civil war or intrastate war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country).
The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies ...
in August 1992.
Akbarsho Iskandrov
Akbarsho Iskandarov (born 1 August 1951) is a Tajik politician who was twice acting president of Tajikistan. He first served as acting president from October 6, 1991, to December 2, 1991, when Rahmon Nabiyev stepped down to fight Tajikistan's fi ...
, Speaker of the Supreme Soviet, became acting president. Iskandarov resigned in November 1992 in an attempt to end the
civil unrest. That same month, the Supreme Soviet met in
Khujand for its 16th session and declared Tajikistan a parliamentary republic. Rahmon was then elected by the members of the Supreme Soviet as its chairman—as the Parliamentary republican system adopted by Tajikistan did not provide for a ceremonial president, he was also Head of State—and the head of government.
Former Interior Minister
Yaqub Salimov Yaqub Salimov ( tg, Яъқуб Салимов/ fa, یعقوب سلیموف, russian: Якуб Салимов) served as Minister of the Interior of Tajikistan from December 1993 to 1995
Career
Salimov, described as a 'mafia' figure by Olivier R ...
later recalled that Rahmon's appointment was made because he was “nondescript”, in which other field commanders thought that he could be cast aside "when he had served his purpose."
Presidency
![Vladimir Putin with Emomali Rakhmonov-1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Vladimir_Putin_with_Emomali_Rakhmonov-1.jpg)
In 1994, a new constitution reestablished the presidency. Rahmon was elected to the post on 6 November 1994 and sworn in ten days later. During the civil war that lasted from 1992 to 1997, Rahmon's rule was opposed by the
United Tajik Opposition
russian: Объединённая таджикская оппозиция
, native_name_lang=Tajik
, war=the Civil war in Tajikistan
, image=
, caption=
, active=1993–1997
, ideology=Big tent
*Islamist faction
**Islamism
**Pan-Islamism
**Social ...
. As many as 100,000 people died during the war. He survived an assassination attempt on 30 April 1997 in Khujand,
as well as two attempted
coups in August 1997 and in November 1998.
![Tajik president Emomali Rahmon meets Ali Khamenei - 18 January 2006 (002)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Tajik_president_Emomali_Rahmon_meets_Ali_Khamenei_-_18_January_2006_%28002%29.jpg)
Following constitutional changes, he was reelected on 6 November 1999 to a seven-year term, officially taking 97% of the vote. On 22 June 2003, he won a referendum that would allow him to run for two more consecutive seven-year terms after his term expired in 2006. The opposition alleges that this amendment was hidden in a way that verged upon
electoral fraud
Electoral fraud, sometimes referred to as election manipulation, voter fraud or vote rigging, involves illegal interference with the process of an election, either by increasing the vote share of a favored candidate, depressing the vote share of ...
. Rahmon was reelected to a seven-year term in a
controversial election on 6 November 2006, with about 79% of the vote, according to the official results. On 6 November 2013, he was reelected for the second seven-year term in office, with about 84% of the vote, in an
election
An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office.
Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has opera ...
that the
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe said lacked "genuine choice and meaningful pluralism". In October 2020, he was once again
re-elected as president for a fifth term with a margin of 90.92%, amid allegations of fraud.
On 22 May 2016, a
nationwide referendum approved a number of changes to the country's
constitution
A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of Legal entity, entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.
When ...
. One of the main changes lifted the limit on presidential terms, effectively allowing Rahmon to stay in power for as many terms as he wishes. Other key changes outlawed faith-based political parties, thus finalizing the removal of the outlawed
Islamic Revival Party from Tajikistan's politics, and reduced the minimum eligibility age for presidential candidates from 35 to 30, enabling Rahmon's older son,
Rustam Emomali, to run for president any time after 2017. In January 2017, Rustam Emomali was appointed Mayor of Dushanbe, a key position, which some analysts see as the next step to the top of the government.
Tajikistan under Rahmon is a
neopatrimonial regime, characterized by a high degree of
clientelism
Clientelism or client politics is the exchange of goods and services for political support, often involving an implicit or explicit quid-pro-quo. It is closely related to patronage politics and vote buying. Clientelism involves an asymmetric rel ...
,
corruption
Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense which is undertaken by a person or an organization which is entrusted in a position of authority, in order to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's personal gain. Corruption m ...
, and poor governance. In a diplomatic cable that was leaked in 2010, the U.S. ambassador in Tajikistan, reported that Rahmon and his family control the country's major businesses, including the largest bank. In November 2018, Rahmon launched a hydroelectric station to solve energy problems.
Role in War on Terror
![Dmitry Medvedev in Kazakhstan 16 October 2009-2](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Kazakhstan_16_October_2009-2.jpg)
In July 2021, over 1,000 Afghan troops and civilians fled to Tajikistan after the
Taliban
The Taliban (; ps, طالبان, ṭālibān, lit=students or 'seekers'), which also refers to itself by its state (polity), state name, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a Deobandi Islamic fundamentalism, Islamic fundamentalist, m ...
insurgents
took control of many parts of
Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordere ...
