The Elizabeth Mine was a
copper mine
Copper extraction refers to the methods used to obtain copper from its ores. The conversion of copper consists of a series of physical and electrochemical processes. Methods have evolved and vary with country depending on the ore source, loca ...
located on the town line between the Town of
Strafford and the Town of
Thetford
Thetford is a market town and civil parish in the Breckland District of Norfolk, England. It is on the A11 road between Norwich and London, just east of Thetford Forest. The civil parish, covering an area of , in 2015 had a population of 24,340 ...
, in
Orange County, Vermont
Orange County is a county located in the U.S. state of Vermont. As of the 2020 census, the population was 29,277. Its shire town (county seat) is the town of Chelsea. Orange County was organized on February 2, 1781, as an original county with ...
.
The ore deposit was discovered in 1793, but mining did not start until 1809.
Open pit mining
Open-pit mining, also known as open-cast or open-cut mining and in larger contexts mega-mining, is a surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth from an open-air pit, sometimes known as a borrow.
This form of mining ...
and from 1886 underground mining was conducted. The mine produced up to of copper (1954) and was closed in 1957.
Due to
acid mine drainage
Acid mine drainage, acid and metalliferous drainage (AMD), or acid rock drainage (ARD) is the outflow of acidic water from metal mines or coal mines.
Acid rock drainage occurs naturally within some environments as part of the rock weathering ...
the west branch of the
Ompompanoosuc River
The Ompompanoosuc River is a river, about 25 mi (40 km) long, in eastern Vermont in the United States. It is a tributary of the Connecticut River, which flows to Long Island Sound. According to the Geographic Names Information System, ...
was polluted. Since 2000 the
Environmental Protection Agency
A biophysical environment is a biotic and abiotic surrounding of an organism or population, and consequently includes the factors that have an influence in their survival, development, and evolution. A biophysical environment can vary in scale f ...
(EPA) and the
Vermont Agency of Natural Resources
Vermont () is a state in the northeast New England region of the United States. Vermont is bordered by the states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, and New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the n ...
have been developing a plan to clean up the area.
Geology
The ore deposits at the Elizabeth Mine represent classic examples of
sedimentary exhalative type deposition where hydrothermal fluids enter the marine environment and precipitate out minerals in a strataform ore body.
The ores are hosted in the strongly deformed Lower
Devonian
The Devonian ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the Silurian, million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, Mya. It is named after Devon, England, whe ...
Gile Mountain Formation (a grey to dark grey mica
schist
Schist ( ) is a medium-grained metamorphic rock showing pronounced schistosity. This means that the rock is composed of mineral grains easily seen with a low-power hand lens, oriented in such a way that the rock is easily split into thin flakes o ...
). The ore body at the Elizabeth Mine is a massive sulfide deposit consisting primarily of
pyrrhotite
Pyrrhotite is an iron sulfide mineral with the formula Fe(1-x)S (x = 0 to 0.2). It is a nonstoichiometric variant of FeS, the mineral known as troilite.
Pyrrhotite is also called magnetic pyrite, because the color is similar to pyrite and it is ...
and
chalcopyrite
Chalcopyrite ( ) is a copper iron sulfide mineral and the most abundant copper ore mineral. It has the chemical formula CuFeS2 and crystallizes in the tetragonal system. It has a brassy to golden yellow color and a hardness of 3.5 to 4 on the Mo ...
.
See also
*
Copper mining in the United States
Copper mining in the United States has been a major industry since the rise of the northern Michigan copper district in the 1840s. In 2017 the United States produced 1.27 million metric tonnes of copper, worth $8 billion, making it the world' ...
*
List of Superfund sites in Vermont
This is a list of Superfund sites in Vermont designated under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) environmental law. The CERCLA federal law of 1980 authorized the United States Environmental Protectio ...
References
External links
South Strafford’s Elizabeth Copper Mine: The Tyson Years, 1880–1902 The Geology of the Elizabeth Mine, Peter Howard, 1969Geologic Map of the Elizabeth Mine Area (Stratford, VT)*{{HAER , survey=VT-35 , id=vt0130 , title=Elizabeth Mine, Mine Road, South Strafford, Orange County, VT , photos=66 , dwgs=4 , data=89 , cap=11
Geology of Vermont
Copper mines in the United States
Historic American Engineering Record in Vermont
Superfund sites in Vermont
Mining in Vermont
Orange County, Vermont