Emilian-Romagnol is a

linguistic continuum A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varie ...

part of the

Gallo-Romance languages The Gallo-Romance branch of the Romance languages includes in the narrowest sense the Langues d'oïl and Franco-Provençal. However, other definitions are far broader, variously encompassing the Occitano-Romance, Gallo-Italic, and Rhaeto-Rom ...

spoken in the northern Italian region of

Emilia-Romagna egl, Emigliàn (man) egl, Emiglièna (woman) rgn, Rumagnòl (man) rgn, Rumagnòla (woman) it, Emiliano (man) it, Emiliana (woman) or it, Romagnolo (man) it, Romagnola (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title ...

. It is divided into two main

varieties Variety may refer to: Arts and entertainment Entertainment formats * Variety (radio) * Variety show, in theater and television Films * ''Variety'' (1925 film), a German silent film directed by Ewald Andre Dupont * ''Variety'' (1935 film), ...

: Emilian and Romagnol. While first registered under a single code in ISO standard 639-3, in 2009 this was retired in favour of two distinct codes for the two varieties, due to the cultural and literary split between the two parts of the region, making Emilian and Romagnol distinct

ethnolinguistic Ethnolinguistics (sometimes called cultural linguistics) is an area of anthropological linguistics that studies the relationship between a language and the nonlinguistic cultural behavior of the people who speak that language. __NOTOC__ Example ...

entities. Since 2015, Emilian and Romagnol are considered, with separated entries,

definitely endangered languages Definiteness is a feature of noun phrases in grammatical theory. Definiteness may also refer to: * Counterfactual definiteness, a concept in quantum mechanics * For the definiteness of forms in multilinear algebra, see Definite quadratic form. ...

according to the

UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) aimed at promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture. It ...

Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

Description

As part of the

Gallo-Italic languages The Gallo-Italic, Gallo-Italian, Gallo-Cisalpine or simply Cisalpine languages constitute the majority of the Romance languages of northern Italy. They are Piedmontese, Lombard, Emilian, Ligurian, and Romagnol. Although most publications def ...

, Emilian-Romagnol is most closely related to the Lombard,

Piedmontese Piedmontese (; autonym: or , in it, piemontese) is a language spoken by some 2,000,000 people mostly in Piedmont, northwestern region of Italy. Although considered by most linguists a separate language, in Italy it is often mistakenly reg ...

and Ligurian languages, all of which are spoken in neighboring regions. Among other Gallo-Italic languages, Emilian-Romagnol is characterized by systematic

raising Raising may refer to: *Raising (linguistics), a syntactic construction *Raising (phonetics), a sound change *Raising (metalworking), a metalworking technique *Barn raising, a community event to erect the wooden framework for a building *Fundraising ...

and

diphthongization In historical linguistics, vowel breaking, vowel fracture, or diphthongization is the sound change of a monophthong into a diphthong or triphthong. Types Vowel breaking may be unconditioned or conditioned. It may be triggered by the presence of ...

of latin stressed

vowels A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, in loudness and also in quantity (len ...

in open syllables, as well as widespread syncope of unstressed vowels other than /a/ and use of

vowel gradation In linguistics, apophony (also known as ablaut, (vowel) gradation, (vowel) mutation, alternation, internal modification, stem modification, stem alternation, replacive morphology, stem mutation, internal inflection etc.) is any alternation wit ...

in the formation of plurals and certain verb tenses.

Dialects

* Emilian ** Carrarese dialect ** Lunigianese dialect ** Tortonese dialect ** Pavese-Vogherese dialect, Oltrepò dialect ** Placentine dialect, Bobbiese dialect **

Modenese dialect Emilian ( egl, emigliàn, links=no, ; it, emiliano, links=no) is a Gallo-Italic language spoken in the historical region of Emilia, which is now in the northwestern part of Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy. There is no standardised version o ...

, Carpesan dialect, Mirandolese dialect, Frignanese dialect ** Reggio dialect, Guastallese dialect ** Parmesan dialect ** Casalmaggiore-Viadana dialect ** Mantuan dialect ** Lower Mantuan dialect **

Bolognese dialect Bolognese (native name ) is a dialect of Emilian spoken in the most part in the city of Bologna and its hinterland (except east of the Sillaro stream), but also in the district of Castelfranco Emilia in the Province of Modena, and in the ...

*** Bologna city dialect *** Mid-mountains dialects *** Upper mountains dialects *** Northern plains dialects *** Eastern plains dialects *** Western plains dialects ** Ferrara dialect ***Comacchio dialect * Romagnol ** Ravenna dialect ** Forlì dialect ** Cesena dialect ** Rimini dialect ** Sammarinese dialect ***north-eastern (

Serravallian The Serravallian is, in the geologic timescale, an age or a stage in the middle Miocene Epoch/Series, which spans the time between 13.82 Ma and 11.63 Ma (million years ago). The Serravallian follows the Langhian and is followed by the Tortonian ...

) ***south-western ***south-eastern * Gallo-Picene: classification is disputed. While generally considered close to Romagnol, being part of the Gallo-Italic group, some have suggested a third component of Emilian-Romagnol continuum ** Urbinate dialect ** Montefeltrin dialect ** Pesarese dialect ** Fanese dialect ** Senigallia dialect ** Conero Gallo-Italic dialects ** Upper Tiber transitional dialects

Controversy

Native speakers reject the suggestion to consider Emilian-Romagnol as one language, which is perceived as an artifice imposed top-down by academics, and much rather prefer identify as speakers of distinct Emilian or Romagnol languages (especially in Romagna), or directly of the local variants of the two.

References

Gallo-Italic languages Languages of Italy Languages of Emilia-Romagna Languages of Lombardy Languages of Liguria Languages of le Marche Languages of San Marino {{Romance-lang-stub

Description

Dialects

Controversy

See also

References