''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of

foraminifera Foraminifera (; Latin for "hole bearers"; informally called "forams") are single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class of amoeboid protists characterized by streaming granular ectoplasm for catching food and other uses; and commonly ...

. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams,

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

s from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of the species within this genus is disputed due to the high variability of some species.

Description

''Elphidium'' is generally around 1 mm in size. The

test Test(s), testing, or TEST may refer to: * Test (assessment), an educational assessment intended to measure the respondents' knowledge or other abilities Arts and entertainment * ''Test'' (2013 film), an American film * ''Test'' (2014 film), ...

is spiral-shaped, and can be red, orange, or brown. This shell is made up of calcium carbonate. Species of this genus have seven to twenty chambers in the final whorl, and may have an umbilical plug on each side. In some species the rim is sharp, while in others it is more rounded. Another distinctive feature is the retral processes (small backward extensions of the chamber walls) that cross the sutures, giving some the appearance of tiny rolled up glass baskets. ''Elphidium'' crawls using a type of

pseudopod A pseudopod or pseudopodium (plural: pseudopods or pseudopodia) is a temporary arm-like projection of a eukaryotic cell membrane that is emerged in the direction of movement. Filled with cytoplasm, pseudopodia primarily consist of actin filament ...

called reticulopodia.

Life cycle

''Elphidium'' shows dimorphism with alternating generations. The complete cycle for ''Elphidium crispum'' takes two years in the shallower marine regions, although it may be delayed at deeper stations.

Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. The offspring that arise by asexual reproduction from either unicellular or multicellular organisms inherit the ...

reaches a peak in spring of the first year. Sexual reproduction begins early in the second spring as temperatures begin to rise. The gametes conjugate outside in open sea to produce zygotes and the B form then develops and matures during the second summer. Lister (1895) observed ''Elphidium'' in two different forms as megalospheric form (sexual form) and microsperic form (asexual form). The megalosperic form was developed from the microsperic form. The

gamete A gamete (; , ultimately ) is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually. Gametes are an organism's reproductive cells, also referred to as sex cells. In species that produce ...

s which gives rise to microspheric form by

syngamy Fertilisation or fertilization (see spelling differences), also known as generative fertilisation, syngamy and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes to give rise to a new individual organism or offspring and initiate its development. Pro ...

. ''Elphidium'' exhibits an alternation of generation in its life cycle. The megalosperic forms alternates with microspheric forms. The microspheric forms are developed by the conjugation or syngamy. It means there is always an alternations of asexual (microspheric) and sexual (megalospheric) generation in ''Elphidium''. The microspheric form reproduces asexually by fission to produce a number of amoebulae. The inner

cytoplasm In cell biology, the cytoplasm is all of the material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus. The material inside the nucleus and contained within the nuclear membrane is termed the nucleoplasm. ...

mass containing several nuclei creeps out of the shell and remains as a lump around it. A small amount of cytoplasm collects around each nucleus. As a result, a large number of amoeboid cells are formed. Each amoebula secretes the proloculum, formsrhizopodia, then it grows and forms other chambers of the shell to become a megalospheric forms. The megalospheric form reproduces sexually by syngamy or conjugation. During sexual reproduction in megalospheric forms, nucleus first breaks up into many small nuclei and the cytoplasm collects around each of these nuclei. The nuclei divide twice giving rise to a large haploid and known as isogametes. Isogametes of two different individuals fuse in pairs to form zygotes. These are then develops into microspheric form. The life cycle of ''Elphidium'' may be summarized as follows: the microspheric forms produce amoebulae by asexual fission which develops into megalospheric forms. The megalospheric forms produce flagellated isogametes which after syngamy produce zygotes that develop into microspheric forms. Thus, its life cycle clearly exhibits the phenomenon of alternations of asexual microspheric generations with sexual megalospheric generations.

Subdivisions

*Subgenus ''

Elphidium (Parrellina) ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Carter, 1958 **'' Elphidium (Parrellina) centrifugalis'' Carter, 1958 *Subgenus ''

Elphidium (Polystomella) ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Heron-Allen & Earland, 1932 *''Elphidium'' ''

incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...