. In response, Rahmon ordered 20,000 reserve servicemen of the country's
Ground Forces to be sent to the
Afghan–Tajik border.
Cult of personality and powers
![Stamps of Tajikistan, 023-06](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Stamps_of_Tajikistan%2C_023-06.jpg)
In December 2015, a law passed by Tajikistan's parliament gave Rahmon the title "Founder Of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation" (
Tajik
Tajik, Tadjik, Tadzhik or Tajikistani may refer to:
* Someone or something related to Tajikistan
* Tajiks, an ethnic group in Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan
* Tajik language, the official language of Tajikistan
* Tajik (surname)
* Tajik cu ...
: Асосгузори сулҳу ваҳдати миллӣ – Пешвои миллат, ''Asosguzori sulhu vahdati millî – Peshvo‘i millat'';
Russian: Основатель мира и национального единства – Лидер нации, ''Osnovatel mira i natsionalnogo yedinstva – Lider natsii''). A shorter version of the title, "Leader of the Nation," is used frequently. In addition to granting Rahmon lifelong immunity from prosecution, the law also gave him a number of other lifelong privileges, including veto powers over all major state decisions, the freedom to address the nation and parliament on all matters he deems important, and the privilege of attending all government meetings and parliament sessions.
Religion and convictions
Rahmon is a
Sunni Muslim
Sunni Islam () is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims. Its name comes from the word ''Sunnah'', referring to the tradition of Muhammad. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagree ...
and has frequently stressed his Muslim background even though his administration is engaged in a relentless campaign against public displays of Islamic devotion. His suppression of Islamic expression includes banning beards, attendance at
mosque
A mosque (; from ar, مَسْجِد, masjid, ; literally "place of ritual prostration"), also called masjid, is a place of prayer for Muslims. Mosques are usually covered buildings, but can be any place where prayers ( sujud) are performed, ...
for women and children under 18,
hajj
The Hajj (; ar, حَجّ '; sometimes also spelled Hadj, Hadji or Haj in English) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims. Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried ...
for people under 40, studying in Islamic schools outside Tajikistan, the production, import or export of Islamic books without permission (implemented in 2017), using loudspeakers to broadcast the
adhan
Adhan ( ar, أَذَان ; also variously transliterated as athan, adhane (in French), azan/azaan (in South Asia), adzan (in Southeast Asia), and ezan (in Turkish), among other languages) is the Islamic call to public prayer (salah) in a mos ...
,
veils
A veil is an article of clothing or hanging cloth that is intended to cover some part of the head or face, or an object of some significance. Veiling has a long history in European, Asian, and African societies. The practice has been prominent ...
,
madrassas
Madrasa (, also , ; Arabic: مدرسة , Plural, pl. , ) is the Arabs, Arabic word for any Educational institution, type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary instruction or higher learning. T ...
, Islamist political parties and
Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic languages, Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C ...
-sounding names (implemented in 2016). Furthermore, mosques are heavily regulated, providing unofficial Islamic teaching can lead to up to 12 years of imprisonment, and an arduous process is required to obtain a permit to establish an Islamic organisation, publish an Islamic book, or go on pilgrimage to Mecca. In January 2016, Rahmon performed an
Umrah
The ʿUmrah ( ar, عُمْرَة, lit=to visit a populated place) is an Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca (the holiest city for Muslims, located in the Hejazi region of Saudi Arabia) that can be undertaken at any time of the year, in contrast to the ...
with a number of his children and senior members of his government. That was Rahmon's fourth pilgrimage to Mecca.
His reply to critics of the election standards of the 2006 Tajikistani presidential elections was:
During a 2010
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation session in
Dushanbe
Dushanbe ( tg, Душанбе, ; ; russian: Душанбе) is the capital and largest city of Tajikistan. , Dushanbe had a population of 863,400 and that population was largely Tajik. Until 1929, the city was known in Russian as Dyushambe (r ...
, Rahmon spoke against what he called the misuse of Islam for political ends, claiming that "Terrorism, terrorists, have no nation, no country, no religion... Using the name 'Islamic terrorism' only discredits Islam and dishonors the pure and harmless religion of Islam."
Membership in
Hizb ut-Tahrir
Hizb ut-Tahrir (Arabicحزب التحرير (Translation: Party of Liberation) is an international, political organization which describes its ideology as Islam, and its aim the re-establishment of the Islamic Khilafah (Caliphate) to resume Isl ...
, a militant Islamic party that aims to overthrow secular governments and unify Tajiks under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment.
The
Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRP) is a banned
Islamist political party and has been designated a
terrorist organization
A number of national governments and two international organizations have created lists of organizations that they designate as terrorist. The following list of designated terrorist groups lists groups designated as terrorist by current and fo ...
since 2015.
In 2017 the government of Tajikistan passed a law requiring people to "stick to traditional national clothes and culture", which has been widely seen as an attempt to prevent women from wearing Islamic clothing, in particular the style of headscarf wrapped under the chin, in contrast to the traditional Tajik headscarf tied behind the head.
