Emilian–Romagnol () is a

linguistic continuum A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated variet ...

that is part of the

Gallo-Italic languages The Gallo-Italic, Gallo-Italian, Gallo-Cisalpine or simply Cisalpine languages constitute the majority of the Romance languages of northern Italy: Piedmontese, Lombard, Emilian, Ligurian, and Romagnol. In central Italy they are spoken in th ...

spoken in the northern Italian region of

Emilia-Romagna Emilia-Romagna (, , both , ; or ; ) is an Regions of Italy, administrative region of northern Italy, comprising the historical regions of Emilia (region), Emilia and Romagna. Its capital is Bologna. It has an area of , and a population of 4.4 m ...

. It is divided into two main

varieties Variety may refer to: Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats * Variety (radio) * Variety show, in theater and television Films * ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont * ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...

, Emilian and

Romagnol Romagnol ( or ; ) is a Romance language spoken in the historical region of Romagna, consisting mainly of the southeastern part of Emilia-Romagna, Italy. The name is derived from the Lombard name for the region, ''Romagna''. Romagnol is classifi ...

Description

As part of the

, Emilian–Romagnol is most closely related to the Lombard,

Piedmontese Piedmontese ( ; autonym: or ; ) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, a region of Northwest Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly regarded as an Italian ...

and Ligurian languages, all of which are spoken in neighboring regions. Among other Gallo-Italic languages, Emilian–Romagnol is characterized by systematic

raising Raising may refer to: *Raising (syntax), a syntactic construction *Raising (sound change), a sound change *Raising (metalworking), a metalworking technique *Barn raising, a community event to erect the wooden framework for a building *Fundraising, ...

and

diphthongization In historical linguistics, vowel breaking, vowel fracture, or diphthongization is the sound change of a monophthong into a diphthong or triphthong. Types Vowel breaking may be unconditioned or conditioned. It may be triggered by the presence of ...

of Latin stressed

vowels A vowel is a speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract, forming the nucleus of a syllable. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, in loudness a ...

in open syllables, as well as widespread syncope of unstressed vowels other than /a/ and use of

vowel gradation In linguistics, apophony (also known as ablaut, (vowel) gradation, (vowel) mutation, alternation, internal modification, stem modification, stem alternation, replacive morphology, stem mutation, or internal inflection) is an alternation of vowe ...

in the formation of plurals and certain verb tenses.

Classification

While first registered under a single code in ISO standard 639-3, in 2009 this was retired in favour of two distinct codes for the two varieties, due to the cultural and literary split between the two parts of the region, making Emilian and Romagnol distinct

ethnolinguistic Ethnolinguistics (sometimes called cultural linguistics) is an area of anthropological linguistics that studies the relationship between a language or group of languages and the cultural practices of the people who speak those languages. It exa ...

entities. Since 2015, Emilian and Romagnol are considered, with separated entries,

definitely endangered languages Definiteness is a feature of noun phrases in grammatical theory. Definiteness may also refer to: * Counterfactual definiteness, a concept in quantum mechanics * For the definiteness of forms in multilinear algebra, see Definite quadratic form. S ...

according to the

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO ) is a List of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and International secur ...

Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger The UNESCO ''Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger'' was an online publication containing a comprehensive list of the world's endangered languages. It originally replaced the ''Red Book of Endangered Languages'' as a title in print after ...

* Emilian ** Carrarese dialect ** Lunigianese dialect ** Tortonese dialect ** Pavese-Vogherese dialect, Oltrepò dialect ** Placentine dialect, Bobbiese dialect ** Modenese dialect, Carpesan dialect, Mirandolese dialect, Frignanese dialect ** Reggio dialect, Guastallese dialect ** Parmesan dialect ** Casalmaggiore-Viadana dialect ** Mantuan dialect ** Lower Mantuan dialect **

Bolognese dialect Bolognese (native name: ) is a dialect of Emilian spoken in the most part in the city of Bologna and its hinterland (except east of the Sillaro stream), but also in the district of Castelfranco Emilia in the province of Modena, and in the ...

*** Bologna city dialect *** Mid-mountains dialects *** Upper mountains dialects *** Northern plains dialects *** Eastern plains dialects *** Western plains dialects ** Ferrara dialect ***Comacchio dialect *

** Ravenna dialect ** Forlì dialect ** Cesena dialect ** Rimini dialect ** Sammarinese dialect ***north-eastern (

Serravallian The Serravallian is, in the geologic timescale, an List of time periods, age or a stage (stratigraphy), stage in the middle Miocene epoch (geology), Epoch/series (stratigraphy), Series, which spans the time between 13.82 annum, Ma and 11.63 Ma (m ...

) ***south-western ***south-eastern * Gallo-Picene: classification is disputed. While generally considered close to Romagnol, being part of the Gallo-Italic group, some have suggested a third component of Emilian–Romagnol continuum ** Urbinate dialect ** Montefeltrin dialect ** Pesarese dialect ** Fanese dialect ** Senigallia dialect ** Conero Gallo-Italic dialects ** Upper Tiber transitional dialects

Sample Text

Emilian-Romagnol: Tot j essèri umèn i nàs lébri e cumpagn in dignità e dirét. Lou i è dutid ad rasoun e ad cuscinza e i à da operè, ognun ti cunfrunt at ch’j ilt, sa sentimint ad fratelènza. English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

References

Gallo-Italic languages Languages of Italy Languages of Emilia-Romagna Languages of Liguria Languages of le Marche Languages of San Marino {{Romance-lang-stub

Description

Classification

Sample Text

See also

References