'' **''

Elphidium abyssicola ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Ishiwada, 1964 **''

Elphidium aculeatum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (d'Orbigny, 1846) **''

Elphidium adelaidense ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Howchin & Parr, 1938 **''

Elphidium advenum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (Cushman, 1922) **''

Elphidium africanum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' LeRoy, 1953 **'' Elphidium aguafrescaense'' Todd & Kniker, 1952 **'' Elphidium alaskense'' Cushman & Todd, 1947 **''

Elphidium albanii ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997 **''

Elphidium alvarezianum ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' (d'Orbigny, 1839) **'' Elphidium ancestrum'' Le Calvez, 1950 **'' Elphidium argenteum'' Parr, 1945 **'' Elphidium armenium'' Saakyan-Gezalyan, 1957 **'' Elphidium articulatum'' (d'Orbigny, 1839) **'' Elphidium asagaiense'' Asano, 1949 **'' Elphidium asanoi'' Kaiho, 1984 **'' Elphidium asanoi'' Matsunaga, 1963 **'' Elphidium asiaticum'' Polski, 1959 **'' Elphidium asklundi'' Brotzen, 1943 **'' Elphidium australis'' Cushman & Parker, 1931 **'' Elphidium azerbaidjanicum'' Mamedova, 1966 **'' Elphidium aznaburticum'' Pronina, 1964 **'' Elphidium bartletti'' Cushman, 1933 **'' Elphidium batavum'' Hofker, 1968 **'' Elphidium batialis'' Saidova, 1961 **'' Elphidium bhattacharyai'' Jauhri, 1994 **'' Elphidium biperforatus'' (Whittaker & Hodgkinson, 1979) **'' Elphidium bogdanowiczi'' Pronina, 1964 **'' Elphidium bosoense'' Fujita, 1956 **'' Elphidium botaniense'' Albani, 1981 **'' Elphidium brooklynense'' Shupack, 1934 **'' Elphidium californicum'' Cook Ms., 1959 **'' Elphidium capelavelaense'' McCulloch, 1981 **'' Elphidium carenerosensis'' Bermúdez & Fuenmayor, 1966 **'' Elphidium cariacoense'' Bermúdez & Seiglie, 1963 **'' Elphidium carpentariaense'' Albani & Yassini, 1993 **'' Elphidium carteri'' Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997 **'' Elphidium cercadense'' Bermúdez, 1949 **'' Elphidium chapmani'' Cushman, 1936 **'' Elphidium charlottense'' (Vella, 1957) **'' Elphidium cherifi'' Anan, 2010 **'' Elphidium chilenum'' Todd & Kniker, 1952 **'' Elphidium clarki'' Graham, 1950 **'' Elphidium clavatum'' Cushman Em. Loeblich & Tappan, 1953 **'' Elphidium cochense'' McCulloch, 1981 **'' Elphidium collinsi'' Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997 **'' Elphidium colomboense'' McCulloch, 1977 **'' Elphidium colomi'' Ferrer, 1971 **'' Elphidium complanatum'' (d'Orbigny, 1839) **'' Elphidium compressulum'' Copeland, 1964 **'' Elphidium concinnum'' Khalilov, 1957 **'' Elphidium concinnum'' Nicol, 1944 **'' Elphidium consociatum'' Khalilov, 1957 **'' Elphidium costiferum'' (Terquem, 1882) **'' Elphidium crassatum'' Cushman, 1936 **'' Elphidium crassimargo'' Shchedrina, 1984 **'' Elphidium craticulatum'' (Fichtel & Moll, 1798) **'' Elphidium crespinae'' Cushman, 1936 **'' Elphidium crispum'' (Linnaeus, 1758) **'' Elphidium cristobalense'' McCulloch, 1981 **'' Elphidium cubaguaense'' McCulloch, 1981 **'' Elphidium culebrense'' Cushman, 1936 **'' Elphidium