Personal life
Family
![Emomali Rahmon with family](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Emomali_Rahmon_with_family.jpg)
He is married to
Azizmo Asadullayeva
Azizmo Asadullayeva ( tg, Азизмо Асадуллаева) is the First Lady of Tajikistan and wife of Tajik President Emomali Rahmon.
Life and as First lady
She was born in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic in the USSR
The Sovie ...
and has seven daughters and two sons. Two of his children,
Rustam Emomali and
Ozoda Rahmon
Ozoda Emomalievna Rahmonova ( tg, Озода Эмомалӣ Раҳмон; born 3 January 1978) is a Tajikistani politician who is the daughter of Emomali Rahmon, the long-standing authoritarian leader of Tajikistan.
She is among the ten most infl ...
, are senior officials in his administration, while another, Zarina Rahmon, was appointed deputy head of
Orienbank
Orienbank is one of the oldest banks in Tajikistan
Tajikistan (, ; tg, Тоҷикистон, Tojikiston; russian: Таджикистан, Tadzhikistan), officially the Republic of Tajikistan ( tg, Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, ...
in January 2017. Rustam is believed to be prepared by his father to succeed him as leader of Tajikistan.
In the summer of 2021,
coronavirus ravaged the country, and Emomali Rahmon's sister reportedly died in a hospital of
COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by a virus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei, identified in Wuhan, China, in December ...
on 20 July. According to local media, her sons physically assaulted the national
health minister A health minister is the member of a country's government typically responsible for protecting and promoting public health and providing welfare and other social security services.
Some governments have separate ministers for mental health.
Count ...
and a senior doctor.
Name changes
In March 2007, Rahmonov changed his surname to ''Rahmon'', getting rid of the
Russian-style "-ov" ending. He also removed the patronymic, ''Sharipovich'', from his name altogether. Rahmon explained that he had done so out of respect for his cultural heritage. Following the move, scores of governments officials, members of parliament, and civil servants around the country removed Russian-style patronymics and "-ov" endings from their surnames. In April 2016, Tajikistan officially banned giving Russian-style patronymics and surnames to newborn children.
Honours and awards
![Vladimir Putin and Emomali Rahmon (2017-02-27) 1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Vladimir_Putin_and_Emomali_Rahmon_%282017-02-27%29_1.jpg)
* Honorary Doctorate of Leadership by the
Limkokwing University of Creative Technology
Limkokwing University of Creative Technology (also called Limkokwing and LUCT) is a private university that has a presence across Africa, Europe, and Asia. With its main campus in Malaysia, the university has over 30,000 students from more tha ...
(LUCT)
*
Hero of Tajikistan
*
Order of Mubarak the Great
The Order of Mubarak the Great (''Wisam Mubarak al-Kabir'') is a knighthood order of Kuwait.
History
The Order was founded on 16 July 1974 by the national government to celebrate the memory of Mubarak Al-Sabah called ''the Great'', Sheikh of Ku ...
*
Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise (2008)
*
Order of the Three Stars
Order of the Three Stars ( lv, Triju Zvaigžņu ordenis) is the highest civilian order awarded for meritorious service to Latvia. It was established in 1924 in remembrance of the founding of Latvia. Its motto is "Per aspera ad astra", meaning "Thr ...
(2009)
*
Order of Merit of Ukraine (2011)
*
Heydar Aliyev Order (2012)
*
Order of the President of Turkmenistan (2012)
*
Order of the Republic of Serbia
Order of the Republic of Serbia ( sr, Орден Републике Србије) is the highest state order of Serbia.
The order is awarded by the decree of the President of Serbia on special occasions. It is awarded in the first class on a larg ...
(2013)
*
Order of Alexander Nevsky (2017)
*
Order of Parasat
The Order of Parasat ( kk, Парасат ордені, ''Parasat ordeni''; the Order of Nobility) is an order awarded by the government of Kazakhstan. It was established in 1993.
The order is awarded to notable figures in the fields of science, ...
(2018)
*
Mark of Honour of Heads of State in Central Asia
Mark may refer to:
Currency
* Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark, the currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
* East German mark, the currency of the German Democratic Republic
* Estonian mark, the currency of Estonia between 1918 and 1927
* Finn ...
(2021)
*
Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"
The Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" (russian: Орден «За заслуги перед Отечеством», ''Orden "Za zaslugi pered Otechestvom"'') is a state decoration of the Russian Federation. It was instituted on 2 March 1994 by P ...
(2022)
* Honorary Doctorate in arts by
Cairo University
Notes
References
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahmon, Emomali
1952 births
Heads of state of Tajikistan
Living people
People from Khatlon Region
Critics of Islamism
People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan politicians
Presidents of Tajikistan
Tajik National University alumni
Recipients of the Heydar Aliyev Order
Tajikistani Sunni Muslims
Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class
21st-century Tajikistani politicians
20th-century Tajikistani politicians
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Recipients of the Order of Alexander Nevsky
Recipients of the Order of Parasat