José Eligio Ayala (December 4, 1879 – October 24, 1930) was
President
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*President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
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of
Paraguay
Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to th ...
from 12 April 1923 to 17 March 1924 and again from 15 August 1924 until 15 August 1928. He was a member of the Liberal Party.
Jose Eligio Ayala was born in
Mbuyapey
Mbuyapey is a district of the Paraguarí Department in Paraguay. It is located 182 km southeast of Asunción
Asunción (, , , Guarani: Paraguay) is the capital and the largest city of Paraguay.
The city stands on the eastern bank of the Parag ...
in the department of
Paraguarí
Paraguarí (; gn, Paraguari) is a city, ''distrito'' and capital of Paraguarí Department in Paraguay, located 66 km from the country's capital, Asunción. At the 2002 census it had a population of 22,154.dairy
A dairy is a business enterprise established for the harvesting or processing (or both) of animal milk – mostly from cows or buffaloes, but also from goats, sheep, horses, or camels – for human consumption. A dairy is typically located on ...
products, a pair of
horse
The horse (''Equus ferus caballus'') is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal. It belongs to the taxonomic family Equidae and is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million y ...
pig
The pig (''Sus domesticus''), often called swine, hog, or domestic pig when distinguishing from other members of the genus '' Sus'', is an omnivorous, domesticated, even-toed, hoofed mammal. It is variously considered a subspecies of ''Sus s ...
s, and a small ranch where they grew some
vegetable
Vegetables are parts of plants that are consumed by humans or other animals as food. The original meaning is still commonly used and is applied to plants collectively to refer to all edible plant matter, including the flowers, fruits, stems, ...
s.
His primary studies were conducted in his hometown and continued in
Paraguarí
Paraguarí (; gn, Paraguari) is a city, ''distrito'' and capital of Paraguarí Department in Paraguay, located 66 km from the country's capital, Asunción. At the 2002 census it had a population of 22,154.Encarnación, where his uncle Jose del Rosario Ayala, director of that institution, financed his studies because the Ayala family had limited economic resources. Culminating the third year, he moved to Asuncion to enter the National College Asuncion, where he finished high school, helped by a grant from the government.
After completing the baccalaureate, he obtained a position as a classifier of official documents in the National Archives and joined the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences. There, he was president of the Students’ Council of this house of studies in 1903. He earned his doctorate degree in law and
Social Science
Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies. The term was formerly used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of soc ...
22 December 1905. While he was a student, he was taught
mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
and story in secondary schools.
In 1911 he left from the port of
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires ( or ; ), officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( es, link=no, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), is the capital and primate city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata, on South ...
(his place of exile) to
Europe
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to continue his studies in
philosophy
Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some ...
economics
Economics () is the social science that studies the Production (economics), production, distribution (economics), distribution, and Consumption (economics), consumption of goods and services.
Economics focuses on the behaviour and intera ...
aesthetics
Aesthetics, or esthetics, is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art (its own area of philosophy that comes out of aesthetics). It examines aesthetic values, often expressed thr ...
and
philosophy
Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some ...
law at the University of Heidelberg,
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
Switzerland
). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
. In
Berlin
Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...
he wrote his book "Agricultural Evolution in England" and "The Paraguay seen from Europe." At the end of March 1920, after visiting
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, i ...
,
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...
and
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...
, he returned to
Paraguay
Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to th ...
.
His Government
He was
Minister of Finance of Paraguay
Minister of Finance is the person in charge of the Ministry of Finance of Paraguay.
Ministers
*José de Elizalde, 1811-1814
*Francisco Díaz de Bedoya, 1814-1819
*José Gabriel Benítez, 1819-1827
* Juan Manuel Álvarez, 1827-1844
* Benito Varela ...
from 1920 to 1921, and from 1921 to 1923.
In 1923, following the resignation of provisional president
Eusebio Ayala
Eusebio Ayala (August 14, 1875 – June 4, 1942) was an intellectual and statesman, and List of Presidents of Paraguay, President of Paraguay from 7 November 1921 to 12 April 1923 and again from 15 August 1932 to 17 February 1936. He was a member o ...
, in the lawless years of the first half of the '20s, Eligio Ayala, who was appointed by Congress, assumed the provisional presidency of the Republic in April, 1923 initiating the pacification of the country after the revolution in 1921/22 and cleansing of public finances. On 3 February 1924, the Convention appointed him as Liberal candidate for the presidency of the Republic and to accompany him as vice president, he appointed Manuel Burgos, that would be the pair for elections that year.
On March 17, 1924, Ayala resigned from the provisional chairmanship noting: "I am grateful to V. Honorably the confidence to play a position of such serious responsibilities. I declare before V. Honorably that I have done so as not to defraud, in the midst of many and powerful contrarieties. “As a new Congress president he appointed doctor Luis. A. Riart.
Eligio Ayala was a candidate in presidential elections, and as he did not have any opposition in the election, he assumed presidency of Republic of Paraguay, on August 15, 1924.
During his second government, the country experienced the best increase of work, production, export and a substantial improvement in the economic and financial situation in the history of the country. They approved an agreement with the bondholders of loans from 1871–72,the autonomy to the National University was given; the Faculty of
Physics
Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which r ...
and
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
was created; treaties were signed Diaz-Leon Gutierrez, with
Bolivia
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, flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center
, flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...
, and Ibarra-Mangabeira, with
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
, supplementary to the treaty of 1872. The
archdiocese
In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop.
History
In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associate ...
of the Asuncion was created. They settled in Sajonia the Dockyards War and Navy; created the School of Aspiring Reserve Officers; created a School of Agriculture, and before the impending conflict in Chaco the gunboats "Humaitá" and "Paraguay" were acquired, armaments, etc.. When assuming his successor, José P. Guggiari, From 1928 to 1930, Eligio Ayala resumed as
Minister of Finance of Paraguay
Minister of Finance is the person in charge of the Ministry of Finance of Paraguay.
Ministers
*José de Elizalde, 1811-1814
*Francisco Díaz de Bedoya, 1814-1819
*José Gabriel Benítez, 1819-1827
* Juan Manuel Álvarez, 1827-1844
* Benito Varela ...
. He was also author of some 14 books on various topics.
Works during his government
*He adopted a Law on Establishment, Development and Conservation of small agricultural property.
*He enacted a law on Accidents at work, in addition to other related to Pensions and Retirement.
*Between 1924 and 1926 a considerable number of machines as plows, tractors, cultivators, seeders, etc. were brought.
*The financial representative in
London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
signed an agreement with bondholders on borrowings made by
Paraguay
Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to th ...
from 1871.
Political Biography
He served aa the first judge in the Civil administration of justice. Previously he had served as prosecutor of crime and in 1907, began his political career to run for deputy, and was elected the following year. He became member of the parliament from the Liberal Party in 1908. He was elected
President of the Chamber of Deputies President of the Chamber of Deputies may refer to:
* List of presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies
* List of presidents of the Chamber of Deputies of Bolivia
* President of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)
* President of the Chamber of Dep ...
on April 22, 1910. But political events later forced him to self exile to
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...
.
Eligio Ayala was deadly wounded in a crime of passion on 23 October 1930 and died on 24 October 1930.Thomas L. Whigham, "Eligio Ayala" in ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 1, p. 246. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
References
* Biographical Dictionary "Forgers OF PARAGUAY," First Edicción January 2000. Distributed editions of Quevedo. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
*Whigham, Thomas L. "Eligio Ayala" in ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 1, p. 246. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.