cuvillieri'' Levy, 1966 **'' Elphidium cynicalis'' Jennings, 1936 **'' Elphidium decipiens'' (O.G.Costa, 1856) **'' Elphidium decorum'' Qiu & Lin, 1978 **'' Elphidium deferrariisi'' Malumián, 1990 **'' Elphidium delicatulum'' Bermúdez, 1949 **'' Elphidium discoidale'' (d'Orbigny, 1839) **'' Elphidium dominicense'' Bermúdez, 1949 **'' Elphidium dopperti'' Daniels, 2001 **'' Elphidium duzdagicum'' Pronina, 1964 **'' Elphidium earlandi'' Cushman, 1936 **'' Elphidium echinus'' Serova, 1955 **'' Elphidium elegans'' Serova, 1955 **'' Elphidium elegantum'' (Hofker, 1976) **'' Elphidium ellisi'' Weiss, 1954 **'' Elphidium eocenicum'' Cushman & Ellisor, 1931 **'' Elphidium excubitor'' Nicol, 1944 **'' Elphidium exoticum'' Haynes, 1973 **'' Elphidium ezoense'' Asano, 1937 **'' Elphidium fastigiatum'' Cushman, 1945 **'' Elphidium fax'' Nicol, 1944 **'' Elphidium fedorowi'' Bogdanovich, 1960 **'' Elphidium felsense'' Papp, 1963 **'' Elphidium ferrentegranulum'' Krasheninnikov, 1960 **'' Elphidium fichtelianum'' (d'Orbigny, 1846) **'' Elphidium fijiense'' Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997 **'' Elphidium fimbriatulum'' (Cushman, 1918) **'' Elphidium fissurisuturalum'' Wang, He & Lu, 1988 **'' Elphidium flexuosum'' (d'Orbigny, 1846) **'' Elphidium florentinae'' Shupack, 1934 **'' Elphidium formosum'' Todd, 1957 **'' Elphidium friedbergi'' Serova, 1955 **'' Elphidium frigidum'' Cushman, 1933 **'' Elphidium frizzelli'' Miller, 1953 **'' Elphidium galvestonense'' Kornfeld, 1931 **'' Elphidium georgianum'' Cushman, 1935 **'' Elphidium georgium'' Venglinsky, 1958 **'' Elphidium gibsoni'' Hayward, 1979 **'' Elphidium glabratum'' Cushman, 1939 **'' Elphidium granatum'' Gudina, 1964 **'' Elphidium granti'' Kleinpell, 1938 **'' Elphidium granulosum'' (Sidebottom, 1909) **'' Elphidium grimensis'' Quilty, 1980 **'' Elphidium groenlandicum'' Cushman, 1933 **'' Elphidium guraboense'' Bermúdez, 1949 **'' Elphidium haagensis'' van Voorthuysen, 1950 **'' Elphidium hadleyana'' Smitter, 1955 **'' Elphidium halickii'' Brodniewicz, 1972 **'' Elphidium hallandense'' Brotzen, 1943 **'' Elphidium hampdenense'' Finlay, 1939 **'' Elphidium hauerinum'' (d'Orbigny, 1846) **'' Elphidium hawkesburyense'' (Albani, 1974) **'' Elphidium helenae'' Quilty, 1980 **'' Elphidium hiltermanni'' Hagn, 1952 **'' Elphidium hispidulum'' Cushman, 1936 **'' Elphidium hokkaidoense'' Asano, 1950 **'' Elphidium hornibrooki'' Srinivasan, 1966 **'' Elphidium howchini'' Cushman, 1936 **'' Elphidium hughesi'' Cushman & Grant, 1927 **'' Elphidium humboldtensis'' Haller, 1980 **'' Elphidium hungaricum'' Korecz-Laky, 1967 **'' Elphidium hyalocostatum'' Todd, 1957 **'' Elphidium ibericum'' (Schrodt, 1890) **'' Elphidium icenorum'' Macfadyen, 1939 **'' Elphidium inchonense'' Mcculloch, 1977 **'' Elphidium inclarum'' Krasheninnikov, 1960 **'' Elphidium indicum'' Cushman, 1936 **'' Elphidium infrajuliense'' Bertels, 1977 **'' Elphidium ingressans'' Dorreen, 1948 **'' Elphidium inopinatum'' Khalilov, 1957 **'' Elphidium iojimaense'' Asano & Murata, 1958 **'' Elphidium iranicum'' (Yassini & Ghahreman, 1977) **'' Elphidium ishikariense'' Kaiho, 1984 **'' Elphidium