Emmanouel Pappas ( el, Εμμανουήλ Παππάς; 1772–1821) was a prominent member of
Filiki Eteria and leader of the
Greek War of Independence
The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. The Greeks were later assisted by ...
in
Macedonia
Macedonia most commonly refers to:
* North Macedonia, a country in southeastern Europe, known until 2019 as the Republic of Macedonia
* Macedonia (ancient kingdom), a kingdom in Greek antiquity
* Macedonia (Greece), a traditional geographic reg ...
.
Biography
Pappas was born in
Dovista (Δοβίστα),
Serres regional unit, a village which is now named after him (
Emmanouil Papas). Son of a priest, Pappas excelled in commerce and banking, not only in Macedonia, but also in Europe, establishing trading posts in
Constantinople,
Vienna and
Budapest, despite the limited education he received.
Being one of the founding members of Filiki Etaireia, after the outbreak of the War, he dedicated his fortune to organising and financing guerrilla troops. In March, 1821, he tried to coordinate his actions in Eastern Macedonia, with
Anastasios Karatasos
Anastasios Karatasos ( el, Αναστάσιος Καρατάσος; 1764 – 21 January 1830) was a Greek military commander during the Greek War of Independence was born in the village of Dovras (Δοβράς or Δορβρά), Imathia and is cons ...
, who had started the revolution in West, with a view to spread it through the entire region, but their actions were not well synchronized, and had little success.
The Revolution in Macedonia
In Spring of 1821, he led 4,000
Macedonian
Macedonian most often refers to someone or something from or related to Macedonia.
Macedonian(s) may specifically refer to:
People Modern
* Macedonians (ethnic group), a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group primarily associated with North M ...
fighters and landed to
Chalkidiki, in
Agion Oros, where on May 23 he started the Revolution, after all the leaders where grouped in the
Koutloumousiou monastery. Quickly, the rise spread to
Polygyros
Polygyros (Greek: Πολύγυρος) is a town and municipality in Central Macedonia, Greece. It is the capital of Chalkidiki.
Geography
Polygyros town (pop. 6,121 at the 2011 census) is built in the shape of an amphitheatre on a plateau on th ...
,
Arnaia,
Ormylia,
Sithonia, and the area of
Kalamaria.
Pappas was then named ''Leader and Defender of Macedonia'' and divided his force in two parts, the first under his leadership, moved towards
Apollonia in order to intercept Ottoman forces moving from Constantinople and the second under
Stamos Kapsas
Stamatios (Stamos) Kapsas ( el, Σταμάτιος (Στάμος) Κάψας), known as Kapetan Chapsas (Καπετάν Χάψας), was a chieftain of the Greek Revolution of 1821 from Chalkidiki.
Biography
Stamatios Kapsas was born in the vi ...
, through
Arnaia and the mount Cholomon, reached
Sedes outside Thessaloniki. After some impressive accomplishments in the beginning, where he managed to liberate the most part of the peninsula and even to threaten Thessaloniki, his lack of communication with Karatassos and the propinquity of Chalkidiki to
Thessaloniki, where massive Ottoman troops were stationed, enabled the Ottomans to move against him with large forces.
At first, Kapsas, not having enough forces to advance, retreated to
Vasilika,
Thessaloniki near the monastery of Saint Anastasia, where he was outflanked and overrun by superior Ottoman forces. Kapsas chose not to leave but to fight and with 68 men he put up a desperate struggle of which none survived.
Pappas was then forced to withdraw in
Pallene and entrench in the ruins of ancient
Potidaea
__NOTOC__
Potidaea (; grc, Ποτίδαια, ''Potidaia'', also Ποτείδαια, ''Poteidaia'') was a colony founded by the Corinthians around 600 BC in the narrowest point of the peninsula of Pallene, the westernmost of three peninsulas at ...
, where on October 30 he was attacked by a 14,000 men corps, led personally by Mehmed Emin Pasha,
Vali of Thessaloniki. Despite his efforts, the town was seized and burned, alongside many villages, however Pappas, on November with many locals, managed to sail towards
Hydra
Hydra generally refers to:
* Lernaean Hydra, a many-headed serpent in Greek mythology
* ''Hydra'' (genus), a genus of simple freshwater animals belonging to the phylum Cnidaria
Hydra or The Hydra may also refer to:
Astronomy
* Hydra (constel ...
, but during his trip he died of a heart attack. His defeat, along with the repression of Karatassos' revolution in
Naoussa in April, 1822 marked the end of the Greek war of independence in North Greece. He is considered one of the most significant members of the Greek Revolution, being proclaimed ''hero of the Greek nation'', during the
First National Assembly at Epidaurus
The First National Assembly of Epidaurus (, 1821–1822) was the first meeting of the Greek National Assembly, a national representative political gathering of the Greek revolutionaries.
History
The assembly opened in December 1821 at Piada (to ...
.
See also
*
Greek War of Independence
The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. The Greeks were later assisted by ...
*
List of Macedonians (Greek)
References
*Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. "History of Macedonia 1354–1833", Vanias Press (1984).
*Vakalopoulos, Apostolos E. "Histoire De La Grece Moderne", Horvath Press. .
*Paroulakis, Peter H., "The Greeks: Their Struggle For Independence”, Hellenic International Press (1984). .
*Stratiki, Poti, “To Athanato 1821”, Stratikis Bros, (1990). .
External links
History of Macedonia 1354-1833
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pappas, Emmanouel
1772 births
1821 deaths
People from Emmanouil Pappas
Greek military leaders of the Greek War of Independence
Macedonian revolutionaries (Greek)
Members of the Filiki Eteria