elizate

An (), ( es, anteiglesia) is an early form of local government in the Basque Country which was particularly common in Biscay but also existed in the other provinces. The terms (in Standard Basque) and (in Biscayan) literally translate as "church door" ( "church" + "door"). The Spanish term translates as "before hechurch" or "parvise".

The peculiar name derives from the Basque custom where the family heads of a settlement connected to a particular parish would gather after mass at the entrance or portico of the church to make decisions regarding issues affecting their community. Their medieval history is closely linked to the emergence of the ''Batzar Nagusiak'' or "Grand Meetings", especially those of Biscay and Gipuzkoa (''Juntas Generales de Vizcaya/Guipúzcoa'' in Spanish) and the establishment of parochial churches. Each ''elizate'' would elect a representative who would represent the ''elizate'' at a ''Batzar Nagusia'', so the ''elizate'' represents an early form of local democracy. These enjoyed considerable autonomy in decision-making from the higher administrative authorities.

An ''elizate'' was steered by a ''fiel sindiko'' (''fiel síndico'' in Spanish), who would organise meetings and bear a makila as a sign of authority. A ''fiel'' was normally chosen for one year through a number of methods. Some were nominated by the outgoing ''fiel'', in some places the position of ''fiel'' would rotate through all farmholders of the ''elizate'' and in others the most recently married farmholder would be named ''fiel''. Each ''elizate'' was subdivided into smaller units called ''kofradiak'' (''cofradías'' in Spanish, "brotherhoods") which corresponded to the individual boroughs of an ''elizate''.

A group of elizates was a ''merindad''.

Through time ''elizates'' often became municipalities. In Biscay, during the time of the Lordship of Biscay (''Bizkaiko Jaurerria'' in Basque, ''Señorío de Vizcaya'' in Spanish), the territory of all ''anteiglesias'' were referred to as Plain Land (''Lur Laua'' in Basque, ''Tierra Llana'' in Spanish), as opposed to the more stratified cities. It was further incorporated into the administration. They became subject to the fueros which at the same time re-affirmed the status of nobility to all farmholders. This meant that unlike in most of feudal Europe, the farmers legally owned their land.

After centuries of political change, very few ''elizate'' remain today, two of the most notable in Iurreta and Derio. In 1962, in Francoist Spain, the name of the ''elizates'' was changed to ''auzo'' (neighbourhood, district) and they were merged into municipalities. The current term, ''auzo'', is undistinguishable from the subdivisions of a city, which are called by the same term.

See also

*The Water Tribunal of Valencia, Spain is unrelated to elizates, but also holds sessions at the church door.

References

{{reflist
*Kasper, M. ''Baskische Geschichte'' Primus: 1997
* Trask, L. ''The History of Basque'' Routledge: 1997

External links

Anteiglesia
in the Spanish-language Auñamendi Encyclopedia.

Basque culture
Political terminology
Basque history
Politics of Spain