izumoense'' Nomura, 1990 **'' Elphidium javanum'' Yabe & Asano, 1937 **'' Elphidium jiani'' Lei & Li, 2016 **'' Elphidium johnstonae'' Mclean, 1956 **'' Elphidium joukovi'' Serova, 1955 **'' Elphidium kadilnicovi'' Semenov & Semenova, 1980 **'' Elphidium kaicherae'' Mclean, 1956 **'' Elphidium kaneharai'' Ishiwada, 1958 **'' Elphidium kanoum'' Hayward, 1979 **'' Elphidium karenae'' Asbjornsdottir, 1994 **'' Elphidium karpaticum'' Myatlyuk, 1950 **'' Elphidium kazmakrisense'' Mamedova, 1966 **'' Elphidium kerguelenense'' Parr, 1950 **'' Elphidium kobense'' McCulloch, 1977 **'' Elphidium koberi'' Tollmann, 1955 **'' Elphidium koeboeense'' LeRoy, 1939 **'' Elphidium kozlowskii'' Brodniewicz, 1965 **'' Elphidium kudakoense'' Bogdanovich, 1947 **'' Elphidium kusiroense'' Asano, 1938 **'' Elphidium laeve'' (d'Orbigny in Parker, Jones & Brady, 1865) **'' Elphidium lagunense'' (Albani & Balbero, 1982) **'' Elphidium laloviensis'' Venglinsky, 1948 **'' Elphidium lanieri'' (d'Orbigny, 1839) **'' Elphidium latidorsatum'' (Reuss, 1864) **'' Elphidium latispatium'' Poag, 1966 **'' Elphidium latusovum'' Krasheninnikov, 1960 **'' Elphidium lauritaense'' Todd & Kniker, 1952 **'' Elphidium lautenschlaegeri'' Voloshinova, 1952 **'' Elphidium lene'' Cushman & McCulloch, 1940 **'' Elphidium lens'' Galloway & Heminway, 1941 **'' Elphidium leonensis'' Applin & Jordan, 1945 **'' Elphidium lessonii'' (d'Orbigny, 1839) **'' Elphidium ligatum'' Krasheninnikov, 1960 **'' Elphidium limatulum'' Copeland, 1964 **'' Elphidium limpidum'' Ho, Hu & Wang, 1965 **'' Elphidium lobatum'' Galloway & Heminway, 1941 **'' Elphidium ludbrookae'' Bhalla & Dev, 1988 **'' Elphidium mabutii'' Asano, 1962 **'' Elphidium macellum'' (Fichtel & Moll, 1798) **'' Elphidium maioricense'' Colom, 1942 **'' Elphidium manibulum'' Khalilov, 1957 **'' Elphidium maorium'' Hayward, 1997 **'' Elphidium margaritaceum'' Cushman, 1930 **'' Elphidium marshallana'' Todd & Post, 1954 **'' Elphidium matagordanum'' (Kornfeld, 1931) **'' Elphidium matanginuiense'' Hayward, 1997 **'' Elphidium matauraense'' Hayward, 1997 **'' Elphidium matsuense'' Nomura, 1990 **'' Elphidium matsukawauraense'' Takayanagi, 1955 **'' Elphidium mawsoni'' Parr, 1950 **'' Elphidium mexicanum'' Kornfeld, 1931 **'' Elphidium microelegans'' Serova, 1955 **'' Elphidium microgranulosum'' Galloway & Wissler, 1951 **'' Elphidium miikense'' Murata, 1961 **'' Elphidium millettiforme'' McCulloch, 1977 **'' Elphidium minutum'' (Reuss, 1865) **'' Elphidium mirandum'' Krasheninnikov, 1960 **'' Elphidium mironovi'' Voloshinova, 1952 **'' Elphidium morenoi'' Bermúdez, 1935 **'' Elphidium mortonbayense'' Albani & Yassini, 1993 **'' Elphidium multacamerum'' Krasheninnikov, 1960 **'' Elphidium mundulum'' Todd & Low, 1960 **'' Elphidium musselroeensis'' Quilty, 1980 **'' Elphidium nagaoi'' Asano, 1938 **'' Elphidium nakanokawaense'' Shirai, 1960 **'' Elphidium nataliae'' Popescu, 1995 **'' Elphidium nautiloideum'' Galloway & Heminway, 1941 **'' Elphidium neocrespinae'' Gibson, 1983 **'' Elphidium neosimplex'' McCulloch, 1977 **'' Elphidium nigarense'' Cushman, 1936 **'' Elphidium nipeense'' Keijzer, 1945 **'' Elphidium noniformis'' Gerke in Voloshinova & Dain, 1952 **'' Elphidium nonioniformis'' Smigielska, 1957 **'' Elphidium norvangi'' Buzas, Smith & Beem, 1977 **'' Elphidium notabilis'' Pishvanova, 1958 **'' Elphidium novozealandicum'' Cushman, 1936 **'' Elphidium obtusum'' (d'Orbigny, 1846) **'' Elphidium oceanense'' (d'Orbigny in Fornasini, 1904) **'' Elphidium oceanicum'' Cushman, 1933 **'' Elphidium oligocenicum'' Khalilov, 1951 **'' Elphidium ombetsuense'' Asano, 1962 **'' Elphidium omotoensis'' Dorreen, 1948 **'' Elphidium omuraense'' Shuto, 1953 **'' Elphidium onerosum'' Bogdanovich, 1960 **'' Elphidium orientale'' Voloshinova, 1952 **'' Elphidium owenianum'' (d'Orbigny, 1839) **'' Elphidium ozawai'' Uchio, 1951 **'' Elphidium panamense'' Cushman, 1936 **'' Elphidium papillosum'' Cushman, 1936 **'' Elphidium paraense'' Petri, 1954 **'' Elphidium paraskevaidisi'' Christodoulou, 1960 **'' Elphidium parviforme'' McCulloch, 1981 **'' Elphidium parvulum'' Aoki, 1968 **'' Elphidium parvum'' Zheng, 1980 **'' Elphidium parvus'' Eremeeva, 1961 **'' Elphidium patagonicum'' Todd & Kniker, 1952 **'' Elphidium perforatum'' Nomura, 1990 **'' Elphidium perscitum'' Serova, 1955 **'' Elphidium philippense'' Hayward, 1997 **'' Elphidium phillipense'' Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997 **'' Elphidium pilasense'' McCulloch, 1977 **'' Elphidium planiforme'' McCulloch, 1981 **'' Elphidium planulatum'' (Lamarck, 1822) **'' Elphidium planum'' Husezima & Maruhasi, 1944 **'' Elphidium podolicum'' Serova, 1955 **'' Elphidium ponticum'' (Dolgopolskaya & Pauli, 1931) **'' Elphidium primum'' Ten Dam, 1944 **'' Elphidium pseudoinflatum'' Cushman, 1936 **'' Elphidium pseudolessonii'' Ten Dam & Reinhold, 1941 **'' Elphidium pseudonodosum'' Cushman, 1936 **'' Elphidium puertoricense'' Galloway & Heminway, 1941 **'' Elphidium pulvereum'' Todd, 1958 **'' Elphidium punctatum'' (Terquem, 1878) **'' Elphidium puscharovski'' Serova, 1955 **'' Elphidium pusillogranosum'' Venglinsky, 1958 **'' Elphidium pustulisuturale'' Wang & Cheng, 1981 **'' Elphidium pustulosum'' Cushman & McCulloch, 1940 **'' Elphidium rarum'' Husezima & Maruhasi, 1944 **'' Elphidium rasshamali'' Haque, 1970 **'' Elphidium reginum'' (d'Orbigny, 1846) **'' Elphidium reticulosum'' Cushman, 1933 **'' Elphidium rioturbiense'' Malumián, 1994 **'' Elphidium rischtanicum'' Bykova, 1939 **'' Elphidium rolshauseni'' Cushman & Ellisor, 1939 **'' Elphidium rota'' Ellis, 1939 **'' Elphidium rotatum'' Howchin & Parr, 1938 **'' Elphidium rugosum'' (d'Orbigny, 1846) **'' Elphidium rugulosum'' Cushman & Wickenden, 1929 **'' Elphidium rutteni'' Hermes, 1945 **'' Elphidium saginatum'' Finlay, 1939 **'' Elphidium sagrum'' (d'Orbigny, 1839) **'' Elphidium saitoi'' Asano & Murata, 1958 **'' Elphidium salebrosum'' Serova, 1955 **'' Elphidium samueli'' Zlinská, 1993 **'' Elphidium sandiegoense'' (Lankford, 1973) **'' Elphidium sandongensis'' He & Hu, 1978 **'' Elphidium schencki'' Cushman & Dusenbury, 1934 **'' Elphidium schreiteri'' Eichenberg, 1935 **'' Elphidium semiinvolutum'' Myatlyuk, 1956 **'' Elphidium semistriatum'' (d'Orbigny, 1852) **'' Elphidium sendaiense'' Takayanagi, 1950 **'' Elphidium seranense'' Valk, 1945 **'' Elphidium seymourense'' McCulloch, 1977 **'' Elphidium shochinae'' Mayer, 1968 **'' Elphidium silvestrii'' Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997 **'' Elphidium simaense'' Makiyama & Nakagawa, 1941 **'' Elphidium simulatum'' McCulloch, 1977 **'' Elphidium singaporense'' McCulloch, 1977 **'' Elphidium skyringense'' Todd & Kniker, 1952 **'' Elphidium smithi'' Cushman & Dusenbury, 1934 **'' Elphidium somaense'' Takayanagi, 1955 **'' Elphidium spinatum'' Cushman & Valentine, 1930 **'' Elphidium stebnicaensis'' Pishvanova, 1964 **'' Elphidium stellans'' Krasheninnikov, 1960 **'' Elphidium stelliferum'' Khalilov, 1957 **'' Elphidium stimulum'' Cushman & McCulloch, 1940 **'' Elphidium strattoni'' (Applin, 1925) **'' Elphidium striatopunctatum'' (Fichtel & Moll, 1798) **'' Elphidium subcarinatum'' (Egger, 1857) **'' Elphidium subcrispum'' Nakamura, 1937 **'' Elphidium subfichtelianum'' Mamedova, 1966 **'' Elphidium subincertum'' Asano, 1950 **'' Elphidium subinflatum'' Cushman, 1936 **'' Elphidium subnodosum'' (Münster, 1838) **'' Elphidium subrotatum'' Hornibrook, 1961 **'' Elphidium subsphaericum'' Cushman & Hedberg, 1930 **'' Elphidium sumitomoi'' Asano & Murata, 1958 **'' Elphidium suzukii'' Husezima & Maruhasi, 1944 **'' Elphidium taiwanum'' Nakamura, 1937 **'' Elphidium tengiense'' Mamedova, 1966 **'' Elphidium terquemianum'' Le Calvez, 1950 **'' Elphidium tikutoensis'' Nakamura, 1937 **'' Elphidium toddae'' Petri, 1955 **'' Elphidium tongaense'' (Cushman, 1931) **'' Elphidium transcarpaticum'' Venglinsky, 1948 **'' Elphidium translucens'' Natland, 1938 **'' Elphidium tropicale'' Petri, 1954 **'' Elphidium tsudai'' Chiji & Nakaseko, 1950 **'' Elphidium tumidum'' Natland, 1938 **'' Elphidium twiggsanum'' Cushman, 1945 **'' Elphidium ukrainicum'' Krasheninnikov, 1960 **'' Elphidium ustilatum'' Todd, 1957 **'' Elphidium vavauense'' Hayward, 1997 in Hayward, Hollis & Grenfell, 1997 **'' Elphidium vellai'' Hayward, 1997 **'' Elphidium venetum'' (Albani, Favero & Serandrei Barbero, 1991) **'' Elphidium vitreum'' Collins, 1974 **'' Elphidium voorthuyseni'' Haake, 1962 **'' Elphidium vulgare'' Voloshinova, 1952 **'' Elphidium waddense'' van Voorthuysen, 1975 **'' Elphidium wadeae'' (Hornibrook, 1961) **'' Elphidium wakkanabense'' Kaiho, 1992 **'' Elphidium williamsoni'' Haynes, 1973 **'' Elphidium wordeni'' McCulloch, 1977 **'' Elphidium yumotoense'' Asano, 1949 **''

Elphidium zeivensis ''Elphidium'' is an abundant genus of foraminifera. Species can be found from coastal regions out to the continental slope, and in all temperature ranges. Like other forams, fossils from different species are used to date rocks. The taxonomy of ...

'' Khalilov, 1957

References

* Loeblich and Helen Tappan, 1964. Sarcodina Chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part C Protista 2. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press. * _____ 1988. Forminiferal Genera and their Classification. E-boo

:'' For illustrations see''
ElphidiumWorld Modern Foraminifera Database

Description

Life cycle

Subdivisions

References

Further reading